trl oho p90e0sbaMatigbnnetenis thinin et dawenebdbetescketsaastel
oe eredsrretta ie rhb gies Sed ssh , tre porsdt “A Bremeyensget sagt ehwue~ oi ntene
Be Hotes oe wees Same Soper rh wrsheos Se eee
sreeeaa eistrtsetctvetnenass
wily, sbsiwsrs -§ ryan.
ant teteE tte fa} pooaheee shih teaedb-ssipnprs/sneriaes weebtootb inn
bts on os pea8 TEPt Drademegestr ab spetosnt nt tateesen a,
foglabpharet prin
se
hota oh ns Hh eM
Jar oF ae) Mh
4 aries cubs Te: peneeee tees tee
i stants ay eh sft
Feet (rend ph Rane ahha boat o12'By sarsa gener eee’ Natesss sagbUnes
stapeserey eestor b-Geehadepade 0 ten bets Pol srevecareenrapeneaee gues
{esas booty A 499 ng sen Pethiatnse heat 5h 3°98 ssamegeatner 2B S116 sat 090008. 0 0s ne
i vet sh otias psecteee rae abseceenee meetonetsnase erect Poomon frasteneneten
hess ey ey ee POTS eins whet phere) i
trots vableled phy Pee ries Tee REL ri nl ae ate te re
Sebenenag, a snrtaer rege thas oc aretene mre
s Frcs te sahbrrsee wagegeessTeateberegacem
iuettiecs “peat ieRevotenatans pagsaistatieatiensecioiiaciea Madesrett tepeetyeetwcetant
beseaes Atm ant orth ws ha ch gay vs npheisustinenancea denne re by ate i sing
era sheseatencensipeseren inst Fi oir a taenenstenbeneetbabete ate eumene ofa peias Seat dedeve
Menbtaies shone $2 hy amy set err ieen
oe Fie eine + ne
ew Dheteé pte *
fae all Hi
”
ety:
ne Hi dles
y
righ einepral
sirad tii
eos at
a) abe gs ake
the rina
PATA et braiaah atte
y eee ahh
bis tgcpess
eit avs ee ; eat hety eed 7 Fans ane Sholerenstnes siejate rinbiletytitpar tera gh] setae retbarteyephtetal toenett
Nin Ure heat atbet eae “ts sialtiejatets ‘ atreneaa tay
THEE ena Fd Ay Dale by ot Pstop ttt ee beeasists Selita rpeetoasen bethlbage st) u taht states
i Lorvde Elba tayel Portage tite shiz) re} 4 blots molanes a
EA ee ar 4 my tet yheh popige cet chet bpsyens bos 4 reached on, bi bghd-boet
vilat oy Vbat be prays ott ree hiy eeaier
t thai be aera fe dt . Lie oa <A
Hie ‘ st ‘
Nha) iy “ity ‘ ot ee taeta ates =
nny os ae: ae py wat mb prepa ta tanh og ye af.
r A © bse) onshe) jhee-ty shodeereit sue Orlane otet etre
“aby i Aagehas 4 218) Biel eum pat.
( Athearn rete . ede biomass
4 ie tin ehast age pares bey bes s abate Fae Yrbypeodas * prt
; iyiitbet
; arts ‘ } oa eae . ¢
aM Vier ee ; a eres 44 Preys
mT} 4 EW ey ater ar ey:
My
i at i
wih 4 Mh Petrbenar er a
‘ atesan peka roaes a
; Pe ee tian ‘ Aiea aig ov renee elbpee
‘ ' 5 renee rat M Moas thyhen?> pasties ene Ao,
in hs Ue fat ary hi Zs Setei ok tottecs 8 a dnote ner .
dN ae aH RSE ae ae Peet,
ek re! \\ WALT sera i
; nifg
= Pirie hy
ty 4 t bs} ‘
ua ; t Tot My» pana ia ber ad
»! / ANA as peeaslens att oty
H , ;
of He
‘ } i) Abate baa
pores ; Lael rs Bache pr el peeeang ‘fe
“ ¥ } APRS Sa Mung fo eaeree Le Fiat wR:
n+ ha 1, Hy Let erneier pt Ub etaee Pi
Hi} HL setbat ib ty Ur dept ipl US spererattred
‘ ’ / ; ie, ran Missal beck pete ie
De , Mt Paint ss je hel eet e iy verte 4 ‘4 ‘
| pefabers a Ri 4 oe
Hae thitis jini he aA ophete dohesdseia te taal
‘ H , ’
{ iF ‘
' ili f ‘ere
pei oth 4 WH Mgay J ro)
} i Yet state jel ms aetna
> obies eg
S45 ter
4 ve ]
5 } Verte [eae
‘ i ate on we chine ett tiaiel neh As on Aer
I Rae eRtE hap He ie riba ie
) erselgee ti et Pha bs oe ioyet tic et ary ee
ile Saal Path paul phi dbteteg Mara boca qely eh '
‘ ; te “
; a
; ( mth shy, sighs
} I f Vecdet el aitite To rh rat Books Goad as 9 ores by *
ait errr 4 ‘ tio ‘ eet oom i
} . eel ? uh Pier es bity pod oh bos yt ord pehae bhoaer et Wisma ae ayer
| best Matte ital cat Hess oat
" ih TOUT piece opp
¢ ‘ ’ hie tht ne - bros { obey wm
M tepie Ri injeqwrn selon rT Sessereranrea ih \
U H a tAtas uit Meet Linvheer theetta retrain
at seit im as ee ie pach cl stately te certs rept mesegy fo it
. ’ H an Url ersten yates apna tse a tah
, t z uh na vel a yh ahh ena 1944 * MerperS
; uel ' T saat {F700 avned! hg \sires:
5 } ; ' et Habel abel bah Nis wey
ed Hesse H bat “yreh’ : + best jPtree eee dere ane! bee eats hy
Tea 4 i Vem tt i erds bald sd ban oben a
fy ‘ ' 4 Wine 5 MyaetiAM eis fs eriraneys +S
i, ’ j A rr fh : Mb hed ‘ S ti ty Pye
: AAT ar h: | * ore
OL Deb Pi tee tds ifs Soe
Hae) 5 Bae iN ab seat warriors
Since ite
peel A fenatye ite
hapten
Siegen nt ‘te as Sree
yh ey ete Bator haiek
i
pede tetyt
raed Hato
mets
“
ca Rei een iy
belens
A $i) fare
vette
ae aden, rive abit deh
peel aye
Mite
Nee
i
Tyee Cavett) a fi
AEB rye Pht ache op DY ba
MHS hg ef lay
te
Mra
arr
ayy Hives oe sin
*
4 f ¢
) he ay es tit hes ee
oad
pees
4 east et Spa bishahear
te hrsatee atte h stag
Wepcrrathoectte #F aye
a, ies Won sein aah tan
ven beter) bead 4
Y i
‘ He
iH eine
sinh iPaal ta
te nti, ory le
vitebe i Tae! ee
a Tet aoa +
Fle Sea oity
einen
+. re me pi
pls.
es
a Ba
hal i
EM leh
ary te:
4 aare
se ses isd bi»
bafta
ahettiaaieess a): ; tin
Wi rely ep ohae ats
divtalt
dy beet ju Os rambo
tr etee Sink set
pore’
arte ashe
ey} tas Ae
Prapereraene
‘ uy
if
on “ Suh ins
. iret me pe sob) i gout bm Pi
bey Ba ger yrs
4 pH 0g ‘6
FOR, THE PEOPLE
FOR EDVCATION
FOR SCIENCE
LIBRARY
OF
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
OF
NATURAL HISTORY
ey Ws
wey i ; sia
an
ay eer
fs aad
1
5
at : Ata | a) a Lael \
A234), Pte i") la aes ‘tala Vth os aa
iy hd fam hyi iy
ot
AN Ro i ae ry,
vith Bw
j we ‘al wit
' ™ s,
Oe Wr OM : peste r ;
Wee { ig
| Dye Gee eee
.
he
Le
j ¥)«
af
OCCASIONAL PAPERS
OF THE
MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
NUMBERS 129-152
VOLUME VI
1923-24
ANN ARBOR
PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
1 salou ea L
ADVERTISEMENT
The publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of
Michigan, consist of two series—the Occasional Papers and the
Miscellaneous Publications. Both series were founded by Dr.
Bryant Wall Myr. Bradshaw H. Swales and Dr. W. W.
Papers, publication of which was begun
iedium for the publication of brief original
principally upon the collections in the Museum.
re issued separately to libraries and specialists,
icient number of pages have been printed to
tle page, table of contents, and index are
up} libraries and individuals on the mailing list for
ous Publications inelude papers on field and
ue nographic studies and other papers not
ithin the scope of the Occasional Papers. The papers are
published separately, and, as it is not intended that they shall
be grouped into volumes, each number has a title page and
table of contents. :
ALexanpEr G. RuTHVEN,
Director of the Museum of Zoology,
University of Michigan.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
No. 129. Barbour, Thomas.—Notes on Reptiles and Amphibians from
Panama.
No. 130. Williamson, E. B.—Notes on the Habitats of Some Tropical
Species of Hetaerina (Odonata).
No. 131. Barbour, Thomas.—The Crocodile in Florida.
No. 132. Barbour, Thomas.—West Indian Investigations of 1922.
No. 133. Chamberlin, Ralph V.—Results of the Bryant Walker Ex-
peditions of the University of Michigan to Colombia, 1913, and
British Guiana, 1914. The Diplopoda. (29 plates.)
No. 134. Williamson, E. B.—A New Species of Archaeogomphus
(Odonata). (1 plate.)
No. 135. Baker, H. Burrington.——The Mollusca Collected by the Uni-
versity of Michigan-Walker Expedition in Southern Vera Cruz, Mex-
ico, IV. (1 plate.)
No. 136. Ruthven, Alexander G., and Helen T. Gaige.—Description of
a New Species of Pipa from Venezuela.
No. 137. Baker, H. Burrington—The Mollusea Collected by the Uni-
versity of Michigan-Williamson Expedition in Venezuela. Part I,
Curacao. (5 plates.)
No, 138. Becker, Herbert Ray.—The Habitat of Aphredoderus sayanus
in Kalamazoo County, Michigan.
No. 139. Ortenburger, Arthur I—A Note on the Genera Coluber and
Masticophis, and a Description of a New Species of Masticophis. (3
plates. )
No. 140. Blanchard, Frank N.—A New North American Snake of the
Genus Natrix. (1 map.)
No. 141. Dodds, G. S—A New Species of Phyllopod. (1 plate.)
No. 142. Blanchard, Frank N.— Comments on Ring-neck Snakes
(Genus Diadophis), with Diagnoses of New Forms.
No. 143. Ruthven, Alexander G.—The Reptiles of the Dutch Leeward
Islands.
No. 144. Hubbs, Carl L.—A Note on the Species of Evermannichthys,
a Genus of Sponge-Inhabiting Gobies.
No. 145. Winslow, Mina L.—Two New Freshwater Snails from Mich-
igan. (1 plate.)
No. 146. Koelz, Walter—Two New Species of Cisco from the Great
Lakes.
No. 147. Ruthven, A. G., and Helen T. Gaige—A New Leposoma
from Panama. ~
No. 148. Hubbs, Carl L.—Studies of the Fishes of the Order Cyprino-
dontes. V. Notes un Species of Goodea and Skiffia.
No. 149. Ruthven, Alexander G.—Description of an Ameiva from
Testigos Island.
No. 150. Blanchard, Frank N.—A New Snake of the Genus Arizona.
No. 151. Dunn, E. R.—Some Panamanian Frogs. (2 plates. )
No. 152. Baker, H. Burrington—lLand and Freshwater Molluses of
the Dutch Leeward Islands. (21 plates.)
ill
NUMBER 129 JANUARY 25, 1923
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
~
NOTES ON REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM
PANAMA
By THomaAsS BARBOUR
This spring Mr. W. S. Brooks and I decided to make a
collection of vertebrates in the hitherto unvisited Eastern Sapo
highlands. From this serrania flow many of the tributary
streams of the Sambi River in eastern Panama. Unusually
early and heavy rains made this a task of more than ordinary
difficulty. Our Chocoano Indian companions were anxious
to plant their depleted gardens, rather than to toil as carriers
in the stifling forest, and it was with considerable difficulty
that they were persuaded to help us. Their consent to our
plans once obtained, they proved loyal and useful allies, and
our fruitful journey ‘is the direct result of their aid. Late
one afternoon in early March we were dropped off at the
head of navigation on the Sambi River, just where the Sabalo
enters this stream fro: the south. We had left Panama City
on board the Panamanian schooner “Chiriqui,” then under
2 University of Michigan
government charter, since a chance official excursion to settle
a disputed oil claim on the coast afforded us this welcome
opportunity to reach the little fever-ridden Panamanian coast
settlement of Garachiné near the Sambi River mouth.
Thanks to Dr. R. P. Strong, who accompanied us as far as
the mouth of the river, we got up the stream to Boca de
Sabalo in a small motor launch towed by the schooner from
Panama. After a long colloquy with the Indians, we decided
to strike north to a range of hills visible from our landing
place. Several hours’ walk over a rough trail brought us to
the Rio Esnape, evidently a tributary of the Rio Taimiti, and
one which rose in the hills now near at hand. Here we col-
lected several days, but the rains became constant and it was
almost impossible to dry our collections of bird and mammal
skins, and besides, reptiles were very scarce. We then
recrossed the Sambu and marched overland southward to the
head of the Rio Jesus, which enters the Sambi far down-
stream from the mouth of the Sabalo and which runs parallel
to the Sabalo, but arises much farther inland. Several camps
were established along this little river, and then we marched
to the upper Rio Jesusito, a swift torrent, said by some to
be a source stream of the Rio Celorio. The latter small river
enters the sea ;just south of the mouth of the Sambu, nearer
Garachiné point.t_ We made two camps in the foothills of the
Sapo range of mountains along the Alto Jesusito. We then
moved over to the headwaters of the Rio San Antonio and
established a camp on the slopes of the Cerro de Sapo, a peak
nearly 2,000 meters in altitude. From this point we carried
down to Garachiné again and returned in a twenty-two-foot
1Other Indians declared that the Jesusito “has no mouth,” so we
inferred that it might find its way into some great marsh and not
really connect with the Celorio at all.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3
motor launch—not without various vicissitudes—to Panama.
The novelties now described have appeared during an exam-
ination of the reptiles and amphibians caught during this jour-
ney. Other notices will appear later dealing with the mam-
mals, birds, and fishes.
The region is one of high, damp, humid forest, gloomy
and stifling except where some water course cuts through the
wooded lowlands, letting in the sunlight. Decay of fallen
wood and leaves is very rapid and the dark forest floor is
sodden and slippery. In general, reptiles were surprisingly
rare, and often a day would pass when none of us would see
a lizard, unless when coming to the shore of some small
stream the bipedal basiliscs would scurry away. The young
far outnumber the adults and all are well able to run with
equal ease over land or the face of the water. While running
the body is held almost upright, the tail is raised as a balance,
and the fore limbs are tightly pressed to the sides. ‘They
move and stop with a speed and precision which seems mechan-
ical rather than animate. The paucity of adults and the shy-
ness of both young and old bespeak abundant enemies, but of
what nature we were never able to learn.
One afternoon an Indian who had been gathering firewood
came in carrying a small lizard, and we then saw for the first
time the young of Diploglossus monotropis, already known
from Costa Rica and Colombia. This little creature, about
seven inches long, was so gorgeously colored while alive and
so different from the preserved examples that my field notes
are worth copying. “This specimen, seven inches long, has a
grey-green head, brilliant carmine sides covered with anasto-
mosing black lines; belly yellowish; back and tail black with
beautiful narrow blue-grey, almost mauve cross-bars.” I have
4 University of Michigan
neer seen such a splendid lizard except my Duploglossus
resplendens from Bolivia.
A few days after our Upper Jesusito camp was made we
began to fell trees to let in sunlight and breeze. As it turned
out, there was no breeze and the sun was almost constantly
obscured by rain clouds. One tree came down with a crash
and brought with it a living and uninjured Corythophanes cris-
tatus. ‘The interesting point in connection with this capture
was the fact that we chanced to keep the lizard alive long
enough to find that its actions were singularly chamaeleon-like.
It was sluggish and deliberate in its movements, and when
angered it reared upright, flattened its body vertically, and
bent down its head. Its mouth meanwhile was opened widely
in a way that recalled at once captive and angry African
Chamaeleons. That the very peculiar superficial similarity of
appearance should be accompanied by such similar sluggish
movements and curious attitudes is most noteworthy and
almost incredible when the protean zoologic gap between the
two genera is considered.
In a few places where the forest roof leaked spots of sun-
light the ground did dry out and the great, curly, new-fallen
leaves made noisy walking. In these little dried out spaces
we found some tiny lizards. They crept swiftly and stealthily
over the big dead leaves, and when the sun was hidden, as it
often was because of the frequent showers, these little lizards
hid at once, to reappear when their mouldy abode became dry
again. They were not easy to catch, and when one was finally
in the fingers a decent specimen was by no means assured,
for their skin tore like wet tissue paper and their struggles
usually left them sadly unfrocked.
These, as other slim-toed gekkos or Eublepharids, as they
once were called, are far more agile than their allies with
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5
dilated digits—more alert and less deliberate in their move-
ments.. When examined the species proved to be the rare
and little known Lathrogecko sanctae-martae Ruthven.
Their color is very characteristic and varies but little.
They are rich mahogany brown above and grey below. A
narrow, light lateral line decorates each side and is most con-
spicuous on the posterior half of the trunk and fades on the
basal third of the tail-or does not extend so far. A conspicu-
ous light marking shaped like a horseshoe encircles the occi-
put and two white lines extend from in front of the eyes to
meet on the tip of the snout. The belly is immaculate, the
tail reticulated and speckled below.
_ A considerable series was secured. The head scales afford
poor diagnostic features.
The woodland Anoles were rare. One day brought to bag
what is probably the giant Anolis latifrons Bertholdt. This
lizard has a great apple-green throat fan with small, dark
spots and is a striking creature in life. Previously known
only by the type from Popoyan, it is easy to see how Ber-
thold’s figures may have misled Boulenger. The drawing
(Verh. Ges. Gottingen 3, 1847, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 2), where it is
not frankly diagrammatic, is fairly accurate, so far as the
topography of the cephalic shields is concerned, but the sculp-
turing is apparently not drawn in. In reality the head scales
are rougher than in A, squamulatus, instead of the reverse as
stated by Boulenger (Cat. Lizards B. M., 2, 1885, p. 62).
The real character easily separating the two species is the
presence in Jatifrons of a series of enlarged tubercle-like scales
along the supraocular margin. In squamulatus, which we did
not take, but which is well represented in the U. S. National
Museum, the small granular scales extend from the supra-
ocular disc to the very edge of the area over the eye, quite
6 University of Michigan
without the development of any marginal tubercles. This ill-
drawn figure—and the description is also perfectly vague—
apparently misled Boulenger into re-naming Anolis latifrons
as Anolis princeps.2 I have seen an authentic specimen of this
form in the University of Michigan Museum, thanks to Dr.
Ruthven.
The most.common species met with was what we con-
sider to be Anolis limifrons, a slender little beast with an
ivory white dewlap in life, and Anolis binotatus, reaching a
far larger size and with the dewlap brilliant carmine enclosing
a small, black, central spot. In life binotatus is rich ‘olive-
greenish, with dirty yellow blotches on the limbs and dark
markings on the body. It has a way of resting rather flattened
against bark with its legs sprawling and spread out, and the
whole result of attitude and coloration is very strikingly
lichen-like. The narrow dark band between the eyes and the
dark perioccipital vitta are conspicuous and constant mark-
ings in life. We secured a few specimens of Anolis stig-
mosus, but the species seems much less abundant on the main-
land than on the islands in the Gulf of Panama. We only
found one other true Anolis which was a rather common spe-
cies, having a dewlap pinkish toward the margin and dusky
toward the base, if I remember correctly. Unfortunately, I
omitted to make notes of this in life. After many perplexi-
ties, I have concluded that this form is so near Anolis gaiges
Ruthven of the Santa Marta Mountains in Colombia that for
the present, at any rate, our Sapo Mountains individuals had
best bear this title.
Our most surprising treasure was a new genus of rather
baffling affinities. ‘The form of the body and the structure of
the digits recalls true Anolis; the cephalic squamation resem-
2Ann. Mag. N. H., (7), 9, Jan., 1902, p. 54.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7
bles that of Xiphocercus, or somewhat less so of Phenaco-
saurus, while the scales of the body and the form and struc-
ture of the gular appendage—it is never a “pouch’—are strik-
ingly unlike any of the Anolinae now known.
It is important also to remember that the dewlap of Tropi-
dodactylus, which Boulenger states is “not inflatable,” is really
capable of being both contracted and folded so that it is
decidedly similar to the dewlap of Anolis, which can also be
expanded, but never, of course, “inflated.” Tropidodactylus
represents an Anoline stock which has become modified for
fossorial life as Norops is for a purely cursorial existence.
The new genus may be called
Diaphoranolis gen. nov.
Tympanum distinct; body very strongly compressed,
entirely covered with juxtaposed pavement-like scales; no
dorso-nuchal crest; male with a non-extensible, plicate, pen-
dulous gular appendage covered with scales similar to those
of the body; digits evenly and rather extensively dilated, with
subdigital lamellae, the distal joints slender and raised as in
Anolis ; no inguinal pores ; tail long, much compressed ; it curls
laterally and probably is slightly prehensile as in some Anoles,
notably homolechis; lateral teeth tricuspid; abdominal ribs
present.
Diaphoranolis brooksi® sp. nov.
Type: M. C. Z. 16,297, from Mt. Sapo, eastern Panama,
2,500 feet elevation; Barbour and Brooks, collectors; April,
1922. Head medium, nearly twice as long as broad; forehead
very slightly concave, covered with rather large, irregular
3’ Named for my friend and frequent companion, Winthrop Sprague
Brooks, Esq., of the Boston Society of Natural History.
8 University of Michigan
pavement-like flat shields; supraorbital semicircles each com-
posed of two rows of shields, the inner series of each semi-
circle separated from its fellow of the opposite side by two
rows of small, irregular shields; occipital scale of irregular
oblong shape, about as large as ear opening, separated from
the semicircles by three series of rather large plates; supra-
ocular disks large, composed of eight or ten enlarged shields
in contact with scales of gradually diminishing size in the other
directions ; canthus rostralis rather obtuse, but sharply defined
by a straight linear suture separating the enlarged canthal
shields and the almost equally enlarged shields of the upper
loreal row; four loreal rows below this enlarged upper series;
the lowest row, however, bordering the supralabials, being
also much enlarged; eleven supralabials, nine infralabials;
gular appendage large, pendulous, plicate, and covered with
non-imbricating; pavement-like scales similar to those on the
rest of the body; body very strongly compressed, slender and
delicately formed, covered entirely with flat non-imbricating,
plate-like scales, so that all scales of head and body are undif-
ferentiated in their essential features, except that those of
the head are larger and polygonal, whereas on the rest of the
body they are rather small, more or less similar in size, except
that the ventrals are larger than either the laterals or the dor-
sals; the dorsals tend to be round, the laterals are all more or
less oblong and the ventrals tend to be\|hexagonal in shape;
the limbs are rather short, the adpressed hind limb reaches
just anterior to the shoulder; about forty lamallae beneath the
fourth toe; tail strongly compressed, the basal row of plate-
like scales on each side keeled, all the rest smooth.
Color in life: Very light china bluish-grey, changing to
white in alcohol, the head, neck and dewlap all similarly
marked with a network of coarse black lines, two black sad-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9
dles on the back and nine black rings completely surrounding
the tail; limbs and digits with many sharply defined pairs of
fine, black lines occurring as rings which do not quite meet
on the inner surface.
Total length of head and body, 132 mm.; tail, 86 mm.;
head, 15 mm.
This most curious and strikingly colored lizard is now
pallid white, with many black markings very sharply defined.
The absence of flash colors from the pendulous dewlap and
the extension out to the very margin of this appendage of the
same network of markings that are so unique and surprising
a feature of the head and neck is wholly unexpected. The
dewlap appears more like that of Iguana in miniature. I do
not believe that this type can be considered more primitive
or more advanced than any of the other allied genera. Some
of the Anoline genera may well have sprung from species of
Anolis itself as we know it, but it seems probable that this
genus sprung from some common ancestor. The expanding
dewlap with a flash-color is obviously desirable, for it is wide-
spread and shows large variety of development within the
great genus Anolis itself. That type of dewlap presupposes
a stylus and muscles to make expansion possible, and the nec-
essary accommodation can only be obtained with imbricating
scales on rubbery, elastic skin. The appendage in this genus,
obviously also a development for purposes of ornamentation,
accomplishes its more modest attempt at beautification in a
wholly different manner.
Along the stream beds the diurnal and nocturnal fauna—
as might be expected—differed widely. Ameiva undulata
quadrilineata and Ameiva festiva, the latter with a sky-blue
mid-dorsal stripe in the young and looking most scinc-like,
were about equally abundant. Bufos were common, typhonius
fe) University of Michigan
and haematiticus along the woodland streams; the former
diurnal and the latter nocturnal; marinus hopped about all
the clearings, and a rare and rather atypical sternosignatus
was found sparingly in the woods. Eupemphix pustulosus
was likewise a diurnal denizen of the shady forest and many
were found. Eleutherodactylus palmatus we took but once,
and that by day. These two species were caught among the
scattered stones and pebbles of the shores and beaches of the
river near our camp. Eleutherodactylus ranoides we found
several times, but with the night lamp only. Leptodactydac-
tylus melanonotus was diurnal and common; the others taken
were found only at night. Night hunting with the light, we
often caught the great L. pentadactylus, and as our containers
did not permit of our carrying off large series we had ample
opportunity to test the remarks of good Father Labat, who
remarked in 1724, when he first tasted them in Guadeloupe,
that they were “les plus belles Grenonilles du Monde.” By
day they keep hidden in their caves and are never seen. They
emerge at night and sit in the shallows awaiting their prey—
usually shrimps. Leptodactylus bolivianus, which I once
redescribed as L. insularum, was likewise often caught, and
only after dark, unless we chanced to dig it from its deep and
almost perpendicular burrow. Rana palmipes for some reason
seemed to be distinctly rare and we only found it once.
Four species of tree toads were taken during the trip, and
four only. All these were found with the aid of a hunting
lamp at night. Hyla maxima Laur. is apparently new to the
fauna of Panama and was found at the Rio Esnape. The
second species is represented by a young individual too small
for satisfactory identification. The third I consider worthy
of subspecific recognition.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology II
Hyla baudinii dolomedes, sp. nov.
Type: M. C. Z. 2,39, from the Rio Esnape, Sambu Valley,
eastern Panama. Barbour and Brooks, 1922.
Similar to true H. baudinii of Central America, but with
very long hind limbs—longer than Central American individ-
uals which I have seen. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches
well beyond the tip of the snout.
Boulenger (P. Z. S., 1913, p. 1,023) remarks: “One of
the specimens (from the Colombian Choco), a female, is
remarkable for the longer hind limbs, the tibio-tarsal articu-
lation reaching beyond the tip of the snout.’ We are not
informed whether the other individuals may not also have
had limbs longer than normal, if less strikingly so. In any
case, such frogs seem unknown in upper middle America, and
even if there is overlapping as well as possible intergradation
between the form it is worthy of a name for convenience. The
form is probably worth full specific recognition.
The fourth species found, I believe, represents Dr. Noble’s
Hyla chica, The three examples taken agree fairly well with
a paratype of chica, which seems to have a vastly greater
range than one would expect for such a tiny form.
The species of Atelopus are-at best but half known. Afe-
lopus varius as now understood has a very great range, and
wherever it has been collected in numbers it appears to vary
greatly both individually and geographically.
This spring we camped for a week or more by a small
stream, one of the headwaters of the Rio San Antonio on the
slopes of Mt. Sapo. Little frogs of the genus Atelopus were
common and we observed them daily. Singularly lethargic,
they were usually perched on some projecting stone in mid-
stream, and when disturbed they flopped feebly into the
12 University of Michigan
water and were carried down the brook, striking out lazily
until they reached some chance refuge. They were easily
caught, and we preserved nearly fifty examples. This series
shows almost no variation in color, also no marked structural
differences from varius, but it lacks the inherent quality of
varius, which is variability. A. spurrelli Boulenger (P. Z. §$.,
1914, p. 813, pl. 1, fig. 1) is probably related, but is known,
however, from only a single specimen, so it is impossible to
do more than suggest that possibly the A. varius stock may
have given rise to some local types in the great Chocoan forest
region in which a fixity of color pattern has been attained
The coloration, too, is unique and striking.
Atelopus spurrelli certus, subsp. nov.
Type: M.C. Z. 8,538, from a stream on Mt. Sapo, east
ern Panama. Barbour and Brooks, 1922. Paratypes in M.
CoZ. and the A. M,N; H-
Similar to A. s. spurrelli as described and figured by Bou-
lenger, but with the dark dorsal areas broken up into series
of spots and blotches, with, nevertheless, the underlying
topography being preserved in almost every case.
The belly has a tendency to be more finely spotted in the
males and almost immaculate in the females; in which sex
also the dorsal dark patches are much more finely comminuted
than in the males.
The creature is brick red, almost vermillion, in life, with
the dark spots velvety black. In alcohol this ground color
has faded to whitish on the belly and to a pallid reddish hue
on the light dorsal interspace between the black blotches which
have remained essentially unchanged.
Noble, after examining some of our series, declared them
to be A. varius pure and simple, and we marvel at our own
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 13
temerity in not at once accepting his verdict. There is, how-
ever, the question of whether possibly spurrelli is not really
as distinct as Boulenger considered it to be, and no one can
doubt the close affinity of spurrelli and certus. For the pres-
ent, therefore, it seems wisest to keep these various catagories
separate, although there is no doubt but that very possibly
adequate material might reduce both these names to be syno-
nyms of varius.
The common Dendrobates tinctorius so abundant in the
dry woods on Ancon hill in the Canal Zone and the islands,
especially Taboga, near the Pacific mouth of the canal, differ
conspicuously from the individuals from eastern Darien. The
Canal Zone poison-toads are rich velvety black or more rarely
very deep purplish maroon, with large, irregular blotches of
the most vivid metallic green. The specimens from the Sambu
Valley have the same dark ground color, but differ in always
having the vivid green occur as small round dots about one-
eighth inch in diameter and widely scattered. Such a host
of color phases of D. tinctorius have been noticed in the liter-
ature that, until the far day arrives when material is assem-
bled for an adequate revision, it is unwise to name the one
in hand. Future collecting, to be useful, must best be done
by the reviser himself that he may see in life these creatures
which pass through such instant metachroses in alcohol.
To sum up, we may say that in general in this damp rain
forest reptiles are surprisingly few. Amphibians, too, are far
from being the abundant creatures which they often are in
other similar situations. We saw but two small snakes during
all our tramps, and both of these belonged to the common
Leptodeira annulata. One fell from a small tree we cut down;
the other, one of the men killed while night hunting. About
the Canal Zone snakes were far more abundant.
14 University of Michigan
Thanks to Mr. James Zetek and Dr. Clark, both connected
with the Board of Health Laboratory at Ancon, we were not
only able to have specimens brought in to the laboratory and
preserved during our absence in Darien, but were given a
number of specimens which from time to time had been
brought to the laboratory for examination, \usually to deter-
mine whether or not they were venomous.
Among the rarities so found by Brooks and myself were
Coecilia sabogae Barbour, previously only known from the
Pearl Islands. This specimen agrees well with the type and
has 14 or I5 vomerine teeth, eight or nine teeth on each
side of the upper jaw; eight teeth on each side of the outer
row of the lower jaw and three on the inner row. The four
anterior maxillary and mandibular teeth are much enlarged.
This species is now to be recorded from the vicinity of Ancon.
Among the snakes, Micrurus nigrocinctus (Gir.) and its
remarkable counterpart, Erythrolamprus aesculapu (Linné),
caught within a few days of each other in almost the same
spot and under similar conditions, offered a most graphic
exposition of this ill-explained phenomenon of “mimicry.” In
any case, whatever may be the cause of the coloration, in both
species the similarity is almost certainly purely fortuitous.
Himantodes elegans (Jan.), known from Costa Rica and Gua-
temala, occurred with H. cenchoa (Linné) about Ancon. Lep-
tocalamus torquatus Giinther is another rare and little known
species represented by two specimens in our Ancon collection.
The ten other species secured were all common and already
well known from the locality.
One novelty has, however, appeared, a single Micrurus,
and one which has been carefully examined by my friend,
Dr. Dunn, who is particularly interested in this genus. It is
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 15
closely related to both M. tschudii (Jan.) and M. dissoleucus
Cope. It may well be called
Micrurus dunni, sp. nov.
Type: M. C. Z. 16,304, from the vicinity of Ancon, Canal
Zone of Panama.
Head only moderately depressed; diameter of eye equal
to about two-thirds of its distance from mouth; rostral much
broader than high, little visible from above ; frontal very small,
about equal to a supraocular in breadth, not twice as long as
broad, and much less than its. distance from the tip of the
snout; one prae- and two postoculars; anterior temporal pres-
ent and very narrow; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering eye and nearly equal in size, the seventh well devel-
oped; first lower labials in contact behind the symphysial ;
parietals very large, longer than their distance from the inter-
nasals; scales in 15 rows; anal divided; ventrals, 224; sub-
caudals, 109.
Color: Head black, with a narrow white band crossing
the anterior portion of the parietals and sending forward
extensions to the posterior border of each eye, to cover two-
thirds of the frontal and the fifth and half of the sixth labial;
this white ring is followed by a wide black band, then a nar-
rower red band, and then eleven triads, on the body, in each
case the central black ring being the widest, the other two
black bands being equal in width to the red interspaces sepa-
rating the triads and the same outer black rings of each triad
about twice as wide as the red rings within the triad; these
red rings also have many scales tipped with black; tail with a
single normal triad and a black tip.
Total length, 130 mm.; tail, 20 mm.; diameter of body,
4.5 mm.
16 University of Michigan
Micrurus hollandi (Griffin), a species recently described
and one which seems to have been missed in compiling the
Zoological Record, belongs also to this section of the genus.
It is, however, distinct from the one now described and came
from Bonda, Colombia. (Mem. Carnegie Mus., Pittsburg, 7,
3, 1915, p. 218.)
NUMBER 130 FEBRUARY I0, 1923
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN Arzor, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
NOTES ON THE HABITATS OF SOME, TROPICAL
SPECIES OF HETAERINA (ODONATA)
By E. B. WILLIAMSON
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Dragonflies are comparatively rare in nature, although
many sometimes congregate in a very restricted habitat, as a
narrow belt of vegetation about a lake or the ripple on some
stream, and, from observations at such stations, one may get
an exaggerated idea of the number of individuals of certain
species. The activity of some species often gives the same
impression. A small pond near Nirgua, Venezuela, one day
was “alive with Trameas.” Late that afternoon the Trameas
abandoned the pond to rest a few feet from the ground on
the twig tips of nearby dead bushes. Lowering one’s head
to the ground brought these resting dragonflies against the
sky line and it was an easy matter to see and net all these
resting individuals which had successfully eluded the net dur-
ing the day. A few trips around the pond resulted in the
2 University of Michigan
capture of all of them, and the total was less than thirty indi-
viduals. The next day at the pond Trameas were conspicuous
by their absence.
Once in Guatemala I had collected about Gualan for sev-
eral days with poor success. It was the very end of the dry
season, and the woods and fields were tinder dry. Then one
night it rained, a veritable downpour, for hours. And about
the little ponds which came into being between sunset and
sunrise along the railroad embankment Trameas and other
libellulines flew “by hundreds” in the early morning sun. And
yet, during the preceding days of drought I had not seen a
Tramea. They were really few in numbers and were scat-
tered far and wide through the brush and over the fields.
Dragonflies would be almost unknown except to a few spe-
cialists, if it were not for their congregating at times of
greater or lesser duration in habitats of very restricted area.
Yet these habitats may be occupied for only a brief period
in the lives of the dragonflies. Because of their freedom of
flight, their relative independence of any one certain food,
and their limited numbers, dragonflies present in many cases
a difficult problem for one who would discuss their habitats
intelligently. To say, for example, of some species of Soma-
I
tochlora that it “frequents woodland streams,” may tell about
as much about it as the student would learn of the activities
of Charles Darwin, say, if his biographer told where Mr.
Darwin spent his youth and gave the street address and house
number of his later years. For the chances are that our
Somatochlora from the date of its emergence till its final
activity (mating) may never visit the woodland stream. We
find it at a certain period in its life at a habitat of very small
area, where it meets others of its kind.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3
Dragonflies as adults, when they are usually most readily
observed, may have a very short life, and a few days differ-
ence in visiting some suitable habitat may result in the failure
to find a single individual of a certain species which may have
been there in numbers a few days before or after the visit.
Some dragonflies also vary from year to year, due to early
or late seasons, in the time of their appearance. If their sea-
son is very short, the student, if not continuously in the field,
looking for the species only on certain dates, may miss it
entirely.
Some dragonflies, if not all, seem to occur in relatively
large numbers only at intervals of undetermined duration.
The species maintains itself continuously in a certain habitat,
but has “lean and fat years.” This phenomenon may be
obscured or confused by the ebb and flow of odonate life
described in a later paragraph.
Many dragonflies are very susceptible to some other con-
ditions which are probably meteorological. On a certain day
a pond, for example, may be alive with the active individuals
of many species. The succeeding day may be, to the observer,
similar to the day before, but at the same pond fewer species
and a smaller number of individuals may be on the wing.
The student of habitats encounters another difficulty.
Dragonflies “come and go’—there are great ebbs and flows
over long periods. I do not refer to the occasional individual
strays or waifs, of which the collector finds a few during
many years of collecting, but rather to large and, apparently
at the time, successful invasions of a new habitat. Two good
examples come to mind. Near Bluffton, Indiana, is a wood-
land swamp of possibly three or four acres. I have had this
pond under observation for over twenty years. One year
Inbellula quadrimaculata appeared there in great numbers.
4 University of Michigar
They were easily the dominant dragonfly and any student of
habitats would have pronounced them one of the essential
factors in the balance of this woodland pond. But Libellula
quadrimaculata has appeared at this pond only once. Twice
during my observation of this pond Enallagmas have appeared.
One of these years was 1920, when Enallagmas probably
exceeded in numbers all other dragonflies on the wing at the
pond during the same season. Flying a few inches above the
water, resting on grass stems, willow tips, and spatter-dock
leaves, on the broad surfaces of which the females were ovi-
positing, they dominated the entire pond. But they were not
there in 1919 or in 1921. The changes which take place from
year to year in any odonate society such, for example, as an
abandoned gravel pit, may be obscured or subject to misin-
terpretation due to these ebbs and flows of odonate life.
Still another factor is involved which makes general con-
clusions as to the character of the habitat of any species of
dragonfly dangerous: the great adaptability shown by certain
species to thrive in very different habitats. Such differences
are usually, if not always, associated with differences in geo-
graphical location. For example, Libellula incesta frequents
glacial lakes in northern Indiana, especially about growths of
Scirpus, spatter-dock and water-lilies. It never occurs about
small, muddy, sun-exposed buttonwood ponds; but in Ten-
nessee it does occur about just such unattractive ponds, where
no self-respecting Indiana mcesta would fly. A species may
be a lake-dweller in part of its range, a pond-dweller else-
where, and a stream-dweller at a third location.
Another difficulty in describing habitats arises from sea-
sonable differences or evolutionary changes in the habitats
which may escape the casual observer. For example, a suc-
cession of muddy pools at one season may be a deep, swift-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5
flowing stream at another season. And miles of lagoons may
a few years before have been part of a swift-flowing river.
In the first case a dragonfly species on the wing throughout
the year may occupy the habitat because of conditions at a
certain season, though other seasons bring conditions incon-
gruous with the general preferences of the species; and in
the second case, a species may survive at least for some time
in the lagoon, though its preferences are for the stream from
which the lagoon was formed.
Some dragonflies, such as the Trameas, mentioned above,
and there are many others, range far and wide. Others, such
as the Enallagmas, apparently live their lives practically in
one habitat. But that this is only apparent is obvious when
one considers the sudden appearance of large numbers of
Enallagmas at rare intervals at a small, isolated swamp, sur-
rounded by forest, with no known habitats of the same species
within fifty miles or more. The known distribution of many
species of apparently very circumscribed habitats also bears
this out.
Species of Hetaerinaseare dragonflies of a very circum-
scribed habitat, and no others known to me during imaginal
life apparently remain closer to the location where their eggs
are laid and where their nymphal lives are passed. As to
how the distribution of the species of the genus has come
about we know as little as we do of the origin of the species
themselves. But taking this into account, I know of no other
genus in the order where one may more safely record obser-
vations on habitats with some certainty that such observations
are definitely descriptive of the species observed, and not thé
record of some mere accident in the life of the species. As
an example of the latter kind, I might mention the discovery
of a number of larvae of Pantala hymenaea successfully living
6 University of Michigan
and maturing in a cement water trough in an Indiana farmyard.
Moreover, Hetaerinas in the tropics are on the wing appar-
ently throughout the year, and they are not as susceptible as
most dragonflies to meteorological conditions. They are,
therefore, less likely to be overlooked by the collector who
may spend only a day or two at a particular habitat. Their
habits and bright colors render them conspicuous, so they are
detected by even the superficial observer.
The facts just given permit more positive statements as to
habitats and distribution of species of Hetaerina than is pos-
sible for the larger number of dragonflies.
The largest number of species of Hetaerina observed on
a continuous short stretch of any stream is four, and on such
streams the number of individuals is generally large. Such
an optimum habitat may be briefly described. As stated, it is
a stream, for all Hetaerinas live about running water.* The
stream is small, two to six feet wide, with small waterfalls,
many ripples and some quiet pools. It is usually in forest or
brush, with bushes overhanging the water. In the stream may
be a few arums, growths of Cyclanthus, or other similar
aquatics. The stream will have any part of its course alter-
nately in sun and shadow, and the ripples generally receive
more sun than the pools. About such a sunny ripple and the
adjacent courses of the stream, resting on the leaves or twig
tips of overhanging bushes or on the aquatic vegetation, and
flitting from one perch to another, Hetaerina, so far as we
can observe, spends its imaginal life.
With species of some other genera in the tropics, many of
the Hetaerinas live about smaller streams and are more shade-
* Rarely individuals, apparently strays, are taken about ponds or
similar pools, or drought may reduce the stream where they occur to
a succession of pools.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7
dwelling than any species we have in the north temperate
region. But the larger number of stream-frequenting dragon-
flies of both the tropical and the temperate regions are equally
attracted by ripples. It may be the sun shines more continu-
ously there than on the pools, that food is more plentiful, that
luxuriant aquatic growths furnish convenient perches and the
leaves and stems suitable receptacles for dragonfly eggs, and
that oviposition directly in the water by other species is safer.
At any rate, about the ripples of the larger northern stream
Hetaerinas, Enallagmas and gomphines congregate at their
season, while the ripples of some tiny brook in the tropical
jungle flashes with the brilliant blues of Argias and Coras and
the red of Hetaerinas.
Tropical streams of about the same size as those in the
north where Hetaerinas may occur, streams thirty feet wide
or larger, have few, if any, Hetaerina inhabitants. In fact,
odonate life generally is rare on these larger tropical streams.
A few species find them congenial, and some others find suit-
able homes adjacent to the river in little habitats such as pools
at the face of a cliff, a log jam, or a bit of old river bed, but
not parts of the river habitat itself. These larger tropical
streams rarely attract Hetaerinas.
The small streams where the bulk of Hetaerina life in the
tropics is found are probably in most cases more recent than
the species of Hetaerina which frequent them. If this is true,
such streams received their Hetaerina faunas by migration.
As to how this has come about, as stated before, we know as
little as we do about the origin of the: species themselves.
Certainly, the species are not or have not always been as
bound to their restricted habitats as our observations would
indicate.
a University of Michigan
The distribution of Hetaerinas on a particular stream may
be such as to still farther complicate any ideas we may have
as to the manner of distribution. For example, suppose there
are several small'streams flowing in the same direction from
the same range of hills and crossing a narrow coastal plain
to enter the sea. It is obvious that the streams will approach
their neighbors on either side very closely at their ramified
heads. Moreover, these headwaters will approach very closely
the headwaters of streams flowing in the opposite direction
from the range of hills. Given a species of Hetaerina on one
of these streams, it is obvious that it might reach adjacent
streams across the coastal plain or by the narrowly divided
headwaters, which would also permit the extension of the
species to the opposite side of the range of hills. These two
courses offer apparently the easiest paths for the dispersal
of the species.
But the problem is not so simple. Let us look at the Rio
San Esteban in Venezuela. Where it leaves the rocks to flow,
still swiftly, in its sandy bed across the coastal plain, Hetae-
rina caja is abundant. Upstream among the rocks and in the
lower courses of the tributary quebradas Hetaerina macropus
is found. And at the heads of these quebradas, where the
rock masses are the roughest and most precipitous, lives the
largest and handsomest of the San Esteban Hetaerinas, capi-
talis. And on the opposite side of the mountains at Bejuma,
for example, in the Orinoco drainage, we find the same distri-
bution of the same species. Furthermore, at Maraquita, far
away in the interior of Colombia, seven or eight hundred
miles up the Magdalena River, we find the same three species
with the same distribution.
We may assume that these three locations, with streams
of similar character, have been in the line of similar flows of
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9
odonate life. Over other streams these flows have passed,
leaving no trace. For example, three or four kilometers back
from the Rio Magdalena at Puerto Berrio is a muddy forest
stream which we found very rich in odonate life, but we
found not a single Hetaerina there, though at Cristalina, dis-
tant about 25 kilometers, four species occur, one of them in
large numbers. A similar muddy stream without Hetaerinas
was found near Cumuto in Trinidad. In British Guiana are
species of Hetaerina which would very probably find the
Puerto Berrio and Trinidad streams congenial, but these spe-
cies have never flowed over the far distant similar habitats in
Colombia and Trinidad. The Hetaerina fauna of a tropical
stream is determined by its congeniality or lack of it for the
various species which, because of its geographical position,
are enabled to reach it.
The character of a stream, its rate of flow, the temper-
ature and composition of its water, the geology of its bed, its
fauna and flora, are all subjects which may be studied and
determined. But the means or methods by which its plant
and animal inhabitants have reached it are not so readily
analyzed. As stated before, as to the dispersal of dragonfly
species we know as little as of their origin, and the problem
is difficult, if not impossible, of solution. Referring again to
the Rio San Esteban in Venezuela, we find three species of
Hetaerinas definitely distributed on the stream. These are
caja, macropus, and capitalis. To the west across the moun-
tains, at the swift streams about Tachira, we find two of these,
macropus and capitalis, and a few kilometers lower down at
La Fria, where the streams run out into sand, we find macro-
pus and caja. But at both Tachira and La Fria occur also
the widely distributed miniata, which is not known east of
the Catatumbo River basin, in which both Tachira and La
10 University of Michigan
Fria are located. At Cristalina, in the Magdalena basin, all
four species, caja, macropus, capitalis and miniata, occur.
Why should miniata have stopped at the Catatumbo when the
apparently more specialized caja ranges far to the east and
west ?
Another genus of dragonflies which is as closely confined
to streams as Hetaerina is Heteragrion. In the San Esteban
and Yaracuy valleys and over the mountains from them in
the Orinoco drainage occurs Heteragrion chrysops alone. In
the Magdalena basin, far to the west, occurs Heteragrion
nutratum and three other species, but not chrysops. But in
the Catatumbo basin chrysops and mitratum both occur. If
chrysops could come as far west as the Catatumbo and mitra-
tum could come as far east, and both find a congenial habitat
there, why has not mitratum extended its range to the east,
over the path chrysops has come; and why has not chrysops
ranged westward to the Magdalena by the same route muitra-
tum has travelled?
SPECIES AND LOCALITIES
In a former paper (Misc. Pub., Mus. Zool., Univ. of
Mich., No. 9g) I have listed the several collecting trips. to
the American tropics in which I have had a part or from
which I have obtained the dragonflies for study. This paper
deals with the Hetaerinas, numbering over 3,500 specimens,
which have been taken on these trips. The Guatemalan Hetae-
rinas, collected in 1905, have been fully dealt with by Dr.
Calvert in the B. C. A., and they are not again referred to
in this paper. The records from a single stream in Honduras,
collected the same year and already incorporated in the B. C.
A., are, however, again listed for purposes of comparison. The
large lot of material on which this paper is based has been
¢
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology II
identified, labelled and arranged for distribution to students
by Mr. J. H. Williamson. He also prepared in tabular form
a complete list of localities, with the species taken at each
locality. This tabulation was invaluable in the preparation of
this paper. Dr. Calvert and Dr. Ris have checked Mr. Wil-
liamson’s determination of species from a set of specimens
sent to each, and the determination of three species, Jaesa,
moribunda, and mortua, rests upon Dr. Ris’s authority.
In this paper, when reference is made to the Hetaerinas
of Venezuela or of Colombia, for example, only the species
taken on the trips mentioned in the first paragraph are implied.
It is not the purpose of this paper to discuss other hitherto
published records either of species or localities. Neither does
this paper deal with specific characters or relationships. ‘Too
many species of Hetaerina are wanting in my collection to
render such an attempt practical. Of the species discussed
in this paper I have retained large series of specimens for my
collection, and these are available at any time for any student
who will undertake a systematic revision of the genus.
The localities represented by the specimens before me may
be conveniently summarized as follows: In Guatemala, a
section across the country on the line of the transcontinental
railroad; two stations\on the railroad in Panama; the Santa
Marta region and the valley of the Magdalena to just above
Honda in Colombia; the north coast of Venezuela west of
La Guiara, a few nearby tributaries of the Orinoco, and sta-
tions in the Rio Catatumbo drainage south of Lake Mara-
caibo; streams in northern ‘Trinidad; two stations in the
department of Junin, Peru; and stations in the Demerara and
Essequibo river basins, all within one hundred and fifty miles
of the coast, in British Guiana. All localities are alphabetic-
ally arranged and briefly described in the last part of this paper.
12 University of Michigan
Central America has a rich Hetaerina fauna with sixteen
known species. All five of the Colombian species listed in this
paper occur also in Central America; the four Venezuelan
species occur in Colombia and Central America; and the two
species known from Trinidad also are common to Central
America, Colombia and Venezuela. But of the three Peru-
vian species before me, only one occurs also in the material
from the regions mentioned in the preceding sentence; and
the four species from British Guiana are not represented at
all in material from the other regions.
Awaiting a careful study of the relationships of the Hetae-
rina species, such as Dr. Kennedy has recently made of the
Libellula species (Entomological News, XX XIII, March and
April, 1922), the species here discussed are arranged alpha-
betically in the text.
These fifteen species of MHetaerina are alphabetically
arranged and consecutively numbered in the list below. Under
the discussion of each species, following each locality, are
numbers in parentheses indicating the other species of Hetae-
rina taken in that locality. For example, under H. americana,
Guatemala, Agua Caliente (5, 9), indicates that at Agua
Caliente, in addition to americana, cruentata and macropus
were taken. The species are:
1. H. americana 9. H. macropus
2. H. caja 10. H. miniata
3. H. capitalis 11. H. moribunda
4. H. charca 12. H. mortua
5. H. cruentata 13. H. pilula
6. H. dominula 14. H. sanguinea
7. H. fuscoguttata 15. H. titia
S. H. laesa
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 13
1. Hetaerina americana Fabricius.
Guatemala, Agua Caliente (5, 9), Amatitlan (5), Gualan (9, 15).
In Guatemala, as well as in North America, this species
frequents larger streams, usually fifteen feet or more in width.
In the Motagua River basin it does not seem to descend lower
than Gualan, which point marks the highest extension up the
valley of H. titia.
2. Hetaerina caja Drury.
Panama, Rio Mazamba (10), Rio Sardanilla (7, 9, 10) : Colombia,
Aracataca, Bolivar (3, 9), Cristalina (3, 9, 10), Don Jaca, E) Banco,
Fundacion, Maraquita (3, 9, 10), Rio Frio (9), Santa Marta (9),
Sevilla; Venezuela, Bejuma (3, 9), Boqueron (9), Caserio Silva (9),
El Guayabo (10), La Fria (9, 10), Nirgua (3, 9), Palma Sola (9),
Salom (9), San Esteban (3, 9), San Felipe (9), Tucacas; Trinidad,
Arima, Chaguanas, Cumuto, Cunapo River (9), Diego Martin River
(9), Maracas River (9), San Juan River (9), St. Joseph River (9).
This species and H. macropus, in about equal numbers,
are each represented in our collections by many more speci-
mens than is any other species. It seems to prefer more
exposed streams than its associates, occurring on the sunniest
stretches of streams where their flow is slower and the bed
less rocky. In a hilly country such habitats are found at the
edge of the hills where the streams pass into level valleys.
Two fairly well-defined series are represented in the mate-
rial; a larger, with darker thoracic markings and more exten-
sive and darker basal wing markings in the male; and a
smaller, with paler thorax and with reduced and paler basal
wing markings in the male. The former occurs in Panama
and Colombia and in the Catatumbo region (La Fria and EI
Guayabo) in Venezuela; the latter occurs in Venezuela east
of the Catatumbo region and in Trinidad. Our opinion that
only a single species is represented in the lot has been con-
firmed by Dr. Calvert and Dr. Ris. The red spot on the apex
14 University of Michigan
of each hind wing varies in specimens from the same locality
from one-half the usual size to the farger normal-sized spot.
A male from Santa Marta has one front wing with a small
apical red spot, and another male from the same locality has
both front wings so spotted.
3. Hetaerina capitalis Selys.
Guatemala, El Fiscal (5, 9) ; Honduras, San Pedro Sula (5, 9, 10) ;
Colombia, Bolivar (2, 9), Cincinnati (5, 9), Cristalina (2, 9, 10),
Maraquita (2, 9, 10); Venezuela, Aroa (9), Bejuma (2, 9), Nirgua
(2, 9), San Esteban (2, 9), Tachira (9, 10).°
The Central American specimens have the thoracic dark
markings more metallic green than the others where the mark-
ings in the males are usually a reddish or purplish black, and
the females are sometimes similarly colored. There is con-
siderable 'variation in size, but this is independent of locality.
Two males from Cristalina measure, respectively, abdomen,
34 and 41, and hind wing, 26 and 30.
At San Esteban we noted: “Flies sometimes in dark places
and alights near the water on rocks; under these conditions
very hard to see or to follow flight.” Capitalis occurs in the
darkest habitats in which we have found Hetaerinas in the
tropics. Such habitats frequently occur at the extreme head-
waters of rocky quebradas. It is not impossible that our fail-
ure to find capitalis at certain localities where its invariable
associate, macropus, flies, as, for example, in Trinidad, may
have resulted from inadequate exploration of the streams to
their headwaters.
4. Hetaerina charca Calvert.
Peru, Colonia del Perené (9, 14).
From the limited data available charca, like capitalis, seems
to prefer the headwaters of the quebradas on which it occurs.
—
5. Hetaerina cruentata Rambur.
Guatemala, Agua Caliente (1, 9), Amatitlan (1), El Fiscal (3, 9);
Honduras, San Pedro Sula (3, 9, 10) ; Colombia, Cincinnati (3, Q).
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 15
This species occurs in the Cauca Valley, and I am at a loss
to explain its absence ‘at Cristalina, where caja, capitalis,
macropus, and miniata occur, when the stream at San Pedro
Sula, almost identical in character with some of the Cristalina
streams, has the same identical Hetaerina fauna, except that
cruentata replaces caja. ‘This is especially puzzling since
cruentata seems a more adaptable species than caja.
The Santa Marta (Cincinnati) specimens are distinctly
larger and have darker thoraces than any of the other speci-
mens. The altitude at which we found this species at Cin-
cinnati and our failure to find it nearby at lower elevations,
though it is found at a much lower elevation to the north in
Honduras, indicates that in the Santa Marta Mountains an
isolated colony of the species is working out its destiny along
new lines. The Santa Marta males vary from abdomen,
39-43, and hind wing, 30-34, but we found only one this small,
as the average size is abdomen about 42 and hind wing about
33, about the size, by the way, of the Colombian specimens
Hagen called lineata. Bogota and Cauca specimens do not
differ from Central American specimens, and among these the
males measure, abdomen about 35 and hind wing about 206.
6. Hetaerina dominula Hagen.
British Guiana, Rockstone (8, 11), Tumatumari (8, 11, 12), Wis-
mar (II, 12).
In some highly colored males, in which the basal red area
of the wings is strongly developed, the front wings, as well
as the hind wings, have a well-defined, distinct apical red spot,
but this is smaller than the corresponding spot in the hind
wings. Males evidently slightly teneral have the apex of the
_front wings clear and the apex of the hind wings without a
trace of red, but slightly brown-clouded. In some adult males
the red tip of the hind wings is narrowly black or dark-edged
apically.
16 University of Michigan
7. Hetaerina fuscoguttata Selys.
Canal Zone, Panama, Rio Sardanilla (7, 9, 10).
8. Hetaerina laesa Hagen.
British Guiana, Rockstone (6, 11), Tumatumari (6, 11, 12).
Dr. Ris writes that he has this species from Para, Prata
(100 kilometers east of Para), Obidos, and a large series
from the Tapajos. “The Tapajos series is different in that
only a single male has the wing bases red as it is in all the
other specimens; in these Tapajos males the wing bases are
yellowish, though the specimens are apparently mature. I had
long ago identified the specimen from Para as laesa, and I
believe this determination is correct.”—Ris. In the Mon.
Calop. the front wings are described as minutely tipped red.
This red is not evident in the British Guiana specimens.
9g. Hetaerina macropus Selys.
Guatemala, Agua Caliente (1, 5), El Fiscal (3, 5), Gualan (1, 15),
Los Amates (10, 15), Santo Tomas (10, 13, 15) ; Honduras, San Pedro
Sula (3, 5, 10); Canal Zone, Panama, Rio Sardanilla (2, 7, 10);
Colombia, Bolivar (2, 3), Cincinnati (3, 5), Cisneros, Cristalina (2, 3,
10), Maraquita (2, 3, 10), Rio Frio (2), Santa Marta (2); Venezuela
Aroa (3), Bejuma (2, 3), Boqueron (2), Caserio Silva (2), La Fria
(2, 10), Macuto, Nirgua (2, 3), Palma Sola (2), Salom (2), San
Esteban (2, 3), San Felipe (2), Tachira (3, 10); Trinidad, Cunapo
River (2), Diego Martin River (2), Maracas River (2), San Juan
River (2), St. Ann River, St. Joseph River (2); Peru, Colonia del
Perené (4, 14).
This is a widely distributed and apparently very adaptable
species. It is also remarkable in the great variation in the
development of the stigma. As in the lot of H. caja, but
not quite so distinctly, there are two series in the present
material of H. macropus, one series having the basal wing _
markings of the males darker and more extensive, and the
other with this color more restricted and paler. The first
series occurs in Central America, Colombia, and the Cata-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zooloyy 17
tumbo region of Venezuela. The second series occurs east
of the Catatumbo region in Venezuela and in Trinidad. In
their distribution the two series thus correspond to the two
series of H. caja. This paler fauna east of the eastern Cor-
dillera is probably correlated with a drier atmosphere than
that of the large river valleys to the west.
_ The three males from Peru are still more distinct and
indicate a departure from the more typical form along the
same lines as those of the Santa Marta Mountains form of
H. cruentata, These specimens are the largest and richest
colored of the entire lot. The character of size is, however,
not as striking as in the case of the specimens of H. cruen-
tata referred to above. Specimens of H. macropus of differ-
ent sizes occur in each locality where the species is found,
and this variation, except in the case of the Peru specimens,
seems independent of locality. Specimens from Panama and
Trinidad, for example, measure the same (male, abdomen 36,
hind wing 25 or 26), and specimens from the Santa Marta
Mountains (Cincinnati), Maraquita and Caserio Silva vary
from that size up to males with abdomens 4o or 41 and hind
wings 27 or 28. The Peru males, however, have the abdomen
43 and the hind wing 30, a size not attained by any other
specimens before me.
It has hitherto been difficult or impossible to separate the
females of this species from certain females of H. titia. In
the female of macropus, at about midlength of the middle
lobe of the prothorax, on ‘either side just above the suture
between the pronotum and the propleuron (that is, about on
the level of the lateral extremities of the front and hind lobes
of the prothorax), there is a small but distinct outwardly
directed antenna-like projection. At the same place on the
prothorax of the female of H. titia there is a scarcely discern-
18 University of Michigan
ible elevation or small knob. When the species of Hetaerina
are carefully studied, other valuable specific characters will
be found in the prothorax.
In macropus the brown tips of the wings. are more evident
in teneral specimens than are the red tips in tenerals of other
species where the hind wings or all four wings are red-tipped
in the adults.
10. Hetaerina miniata Selys.
Guatemala, Los Amates (9, 15), Puerto Barrios (15), Santo Tomas
(9, 13, 15) ; Honduras, San Pedro Sula (3, 5, 9) ; Canal Zone, Panama,
Rio Mazamba (2), Rio Sardanilla (2, 7, 9); Colombia, Cristalina (2,
3, 9), Maraquita (2, 3, 9) ; Venezuela, El Guayabo (2), La Fria (2, 9),
Tachiraa(@ one
The South American specimens average slightly larger
than those from Guatemala and Honduras, and the basal red
on the wings of the males is more extensive. The Canal Zone
material is insufficient in quality and quantity to determine
its status.
This species has been recorded for relatively few localities,
and yet at such streams as at San Pedro Sula, Cristalina, and
La Fria it seems the most successful species. For example,
four species of Hetaerina occur at San Pedro Sula, and of
the total number collected there over 65 per cent were miniata;
at Cristalina, also with four species, of the total number col-
lected over 75 per cent were miniata; and at La Fria, with
three species, of the total number collected over 88 per cent
were miniata.
11. Hetaerina moribunda Hagen.
British Guiana, Rockstone (6, 8), Tumatumari (6, 8, 12), Wismar
(6). 12).
Dr. Ris writes: “I have specimens of this species from
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 19
Obidos and Tapajos, Brazil, and I believe it is H. moribunda.”
12. Hetaerina mortua Hagen.
British Guiana, Tumatumari (6, 8, 11), Wismar (6, 11).
Dr. Ris writes: “After re-examining your specimens, rep-
resenting a species not heretofore known to me, I am almost
certain it is H. mortua, The description of the thoracic pat-
tern does not fully agree, but the rest of the description and
the figure of the appendages in the Mon. Calop. seem to indi-
cate your species. It is strangely similar to H. dominula, but
there are rather striking differences in both the superior and
inferior appendages.” In the field it will be difficult to dis-
tinguish these two species (dominula and mortua), even with
the aid of a small hand lens. In the males, dominula has the
red apical spot of the hind wings duller, more diffuse and
with some brown edging, and the post-occipital tubercles are
low and rounded, scarcely discernible to the unaided eye; in
mortua the apical red spot is bright, not diffuse, and with
imperceptible brown, and the post-occipital tubercles are angu-
lar and plainly discernible.
13. Hetaerina pilula Calvert.
Guatemala, Santo Tomas (9, I0, I5).
Heretofore only two specimens of this species, one from
Mexico and one from Guatemala (B. C. A.), have been known.
14. Hetaerina sanguinea Selys.
Peru, Colonia del Perené (4, 9), San Ramon.
This species was found on the lower, slower and sunnier
parts of quebradas, and, in its relation to charca, resembles the
frequent relation of caja to macropus. Macropus was also
taken at Colonia del Perené, but only at one place, and its
distribution on streams, relative to charca and sanguinea, was
not determined.
University of Michigan
15. Hetaerina titia Drury.
Guatemala, Gualan (1, 9), Los Amates (9, 10), Morales, Puerto
Barrios (10), Santo Tomas (9, 10, 13).
In the Motagua Valley this species occurs from’ sea level
at Puerto Barrios to Gualan, where it meets americana, which
descends no farther down the valley. It was well established
at Gualan, at Los Amates 84 per cent of all the Hetaerinas
taken were this species, and at Puerto Barrios over 97 per
cent were this species. If I have been correct in regarding
tricolor as a synonym of titia, this species, when its occurrence
at sea level in Guatemala is taken into account, has a surpris-
ingly wide distribution to the north, where it reaches Illinois,
Indiana, Ohio and Pennsylvania in the United States. Occurring
at sea level in Guatemala, one might expect an extensive range
south of Guatemala, but the species occurs no farther south
than Nicaragua, but little farther than americana. In view
of the great similarity in the geographical distribution of the
two species (americana and titia), their habitat distribution
in the Motagua Valley is difficult to understand. And in Indi-
ana I am at as great a loss to explain their abundance on
some streams and their absence from others.
The amount of variation in the wing coloring of males
from the same locality is surprising. The lightest colored
male in the present material is from Gualan, and is interme-
diate between figures I and 2, plate 3, B. C. A. But from
the same locality there is a teneral male with all four wings
brown, and therefore darker than the extreme case figured
by Calvert (figure 15, loc. cit.). I cannot tell certainly from
the present material, but it is probable that wings of teneral
males are suffused with brown over a larger area than is occu-
pied by the darker brown or black of their maturity.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 21
ALPHABETICAL List oF LOCALITIES WHERE COLLECTIONS
WERE MADE
Generally, only Hetaerina habitats are described for each
locality, so the discussion under each locality is in no way
indicative of the presence or absence of other nearby dragonfly
habitats.
1. Agua Caliente, Guatemala, on the Rio Agua Caliente,
a swift, stony headwater of the Motagua, where the railroad
crosses it 20.2 miles below Guatemala City. Width about
fifty to one hundred feet. Elevation about 3,200 feet. Col-
lected June I-2, 1909.
Along this swift and stony river were three species, Hetae-
rina americana, cruentata, and macropus. Unfortunately, my
notes give no data as to the distribution of the species on
the stream. All of the species are well represented in the
collection, macropus by about as many specimens as the other
two, which occurred in equal numbers.
2. Amatitlan, Guatemala. A town on the river draining
Lake Amatitlan. Elevation, 4,212 feet. The river is clear,
rapid and gravelly, and the only Hetaerinas seen at Amatitlan
were collected on this stream. Collected June 7-10, 1909.
Of the seven specimens taken here, six are Hetaerina
americana and the remaining specimen is cruentata.
3. Aracataca, Colombia. On the Santa Marta-Fundacion
railroad, near the Fundacion terminus and about fifty-five
miles from Santa Marta. Elevation probably about fifty feet.
Collected at irrigating ditch near fruit company station for
only a short time on January 9, 1917, and a single male of
Hetaerina caja was taken.
4. Arima, Trinidad. Most of our collecting in Trinidad
was done at two small rivers reached by electric lines from
22 University of Michigan
Port-of-Spain and at streams crossed by the railroad from
Port-of-Spain eastward to Sangre Grande. This railroad
from Port-of-Spain runs nearly directly east, and not far
south of the hills, to Arima, en route crossing several tribu-
taries of the Caroni River. From Arima the railroad runs
in a southerly direction for a few miles and then turns east
again, which is its general direction to its terminus at Sangre
Grande. From Arima to Sangre Grande it is far south of
the range of hills which it skirts near Port-of-Spain, and the
streams at Arima and eastward are correspondingly slower
flowing. West of Arima within one mile are two small, grav-
elly streams, where we collected on March 4, 1912.
The streams at Arima, like the other streams east of Arima
where we collected, yielded only Hetaerina caja. Three males
and seven females were collected, indicating that we were not
at the habitat where the species was most numerous and active.
5. Aroa, Venezuela. A terminus of the railroad, about 86
kilometers above Tucacas. Elevation, 700 feet. The sandy
Aroa Valley here is dry, and tne native flora is largely
destroyed. Many of the surounding hills have been burned
over. At a greater distance from town are some fine rocky
quebradas which rise high in the mountains and which dis-
appear in the sand a short distance after their emergence from
the hills. One of these is west of town, possibly two miles
in an air line. It is two to ten feet wide, with waterfalls and
deep pools and dense growths of Cyclanthus. About two miles
west of this quebrada is another slightly larger and slower
one. There is another quebrada at the Tichara mine, but it
is rock-scoured, sun-exposed, and absolutely no good. Col-
lected March 12-14, 1920.
On March 12 we collected up the quebrada two miles west
of town and during the day took only one species, Hetaerina
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 23
macropus. The following day J. H. Williamson started col-
lecting high up the quebrada where we had left it the day
before, and near its source he collected three males of capi-
talis, the only specimens of the species taken at Aroa. We
found macropus on all the streams. The surprising thing at
Aroa was the absence of caja, common a few miles down-
stream at Boqueron and thence to the coast at Tucacas. It
is probable that the streams, near the hills as they are at Aroa,
were too swift for caja.
6. Bejuma, Venezuela, about 30 miles west of Valencia.
Lies in a circular plain surrounded by high hills. Through
this plain the Rio Bejuma meanders in a sandy or gravelly
bed, shallow pools alternating with gentle ripples. Most of
the valley is or has been under cultivation, and the native
flora is largely gone. The stream is fifteen to thirty feet wide
and bordered along much of its course with wild cane which
reaches a heighth of twenty-five feet or more. In the sur-
rounding hills are many small quebradas of the usual swift,
rocky type, pools alternating with swift rapids and waterfalls.
Plant life immediately adjacent to and in these quebradas is
usually varied and luxuriant, but, on the steep hills above, the
native forest is usually replaced by coffee and banana plant-
ings. The commonest plant in the forest quebradas of
Colombia and Venezuela where we have collected is a divided-
‘leaf palm-like aquatic growing from a foot to three or four
feet high among rocks in the stream. It may occur as a single
plant, as small, scattered clumps, or in a continuous growth
filling the stream bed for a hundred feet or more. On its
leaves rest many of the dragonflies of these quebradas. From
photographs and my description Mr. Ellsworth P. Killip, of
the U. S. N. M., has identified this plant as Cyclanthus bipar-
titus Poit. Where these quebradas debouch from the hills
24 University of Michigan
into the alley they usually meander as shallow, dirt-sided
arroyos which shrink in volume before the Rio Bejuma is
reached. We could not learn the elevation of Bejuma, which
is probably near that of Caserio Silva, about 1,500 to 2,000
feet. Like the Rio Chirqua, the Rio Bejuma_ eventually
reaches the Orinoco. Collected February 13-18 and 24, 1920.
Hetaerina caja was the commonest species at Bejuma and
was collected every day. It occurred on the Rio Bejuma and
the lower courses of the quebradas. Macropus occurred on
the same quebradas, but higher up than caja, and fewer speci-
mens were taken. Of capitalis only three males and one
female were collected, and they were taken high up near the
sources of two quebradas. These are the same three species,
and the only species, taken also at Nirgua and San Esteban,
Venezuela, and Bolivar, Colombia.
7. Bolivar, Colombia. Residence of Mr. O. L. Flye, about
five miles out from Santa Marta. Elevation about 50 feet.
From Bolivar the cart road has been extended about five
miles farther to La Tigrera, following up the Tamacal River
most of the way. This is the same T'amacal we collected at
Santa Marta, but betweén Bolivar and La Tigrera it is a
rapid, rocky stream, largely in shade, and its few permanent
tributaries are of the same general character. Most of our
collecting was done on these tributaries, as odonate life was
not abundant along most of the course of the Tamacal, where
rough and angular rocks, destitute of aquatic vegetation and
washed bare by the rapid waters, offered few opportunities
for aquatic larval life. The tributaries were less scoured and
had occasional pools with some semi-aquatic growths. The
elevation at La Tigrera is about 300 feet. Collected December
20-26, 1916.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 25
Along the Tamacal above Bolivar Hetaerina caja and
macropus were flying together, but neither species was abun-
dant. Caja was not found elsewhere, excepting three males
which were taken at a small pond not far from the Tamacal.
Macropus, on the other hand, was numerous on some of the
small permanent quebradas tributary to the Tamacal. Beyond
the road bridge over the Tamacal above Bolivar are two such
quebradas. They are three to four feet wide near their
mouths and are rapid and rocky with heavy vegetation. Near
the source of one of these quebradas we took a single female
of capitalis, the only representative of the species seen at
Bolivar.
8. Boqueron, between kilometer posts 68 and 69 on the
railroad above Tucacas, Venezuela. Elevation estimated as
375 feet. Lies in a heavily wooded and flat or slightly rolling
country. It is about thirty kilometers above Palma Sola, and
while the flora is generally similar the greater elevation and
the nearer approach to the mountains gives more variety to
the topography. One result of this is that Boqueron has many
beautiful streams of diverse character. South of the railroad,
in a southeasterly direction, are successively the Aroa, the
Chivacure and the Cabobo, the latter a larger stream than
the Arca at Boqueron. Smaller tributaries of these streams
are not numerous. They may be, at this season, little isolated
pools of water or, more rarely, fine, clear quebradas, with low
rapids and pools and frequent growths of Cyclanthus bipar-
titus (see discussion under Bejuma). At kilometer post 70 a
trail to the north leaves the railroad and, passing through forest,
comes to the Rio Yumarito, a beautiful stream six to twelve
feet wide, with some deep, broad pools. There are some gravelly
rapids and occasional rock exposures where Cyclanthus grows.
Boqueron is a delightful region, but we found it most disap-
26 University of Michigan
pointing for collecting. In seven days we failed to add a
single additional species to our dragonfly list, and in this well-
watered region we found only two species of Hetaerinas.
Collected March 15-21, 1920.
Hetaerina caja was the only species which we found on
the main streams. On the Yumarito both caja and macropus
occurred. Caja, which was wanting at Aroa, ten or fifteen
miles away, was the commoner Hetaerina at Boqueron. At
Palma Sola, below Boqueron, and where the streams were
slower, caja was still more abundant relatively, macropus being
represented in our collections by only two females collected
there. At Caserio Silva, where the same two species, and
these two orly, were found, among rockier conditions, caja
was rare and macropus was abundant.
9. Caserio Silva. A posada between Valencia and Bejuma,
about seven miles out of Bejuma, Venezuela. Situated on a
small, clear stream six to ten feet wide, the Rio La Mona,
which is generally in the sun, but has a little native forest
remaining on it. It is generally swift-flowing in a gravelly
bed, with pools and ripples, but uo waterfalls. Near Caserio
Silva it flows into the Rio Chirgua, a stream in a deep, pre-
cipitous valley, of which the native flora has been largely
destroyed. The Rio Chirgua is twenty to thirty feet wide
and has pools six feet deep in it. The bed is rocky or grav-
elly. Its waters eventually reach the Orinoco. Elevation not
known, but probably about 1,500 to 2,000 feet. Collected
February 20-23, 1920.
As was to be expected from the generally swift character
of the streams, caja was rare here and was taken only on
the Chirgua. Macropus was much more abundant, occurring
both on the Chirgua and La Mona. Our failure to get capi-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 27
talis was probably due to the fact that no rocky quebrada
was followed back to near its source.
10. Chaguanas, Trinidad. A station on the Port-of-Spain-
San Fernando railroad, twenty to twenty-five miles from
Port-of-Spain, lying not far from the coast in a flat country.
The single small stream we found was dry in most of its
course, with no flowing water. Collected March 7, 1912, and
only a single female of Hetaerina caja was taken.
11. Cincinnati. Coffee estate, twenty miles from Santa
Marta on Mt. San Lorenzo, Colombia. Elevation about 4,500
feet. A heavily forested region. With Cincinnati as head-
quarters, we collected down to 2,500 feet. Streams very
numerous, about Cincinnati very rough and rocky, with some
fine waterfalls. Smaller streams offered better collecting than
the larger streams, and as we descended to lower levels and
to the quieter streams at about 2,500 feet elevation we found
odonate life still more abundant. Collected here December
28-31, 1916, and January I, 1917.
At Rauca Pluma Creek, just below the house at Cincin-
nati, we found Hetaerina capitalis and cruentata common and
in about equal numbers. This is at an elevation of about
4,500 feet. The stream is in forest. It has high banks, is
very rocky and rapid, with an average width of four feet and
a heavy flow of water. Cruentata also occurred in still larger
numbers on two small streams, fully exposed to the sun, as a
result of clearing of the forest, on the so-called upper road
not far from Cincinnati and at the same elevation. At Danta
Creek, also near Cincinnati, it was rare. Equally rare on the
same creek were capitalis and macropus. But on the Agua
Dulce, about four miles distant, and at an elevation of about
2,500 feet, macropus was abundant, capitalis was very rare,
and cruentata was absent.
28 University of Michigan
12. Cisneros, Colombia. Terminus of the railroad from
Puerto Berrio. Elevation about 3,500 feet. Most of the
native flora about Cisneros is gone and the rough, rocky
streams, ten to thirty feet wide, are largely exposed to the sun.
Our one day’s collecting here February 10, 1917, was so unpro-
ductive that we explored only one stream, the Rio Santa
Getrudis, where we took a single female of MHetaerina
macropus.
13. Colonia del Perené, on the Rio Perené, Department of
Junin, Peru. Elevation, 2,230 feet. At hacienda number one
two streams join to form the Perené. One of these, the Rio
Paucartambo, has tributaries of varied characters on the right
bank just above the suspension bridge. One of these flows
through scattered bushes from a boggy spot on the bank of
the river. One kilometer above the bridge is a very small,
rocky quebrada. Near hacienda number one is the quebrada
Repressa, two to four feet wide, with many waterfalls. Near
hacienda number two is a larger and slower quebrada flowing
into the Rio Perené. Below and east of hacienda number one
is an old river bed of the Perené, where there are large pools
and a little running water, and where dragonflies were very
abundant. On the road to San Juan, past hacienda number
two, are some small quebradas. Collected June 4-22, 1920.
Hetaerina macropus is represented by only three males
taken on the wooded part of a quebrada on the trail from
hacienda number two to San Juan. On the quebrada Repressa
and on the quebrada flowing into the Rio Perené near hacienda
number two both charca and sanguinea were taken, but at the
old river bed only sanguinea was found; and at the very small,
rocky quebrada one kilometer above the suspension bridge and
at another similar quebrada above charca was found. ‘Thus
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 29
charca seems to take the place of capitalis, and sanguinea the
place of macropus of similar Venezuelan habitats.
14. Cristalina, on the railroad 28 kilometers above Puerto
Berrio, the latter town a river port on the Magdalena 16334
leagues above Barranquilla, Colombia. At an elevation of
about 1,050 feet, Cristalina lies in a rolling forested country
and abounds in beautiful small, clear, gravelly streams with
many ripples and a very few small waterfalls. These streams
vary from a foot or two to six to twelve feet in width and
all flow into the Rio Diez-y-ses, a stream of varied character,
15 to 30 feet wide. Collected here February 12-20, 1917.
Hetaerina caja occurred here only on the Diez-y-ses and
on the tributary quebradas for only a short distance from
their mouths. It was a little more numerous than macropus,
which was found at the same places. Capitalis was rare,
being represented in the collections by about the same number
of specimens as macropus, and was taken only near the sources
of the quebrada Cristalina and a tributary of the quebrada
Sabaleticus. Miniata, on the other hand, was abundant and
is represented by more than three times as many specimens
as are all the other three species together. It occurred far
up the quebrada Cristalina and throughout its course, as well
as at its mouth, where, and on the Diez-y-ses, it was associated
with caja and macropus. On the larger part of the quebrada
Sabaleticus, a beautiful gravelly stream six to twelve feet
wide, in original forest, with long pools and ripples, it occurred
in ereat numbers, without other Hetaerina competitors. It
was also abundant and was the only Hetaerina taken on the
quebrada La Camelia, after a short distance above the mouth.
15. Cumuto, Trinidad. On the railroad between Arima
and Sangre Grande. The stream here, a tributary of the
Caroni, is in sand and gravel, clear, with low, short ripples.
30 University, of Michigan
See under Arima. Collected March 6, 8 and Io, 1912.
At Arima and at the stations east of there where we col-
lected there is but one species, Hetaerina caja.
16. Cunapo River, near Sangre Grande, Trinidad. A slow-
flowing stream, eight to ten feet wide, with clay bottom. A
tributary of the Oropuche River, flowing to the east, and
opposite the westward-flowing Caroni. Collected here Feb-
ruary 27, 1912.
Hetaerina caja was abundant on this stream, and asso-
ciated with it we found a single female of macropus.
17. Diego Martin River, Trinidad. A stream at the end
of the Four Roads electric car line from Port-of-Spain. A
fine stream which we collected from Blue Basin to the car
line. Collected February 29 and March 3, 7 and Io, 1912.
Most of our collecting on the Diego Martin was within a
mile of the car line, where we found only Hetaerina caja, On
March 3 we went to Blue Basin and collected down-stream
to the car line, and it was on the upper part of the stream,
and there only, that we found macropus.
18. Don Jaca, Colombia. A clear, rocky stream about 10
to 15 feet wide, widely exposed to the sun, on the railroad
about 25 kilometers from Santa Marta. Elevation probably
about 50 feet. Between kilometers 17 and 18 is a small stream
in sand. Collected these two streams December 17, 1916.
Odonate life was not abundant on either of these streams.
On both the only Hetaerina collected was caja.
19. El Banco, on the Magdalena and Cesar rivers about
86 leagues above Barranquilla, Colombia. At the season we
were there there was no flowing water near town except the
rivers. Along the isolated pools of a wet weather stream in a
forest strip surrounded by a dry, treeless plain we found a
few species of dragonflies, some in large numbers, but Hetae-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology ay
rinas, as was to be expected, were very scarce. Collected here
January 23, 1917, taking only a male and a female of Hetae-
rina caja.
20. El Fiscal, Guatemala. Still higher headwaters of the
Motagua above Agua Caliente and 12.7 miles below Guate-
mala City. Small, rocky streams in deep ravines. Elevation
about 3,700 feet. Collected June 3-6, 1909.
Along the so-called river north of town, on June 4, Hetae-
rina capitalis (thirty-seven specimens), cruentata (fourteen
specimens, and macropus (two specimens) were taken. Macro-
pus was seen nowhere else. On the stream south of town along
the government road only one species, cruentata, was taken,
and of it only two specimens. On June 6 I collected again on
the river north of town, but higher on the stream than on my
previous visit. On this upper portion I failed to find macro-
pus, taken lower down, and cruentata was five times as abun-
dant as capitalis, while lower down capitalis had been more
than twice as abundant as cruentata.
21. El Guayabo, Venezuela. A station on the Gran Fer-
rocarril del Tachira, the railroad from Encontrados to
Tachira, and on the banks of the Rio Zulia. Elevation, 225
feet. El Guayabo lies in a wide, flat, wooded valley, most
of which near town is pasture or under cultivation. This val-
ley extends northward, without interruption and with a pro-
gressively lower elevation, till it passes almost imperceptibly
into Lake Maracaibo. On the left bank of the Zulia opposite
the town are sluggish tributaries with little flow except when
they discharge the backed-up waters of the Zulia when the
latter falls after a rise. About six kilometers above town on
the right bank, and crossed by the railroad, is El Cana Fraile,
six to fifteen feet wide, in forest. On April 20 it was a suc-
cession of pools. On April 22, the Zulia having risen in the
32 Umiersity of Michigan
meantime, the Fraile was a mill-race-like stream, flowing away
from the Zulia to some inland lake or swamp. Seven or eight
miles east of town, in the forest, we found nearly dry and
very muddy remains of other/such cafias leading away from
the river. Collected April 20-22, 1920.
On the Fraile, both before and after the rise of water in it,
and on the cana in the forest east of the town we found a few
specimens of Hetaerina caja and mimniata flying together, the
former about five times more numerous than the latter.
22. Fundacion, Colombia. End of railroad from Santa
Marta. Elevation about 50 feet. Rio Fundacion here is a
wide, shifting, sand-bottomed river. Irrigating ditches from
the river furnished the only other running water at that sea-
son. Above town about two miles, on the left bank of the
river, was a large, nearly dry and very muddy creek or arroyo
with widely-separated pools of stagnant water eight to ten
feet wide. Here, associated with Perithemis and Acantha-
grion, we collected 'the only Hetaerina seen at Fundacion, a
few specimens of caja. Collected at Fundacion January 9-14,
1917.
23. Gualan, Guatemala. A station on the railroad 80.2
miles above Puerto Barrios. Elevation, 420 feet. The Gualan
River here is a clear, gravelly stream one hundred feet or
more in width. Just above the railroad bridge is a small,
gravelly tributary of the Gualan. A similar, smaller but more
shaded stream is in the forest about a mile and a half below
town. Opposite Gualan is the Rio Manuel, a tributary of the
Motagua, from which the city derives its water supply. My
notes are deficient, but as I recall it the Rio Manuel is fifteen
to thirty feet wide, and is a rapid-flowing hill stream. Like
the Gualan River, it was not rich in odonate life. Collected
June 11-18, 1909.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 33
This is the lowest elevation I have for Hetaerina americana
in the Motagua drainage, and the highest station for ftitia.
The former species is represented by a single male taken on
the Gualan River. The same day twelve titias were taken
along the nearby tributary of the Gualan, and the same small
stream yielded forty-four specimens of mdacropus. At the
small stream, a mile and a half below town, macropus and
titia were again associated, again macropus being the more
abundant in about the ratio of eight to one. Both species
also occurred in limited numbers along the Rio Manuel or
some of the artificial streams diverted from it.
24. La Fria, Venezuela. A station on the railroad above
Fl Guayabo. Elevation, 460 feet. La Fria lies at the edge
of the hills in the valley which extends northward to Lake
Maracaibo. The forest is heavy mixed growth, and north of
town, where we explored it for miles, it was nearly flat, with
occasional small and very muddy, swampy spots, but with no
flowing water. East of town, and crossed by a spur of the
railroad, is a sandy quebrada, eight to ten feet wide, with a
good flow of water, which, however, disappears in the sandy
soil a few miles north or northeast of town. The old stone
road south of town goes back among the hills, and about two
kilometers from town it crosses the beautiful little quebrada
La Fria, which in its lower course, near the stone road, is a
gently flowing stream, five to ten feet wide, of sand, gravel
and boulders. Growing in the stream were many plants of a
calla-like arum. About a kilometer and a half beyond the
quebrada La Fria the road crosses the slightly larger que-
brada Santiaquita. This quebrada, possibly a kilometer below
the stone road, meets with another and slightly larger stream.
These streams were very similar to the fine little streams
about Cristalina, Colombia, except that possibly there were
34 University of Michigan
more rocks in the La Fria streams, especially in their upper
courses. Collected April 12-18, 1920.
Hetaerina caja, not known on the swifter streams a few
miles above at Tachira, was present, but rare, at La Fria,
where it was taken on the sandy quebrada east of town and
on quebrada La Fria, a total of ten specimens altogether.
Macropus was still rarer, with a total catch of three specimens
on quebradas La Fria and Santiaquita. Muniata was the abun-
dant Hetaerina at La Fria and was taken every day we col-
lected there, except one day when our entire party was in the
streamless forest north of town. The rarity of macropus was
a great surprise, as it was abundant at Tachira, and the swifter
streams at La Fria seemed well suited to it. Below La Fria,
at El Guayabo, macropus had entirely disappeared, but the
character of the streams there was such that this is what one
would expect.
25. Los Amates, Guatemala. A station on the railroad
59.3 miles above Puerto Barrios. Elevation, 160 feet. Rio
San Francisco, below town, is fifteen to twenty feet wide,
sluggish, with generally overhanging banks and few beaches.
Easily waded in low water stage on June 19, but wading dif-
ficult or impossible following heavy rains that night. After
these rains a small wet weather stream with abundant odonate
life made its appearance in the forest on the east of the rail-
road below the Rio San Francisco. Collected June 18-22, 1909.
On June 19, collecting from the railroad bridge over the
San Francisco up-stream a mile or more, I took three Hetae-
rma macropus, two miniata, and forty-six titia. Macropus
was also collected along the wet weather stream east of the
railroad.
26. Macuto, Venezuela. About a mile and a half east of
La Guiara. The Rio Macuto at Macuto is a clear, swift,
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoclogy 35
rocky stream, about ten feet wide, flowing directly into the
Caribbean Sea. Collected January 28-30, 1920,
The only species taken on this fine little stream was Hetae-
rina macropus. ‘The absence of a coastal plain explains the
absence of caja, and the ‘absence of capitalis from our list is
probably to be explained by our failure to reach the higher
sources of the stream.
27. Maracas River, near St. Joseph, Trinidad. We col-
lected from the Maracas Fall, 340 feet high, down-stream sev-
eral miles. The upper part of the stream is swift and rocky;
the lower part, swift but slower, and gravelly. Collected
March 5, 1912.
Hetaerinas were rare here, and we took only two speci-
mens of caja and three of macropus. This, of all the places
we collected in Trinidad, was the most likely-looking for cap-
italis, but though we failed to find this species in the island,
it is not impossible it may yet be found high in the hills above
any of the stations visited by us.
28. Maraquita, Colombia. On the railroad above Honda.
Elevation about 1,500 feet. Many fine streams are near town.
Some of these are rocky and swift, with high waterfalls and
steep, wooded banks. Others are generally swift, but with
much sand and without waterfalls. They vary in size from
tiny brooks to streams 30 to 40 feet wide. As usual, the
smaller streams were richest in dragonflies. Collected here
February 3-5, 1917.
The Maraquita water supply comes from the San Juan
River. The intake is just above a high waterfall. Above the
intake the stream is three to six feet wide, very rocky, with
some high “waterfalls. Its banks are high and steep, with
many helioconias and large bamboos near the water, and high
trees. Along this upper stretch of the river we found Hetae-
36 University of Michigan
rina macropus and capitalis common, and miniata very rare.
Below the intake capitalis was not found, but caja appeared
commonly there, macropus;was in smaller numbers, but still
common, while miniata was very rare.
On the Poquera River, south of town, we found only caja
and mdacropus, both common and in about equal numbers.
The Poquera at this date was five to fifteen feet wide, in a
wider, more sun-exposed bed than the San Juan. The water
was low when we were there, and we were told that it some-
times became entirely dry.
29. Morales, Guatemala. A station on the railroad 33.6
miles above Puerto Barrios. Elevation estimated at about 100
feet. A large, sluggish stream here was too deep and with
banks too brushy for effective collecting, and the only Hetae-
rinas taken were five specimens of titia. Collected May 27,
1909.
30. Nirgua, Venezuela. Conditions similar to Bejuma, but
the country rougher and, adjacent to the town, more despoiled.
The Rio Borria, at the foot of the plateau on which the town
is built is eight to twenty feet wide, and a few miles above
town is in such a deep, rocky gorge with high waterfalls and
deep pools that it is impossible to follow the stream. Above
the intake for the city water supply, where it flows through
brush and small trees, the stream is six to twelve feet wide
and is gravelly and not very swift. Three or four miles north
of town is a typical hill quebrada in pastures, brush, and coffee
and banana plantings. On the top of the hill, above running
water, is a humid forest. A similar small quebrada is about
four miles northeast of town on the road to Bejuma. Ele-
vation of Nirgua not learned, probably 1,500 to 2,000 feet.
Collected February 25-29, 1920.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 37
On the Rio Borria and the two quebradas, both Hetaerina
macropus and caja occurred, in every case macropus being
the more abundant. High up the quebrada north of town a
single male of capitalis was taken.
31. Palma Sola, Venezuela. At kilometer post 37 on the
railroad above Tucacas. Elevation, 120 feet. Lies in a nearly
flat, heavily wooded country. The Aroa River here is a swift,
generally shallow stream, fifty to sixty feet wide, bed largely
sand and the banks adjacent to the stream generally covered
with wild cane. Three or four miles above Palma Sola there
is a right-hand tributary of the Aroa which is eight to ten feet
wide and which, in its characters, is merely a miniature Aroa.
In the forests about Palma Sola are the remains of several
wet weather streams of considerable size. There are pools of
water two to ten feet wide and three to one hundred feet long,
generally with little or no flow of water between pools. The
stream beds are generally sandy, though some are muddy
where there are extensive heliconia growths. Collected March
4-10, 1920.
As might be expected, this region is not rich in Hetaerinas.
At a sluggish quebrada about one kilometer north of town we
found caja common, and on the same quebrada took two speci-
mens of macropus, the only specimens of the latter species
seen at Palma Sola. Caja was taken also on the Aroa, on its
tributary of similar character, and on an almost dry quebrada
crossed by the railroad to San Felipe about five kilometers
out from Palma Sola.
32. Puerto Barrios, Guatemala. Near sea level. Small,
sluggish and brackish streams are reached by following the
railroad track back from the coast. One stream, the first one
above the roundhouse, was fresh (May 28) about half a mile
38 University of Michigan
above the railroad, but brackish below that point. Collected
May 25-30, 1909.
At this small stream Hetaerina titia was very common,
more frequently over fresh water, but observed also over
nearby brackish water. On a stream farther up the railroad
track, which was entirely brackish where we explored it, no
Hetaerinas were seen. On the stream where titia was com-
mon two specimens of miniata were taken. No others were
seen,
33. Rio Frio, Colombia. On the railroad about 48 kilo-
meters from Santa Marta. Elevation probably about fifty
feet. A fine, clear, swift stream, the Rio Frio, 40 to 60 feet
wide, crosses the track here. At this season it could be waded.
Trees grew to the water’s edge. Back of Esperanza Farm is
the quebrada de Calabacito, which disappeared in the low-
lands, but back in the hills was a stony stream of running
water with pools six feet wide and ten to twelve feet long,
with about two feet as a maximum depth. Streams were gen-
erally absent at this season in the semi-arid chaparral, but
irrigating ditches to a certain extent took their place. Col-
lected January 6-8, 1917.
On the quebrada de Calabacito we found both Hetaerina
macropus and caja, the former twice as numerous as the latter,
but neither abundant. On the Rio Frio also both species
occurred rarely, but here caja was more numerous than macro-
pus. On a large irrigating ditch we found only caja, which
flew there in large numbers.
34. Rio Mazamba, and
35. Rio Sardanilla, two small streams, crossed by the rail-
road. Canal Zone, Panama. The Rio Mazamba was collected
December 6, 1916, only in its lower part near the railroad;
but the Rio Sardanilla was followed on December 5, 1916,
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 39
far back into the hills, where it is a beautiful little stream
flowing in a rocky and gravelly bed, with pools and waterfalls.
On the Rio Mazamba, where we spent only a short time,
and that only on its lower courses near the railroad, we took
only Hetaerina caja and miniata, the former common, the lat-
ter represented by a single specimen. On the Rio Sardanilla,
where we collected more carefully, we found a Hetaerina
fauna very rich in species, if not in individuals. On not to
exceed two or three miles of its course we took nine Hetaerina
caja, five fuscoguttata, eleven macropus, and one miniata.
Unfortunately, we failed to notice if there was any particular
distribution of these species on the stream.
36. Rockstone, on the Essequibo River and on the Wis-
mar-Rockstone railroad, British Guiana. Elevation not noted.
Just east of the hotel is a large log-jammed creek, fifteen to
twenty feet wide in low water. A short distance below the
railroad station is a small, muddy creek, nearly dry, a succes-
sion of stagnant pools with no running water. On the large
island in the Essequibo opposite Rockstone is a similar but
drier muddy creek bed. Collected February 1, 2 and 14, 1912.
Hetaerina doninula was taken on the large creek just east
of the hotel and nowhere else. Only fourteen specimens were
taken. A few lJaesa were collected on the small creek below
the railroad station, and a larger number on the island, where
also the single specimen of moribunda taken at Rockstone was
found. MHetaerinas were rather rare at Rockstone, our total
catch numbering only thirty-six specimens.
37. Salom, Venezuela. A town on the road from Bejuma
to Nirgua. Conditions similar to those at Bejuma. Collected
the small, sandy and gravelly river near town for a few hours
on February 25, 1920. The water of this stream eventually
finds its way to the Orinoco.
40 University of Michigan
The to-be-expected Hetaerina caja and macropus, three
specimens of each, were collected here.
38. San Esteban, Venezuela. A village on the Rio San
Esteban about six miles back of Puerto Cabello. The Rio
San Esteban is a clear, swift, rocky mountain stream, except
near its mouth below San Esteban, where it flows for several
miles through a nearly level sand plain. Above San Esteban
the valley is narrow, the bed of the stream is rock or coarse
gravel, and there are many waterfalls. Below San Esteban
the stream is largely in the sun. Above San Esteban almost
the entire valley is wooded, with much coffee and cacao on
the main stream and more native forest on the higher que-
bradas. Many tributaries (quebradas) are encountered as one
ascends the Rio San Esteban, and these are even rougher and
more precipitous than the main stream. The length of the
quebradas we explored between San Esteban and Las Quiggas,
a village on the Rio San Esteban above San Esteban, from
their sources in the hills to their mouths in the main stream,
varied from less than a mile to possibly four or five miles.
We could not obtain elevations at San Esteban, but our col-
lections were made from nearly sea level up to possibly 2,000
or 3,000 feet at the heads of the highest quebradas. Collected
here February 1-9, 1920.
Below the village of San Esteban we followed down the
Rio San Esteban for possibly three miles. Throughout this
course the stream is largely in cacao plantings. Near the vil-
lage Hetaerina caja and macropus were associated, but farther
down macropus disappeared and we found only caja. High
up on a quebrada on the left bank of the Rio San Esteban,
just above the intake dam above the village of San Esteban,
we found capitalis. It was most numerous near the source of
the quebrada, and as we came down-stream it was rarer and
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 41
was associated with macropus. It disappeared about a mile
below where we first found it. We found it again under sim-
ilar circumstances on a right-hand tributary quebrada just
above Las Quiggas. Macropus occupied the streams between
the habitats of capitalis and caja, overlapping where their hab-
itats came together. It was the most abundant and widely
distributed of the San Esteban Hetaerinas. On the rocky
quebrada on the left bank of the Rio San Esteban, opposite
the old Salom home, we were surprised to find no Hetaerinas.
39. San Felipe, Venezuela. Elevation, 745 feet. The town
lies in the broad, alluvial plain of the Yaracuy River. All the
stream beds about San Felipe were dry except the nearby
mountain quebradas and a few small, short spring streams.
The quebrada from which the city derives its water supply is
open, rocky, swift and bed-scoured. We found it impossible
to follow the stream after a short distance above the intake
because of the precipitous sides and deep pools. Collected
March 2 and 3, 1920.
Only a single specimen of Hetaerina caja was taken here,
but macropus was common on all the streams.
40. San Juan River, near San Juan, Trinidad. A gravelly
stream with some boulders, swift-flowing. Collected March
f,- LO12:
Hetaerina |caja and macropus were both common on this
stream, the former twice as numerous as the latter.
41. San Pedro Sula, Honduras. Estimated elevation about
250 feet. The city lies in a broad valley, with the nearest
hills about two miles south of town, where a small woodland
ravine stream flows from the hills into the valley. Along this
small stream occurred the richest Hetaerina fauna I have seen.
Collected February 26-28, 1905.
42 University of Michigan
I noted of Hetaerina cruentata that it occurred along the
stream where it emerged from the hills, but whether or not it
also ranged back into the hills my notes do not show. It was
back in the hills that I found macropus, miniata and capitalis,
but again my notes fail to show if there was any local distri-
bution of these species on the stream. The following num-
bers of specimens of each species were taken and will indicate
in a general way their relative abundance: cruentata 46, macro-
pus 10, mimata 123, capitalis 9.
42. San Ramon, Department of Junin, Peru. Elevation,
2,800 feet. One kilometer from San Ramon, across the Rio
Chanchamayo, is a small, sandy-bottomed creek one to two
feet wide, flowing through cleared land and banana plantings.
Near San Ramon is the small quebrada Apurimae, flowing
through open country in corn and bananas, with bushes on
the creek’s bank. The creek bed is mud, sand and boulders.
Collected July 12-15, 1920.
Hetaerina sanguinea was the only species observed on these
streams.
43. Santa Marta, Colombia. On the coast. The Manza-
nares River and its tributary, the Tamacal, were here largely
exposed to the sun and flowing generally over beds of fine
sand. Collected here December 13-19, 1916, and January 3,
IQI7.
Three specimens of Hetaerina macropus were taken along
small streams in a woods along the railroad track and adjacent
to the Tamacal. Everywhere else the only species found was
caja, which was common,
44. Santo Tomds, Guatemala. On the coast. Near town
a large spring forms a pool of water at the foot of a hill.
From this spring a short stream flows into the nearby gulf.
Collected May 29, 1900.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 43
On this small stream I collected one specimen each of
Hetaerina macropus and miniata, three of pilula, and six of
titia. Larger series might have been collected, but I spent
most of my time at the pool collecting dragonflies of other
genera.
45. Sevilla, Colombia. A station on the railroad between
- Santa Marta and Fundacion. Elevation probably about 50
feet. Collected here only about an hour along an irrigating
ditch, on December 15, 1916, and took five specimens of
Hetaerina caja.
46. St. Ann River, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, reached by
the St. Ann street car line. Above the car line about a mile
the stream is very rocky and swift, with only a few species
of dragonflies. Collected March 1, 1912.
Hetaerina macropus was more abundant on this stream
than on any other stream we collected in Trinidad, and it is
the only stream, where Hetaerinas occurred at all, on which
we failed to find caja.
47. St. Joseph River, near St. Joseph, Trinidad, on the
railroad between Port-of-Spain and Arima. Stream similar
to the San Juan, eight to twelve feet wide, swift, gravel and
rounded stones, with some long, swift ripples. Collected Feb-
-ruary 28 and March 11, 1912.
Hetaerina caja and macropus were common here, the for-
mer about five times more numerous than the latter.
48. Tachira, Venezuela. Terminus of the railroad from
Encontrados on the Catatumbo River. Elevation about 1,200
feet. Tachira lies on the mountains back of La Fria where
the hills first begin. It is in a heavily wooded region of steep
or precipitous mountain sides with many streams. In the
deeper valleys are swift streams fifteen to thirty feet wide,
with pools and many rapids, but no waterfalls. The beds of
44 University of Michigan
such streams are wide and exposed, and odonate life is rare
on them. ‘Two of these streams are the Rio Lobaterita, on
the west side of town, in a deep valley, and the Rio Uraca,
which the railroad crosses about a mile below town. Tribu-
tary to these streams are small quebradas of various charac-
ters. Some are miry, sluggish streams with only a small flow
of water. Other quebradas are rocky, with waterfalls six to
ten feet high. More rarely there are tributaries of an inter-
mediate character, where the fall is about three to fifteen feet
in the hundred, with frequent little waterfalls. In such a que-
brada the stream bed is usually small, rounded boulders, with
some gravel. Collected April 4-11, 1920.
Along the Rio Lobaterita were frequent diversions from
the main stream, forming little streams which soon again
joined the larger volume of water. At these places and about
the mouths of small tributary quebradas Hetaerina macropus
flew in limited numbers. On a very rocky tributary, three to
eight feet wide, with only a small flow of water, but many
pools and waterfalls, macropus was associated with capitalis,
both rather rare, and macropus about twice as abundant as
capitalis. Miniata was not seen on this stream. On a some-
what similar but flatter quebrada with more vegetation, which
flowed through town, and which we collected from the road
bridge far toward its source, capitalis, macropus and muniata
were present and numerous and occurred in about equal num-
bers. On quebradas which the railroad crossed just below
town macropus and miniata were common in about equal num-
bers. Along a small, short, muddy quebrada through brush
and heliconias in the river bottom of the Rio Lobaterita, the
three species, capitalis, macropus, and numata, occurred, but
the first two were rare, in about equal numbers, while miniata
was about four times as numerous as the first two together.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 45
On tributary quebradas of the Rio Uraca, a beautiful stream
above the railroad bridge, we found capitalis and miniata in
about equal numbers, and macropus about twice as numerous
as the other two together. These quebradas were of the inter-
mediate type described in the last two sentences of the pre-
ceding paragraph.
49. Tucacas, Venezuela. On the coast. Terminus of the
railroad, which has three inland termini, San Felipe, Aroa and
Barquisimeto. Back from the town is a small, boggy stream
three to six feet wide and one to three feet deep, sides steep
or overhanging, from which the town receives its water sup-
ply. Adjacent to the stream were literally thousands of spider
lilies (Crinum) in bloom and there were many wet patches of
heliconias. Dry woods and dry heliconia patches were adja-
cent and gave evidence of flooding during the rainy season.
The lower part of the stream is shallower, broader, and sandy
or gravelly, with a few low ripples. Collected March 23-25,
1920. A few Hetaerina caja were taken here.
50. Tumatumari, on the Potaro River, about seventy-five
miles above Rockstone, British Guiana. Elevation not noted.
Country hilly and heavily wooded. Above town on the right
bank is a small, sluggish stream, known as Cashew Creek,
two to six feet wide, with a mud bed. A similar stream with
less flow of water is on the left river bank below the’ falls in
the river. A trail from Tumatumari leads back into the forest
and about four or five miles from town crosses Tiger Creek,
a sluggish stream almost too large to wade. Further up-stream
there is a large waterfall in Tiger Creek known as Washer-
woman Falls. The trail from Tumatumari to Tiger Creek
crosses a few little streams from a few inches to as large as
three feet in width. They are generally muddy and some of
the smaller ones lose themselves in the forest. One of these
46 University of Michigan
streams, about three miles out from Tumatumari, was: fol-
lowed to its mouth in Tiger Creek. Collected February 5-13,
1912.
Hetaerinas were rare about Tumatumari, the total capture
amounting to only sixty-seven specimens, thirty-six of which
were dominula, On Cashew Creek we took dominula and
moribunda, each represented by two specimens, and mortua,
represented by a single specimen. On the first small creek
out from town on the Tiger Creek trail we collected four
specimens of dominula, and on the creek on the left bank of
the river, below the falls, we found dominula, laesa, moribunda
and mortua, the first represented in the collection by thirty
specimens, the next two by one specimen each, and the last,
mortua, by twenty-six specimens.
51. Wismar, on the Demerara River, sixty-two miles above
Georgetown, British Guiana. Elevation not noted. Some
small, muddy creeks tributary to the Demerara adjacent to
town, easily waded earlier in the day, are so backed up with
water in the late afternoon, due to the tides, that the collector
finds them impossible to work. There is a small wooded creek
south of town and a smaller swamp one, rising in some low
hills, just west of town. Below town the footpath to Chris-
tianburg crosses a muddy, log-filled creek. At Christianburg
there is a small, muddy creek in the brush parallel to and near
the left bank of the canal. Collected January 30 and 31 and
February 15 and 16, 1912.
Only two specimens of Hetaerina moribunda were taken
at Wismar, and our notes are not clear as to exact location.
They were taken either on the small creek south of town, or,
less probably, on the smaller creek west of town. Dominula,
on the other hand, was common and was taken on both the
streams mentioned in the preceding sentence and on the stream
along the canal at Christianburg.
. .
<i¢
ony Se»
ne: a
ne ae
a b)
- i 7
a
’ -
‘
J }
y* y & 7
et’
7?
NUMBER I31 I*EBRUARY I0, 1923
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN Arsor, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
THE CROCODILE IN FLORIDA
By Tuomas BARBOUR
That curious genius, Rafinesque, one of the most surpris-
ing and versatile of naturalists, by some hook or crook first
learned of the existence of a crocodile in Florida. His very
short notice is in an excessively rare number of the Kentucky
Gazette, of which a photostat copy, made in the Library of
Congress, is before me. There is another original copy in
the Library at Lexington, Kentucky. I believe Dr. Stejneger
first noticed this observation. It consists of a few brief lines
_ only: “Our alligators have not yet been well studied by real
Naturalists. I suspect that many species and varieties exist
in the Southern states. The most common species is the
Crocodilus lucius of Cuvier; there is a sharp snout alligator
in Florida which must be his Crocodilus acutus.” (Kentucky
Gazette (n. s.), Vol. 1, No. 29, July 18, 1822, p. 3, col. 2.)
Rafinesque almost surely had never seen a specimen, yet he
made an excellent surmise as to specific identity. The Florida
2 University of Michigan
crocodile was not heard of again until 1869, when the first
really scientific record of the American salt-water crocodile
(Crocodilus acutus Cuvy.), occurring within the confines of
the United States, appeared in the Proceedings of the Boston
Society of Natural History (1869, p. 78). This note records
that Dr. Jeffries Wyman exhibited the head of a crocodile,
C. acutus, obtained from the Miami River where it enters Key
Biscayne Bay. The skull was given to Dr. Wyman by a Mr.
William H. Hunt, a local resident, and was, he told Dr.
Wyman, the second to be killed at that spot. The note con-
cludes by adding that the existence of a true crocodile had
not been previously recognized within the limits of the United
States. This historic skull is now preserved in the Boston
Society of Natural History, labeled by Dr. Wyman himself,
and is No. 2,212 of the Wyman Catalogue.
The following year (Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, 49, 1870, p.
105) Dr. Wyman described in more detail how he happened
to secure the skull, and he gives a series of careful measure-
ments. Wyman’s friends year after year, one or another, vis-
ited Florida with him, for he was impelled annually by ill
health to seek a milder winter climate. Mr. George Augustus
Peabody, of Danvers, who still lives at Burleigh Farm in
Danvers, went with him on many of these journeys, and the
opportunities to hear from Mr. Peabody the charming remi-
niscences of his gifted and whimsical companion will long be
looked back upon with pleasure. In 1869, however, Wyman
went for what I believe was his only trip to Biscayne Bay
when he was a guest of Mr. J. Murray Forbes on board his
yacht “The Azalea.” Miami then was a tiny settlement of half
a dozen houses clustered about Brickell’s store, which was
located not far from where the Royal Palm Hotel stands now.
There was probably not a settlement in the United States that
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3
had less contact with the outer world, and it is not remarkable
that the existence of the crocodile in Florida remained known
to only the “conchs” of the Florida Keys and to the few white
men who, for reasons usually good and sufficient, saw fit to
settle or move from place to place about the coast of extreme
southern Florida, equally anxious to avoid meeting the half
nomadic Seminoles or a better white man with a gun.
Curiously enough, the next record for the crocodile is the
most northerly. C. J. Maynard, who knew Wyman and had
heard of his discovery, and who was and is a field observer of
rarest skill, made a trip in 1872 from the St. John’s River to
the upper end of the Indian River. Maynard wrote a short
account of this journey for Forest and Stream (1, 1873, p.
162). This was reprinted as Chapter 1 of Camp Life in
Florida, which appeared in book form, published by the
Forest and Stream Company in 1876, and was edited by
Charles Hallock. The little volume, now of real historic inter-
est, contains many short tales of exploring, hunting and fish-
ing in Florida which had had an earlier appearance in the
journal. Maynard killed a crocodile over ten feet in length
in a creek between Lake Harney and the head of the Indian
River. No mention is made of the water being fresh or brack-
ish, but the Indian River is strongly saline and the locality is
one to which it would be by no means unlikely for a crocodile
to stray. I know of no other definite records for the Indian
River, although I have heard rumors of stray crocodiles hav-
ing wandered to the southern narrows near St. Lucie within
the last thirty years. Maynard said that this was the second
instance on record of the capture of a true crocodile in the
United States. Curiously enough, he misspelled the name in
the same way in both the published accounts and thereby
added a synonym to the already somewhat complicated
4 University of Michigan
synonymy of the creature. It was Crocodilus acurus.
Messrs. C. E. Jackson and W. T. Hornaday killed the
next crocodiles on an old slide on the shores of Arch Creek,
in Dake County, in 1875: a giant male, 15 feet 2 inches, with
half a foot of the tail gone, and a perfect female, 10 feet 8
inches. These were killed on successive days on the same
slide and were well cared for. The male still ornaments the
United States National Museum in Washington, which, I
believe, likewise secured the skeleton of the female. Horna-
day found another skull of a dead individual which is, beyond
doubt, the one now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
received from Ward and labeled Biscayne Bay. In the
account of the hunt which Hornaday published in 1875 (Amer.
Naturl., 9, p. 504) we have the first attempt to give some gen-
eral account of habits, abundance and distribution. Hornaday
speaks of Wyman’s having described a skull from Florida and
called it C. acutus, but not being familiar with the variation
within the species, Hornaday was constrained to describe his
specimens as representing a new species, Crocodilus floridanus.
The various specimens which are still preserved are cotypes
of this name, no special type having been designated. More
material now has shown that there is no diagnostic differen-
tiation of Florida individuals and the name has neither spe-
cific nor sub-specific value.
Curiously enough, in later years Hornaday evidently for-
got the Wyman notes, for in the American Natural History
(1904, p. 320) we read: “The presence of a true crocodile
in Florida was not discovered until 1875, when a pair of speci-
mens of large size were collected in Arch Creek, at the head
of Biscayne Bay, by Mr. C. E. Jackson and the writer.” Very
probably the fact that Hornaday believed that two species
were involved may have led him, in error, to conclude that
Occasional Papers of the Muscum of Zoology 5
Wyman’s skull, identified (correctly) as C. acutus, really
came from elsewhere than Florida. For Hornaday makes it
clear that he did not believe that both he and Wyman had the
same species, whereas what they had were conspecific individ-
uals of different ages.
The closing chapter will now soon be written and before
many years the last Florida crocodile to be recorded will claim
historic interest in some museum equal to that now held by
Wyman’s Miami River skull. Happily, however, the reptile
has not wholly lacked biographers. C. B. Cory, in his Hunt-
ing and Fishing in Florida (Boston, Estes & Lauriat, 1896,
p. 70 et seq.), devotes a short chapter to notes on crocodiles
and gives some fair photographs. In 1918, however, A. W.
and Julian Dimock published their well-named Florida
Enchantments (Outing Publ. Co., 1918, p. 89 et seq.). This
book contains photographs which are among the finest and
most valuable photographic records ever made in natural
history.
The crocodile, dwindling yearly in numbers, still may be
found by the persistent hunter. About Ojus Creek and in
the mangrove sloughs between Hallandale and the ocean beach
a fair few still persist, and in February, 1920, a little croco-
dile was found in a small brackish pool not far from Mr.
Michael P. Grace’s garden at Palm Beach by some of his
grandchildren.
In February, 1919, Paul Clark, a local taxidermist at Palm
Beach, got one which was found in Ojus Creek, floating dead
after a hard freeze. I saw this animal after it had been badly
mounted, and was told that it measured 14 feet 8 inches, but
it had evidently been violently stretched. Clark subsequently
gained some local renown by dying from the bite of a coral
snake with which he had played.
6 University of Michigan
Little crocodiles when first hatched are from nine to ten
inches long, a little longer and much more slender than newly-
hatched alligators.
The extension of the crocodile’s range in southwestern
Florida is undefined, and this offers an attractive problem for
someone who wishes a real reason to visit a region which is
still as wild and isolated as any so near at hand.
NUMBER 132 FEBRUARY 10, 1923,
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN Arpor, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
WEST INDIAN INVESTIGATIONS OF 1922
By THomAs BARBOUR
Mr. J. L. Peters again visited the Antilles in 1922 (Feb-
ruary-April) in the interest of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology. He visited St. Kitts, Nevis, Anguilla and St. Eusta-
tius. The results of his reptile-collecting are here summarized.
His journey was specially undertaken to secure topotypes of
Sparrman’s early described species from St. Eustatius. In
this he was successful. Another object of the journey was
to determine whether it might still be possible to secure
remains of the fossil rodent Amblyrhiza, long since described
from Anguilla. Peters found, however, that the phosphate
bed in which the type was found was completely exhausted,
and it is improbable that further remains are recoverable.
Unfortunately, he was not able to visit St. Martin, owing to
quarantine regulations, and lack of time to secure the neces-
sary permit prevented his reaching Barbuda. Mr. Forrest,
to whom I have often been beholden in the past, has, how-
2 University of Michigan
ever, sent me a small representation from that little visited
locality. To him my very hearty thanks are due.
Sphaerodactylus sputator Sparrman
To secure this species, so long in doubt, was the principal
object of Peters’ quest. He gathered an enormous series.
This shows that the types of Sparrman now in Stockholm did,
beyond doubt, come from this island and that the species is
essentially as I placed it in my recent revision (Mem. M. C. Z.,
47, 1921, p. 266). It is one of the dichromatic forms, as are
so many of the large-scaled species—and perhaps others as
yet little known. The types are females evidently. The males
are much smaller than the females, uniform greyish brown
through life, or at the most with a few fine scattered dots
usually on the head. The females are large, bulky and with
a great variety of broken bands, blotches and spots of vary-
ing size.
By the kindness of my old friend and companion, Dr.
Carlos de la Torre, rector of the University of Havana, I am
permitted to record a very surprising observation, based upon
field and laboratory studies carried on by Professor de la
Torre and his correspondent, Sefior Cabrera. Lizard eggs of
known ancestry having been secured and hatched show that
Sphaerodactylus elegans is nothing more nor less than the
very young of Sphaerodactylus cinereus, while extensive field
collecting at various seasons of the year has also shown that
during growth the individuals pass through a stage which has
given rise to the name Sphaerodactylus intermedius, There
is a considerable change of habitus as well as coloration dur-
ing this course of development. ‘The new synonymy should,
therefore, stand thus:
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3:
Sphaerodactylus cinereus Wagler
Sphaerodactylus cinereus Wagler, Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 143.
Sphaerodactylus elegans Macleay, P. Z. 5. London, 1834, p. 12.
Sphaerodactylus intermedius Barbour and Ramsden, Mem. M. C.
Zee TOlO; 47, ps 2I1.
Fullest credit is due these two investigators for this most
enlightening observation, and we can only hope for a full
report upon the details of their work in the future.
I can only offer as a partial excuse for my lack of percep-
tion in this matter the fact that year after year I visited Cuba
during the same months. My all-year-around visits were
during the war, when I was otherwise occupied than with
collecting animals. I found none of the intermediate stages
during the ten or twelve spring visits I have made to the island.
They were to be found at other seasons.
Anolis bimaculatus Sparrman
This lizard from St. Eustatius was the first of this group
of large species with smooth ventral scales to receive a name.
Peters found it common on St. Eustatius and secured a good
series. The dewlap in these fresh specimens is dull greyish
white, and as in the related forms it is very feebly developed.
I at first thought that the series from St. Kitts and Nevis
represented distinct species. I am, however, now convinced
that both these islands, along with St. Eustatius, are popu-
lated by true Anolis bimaculatus, as indicated in my West
Indian Herpetology (Mem. M. C. Z., 44, 1914, p. 279), where
I gave reasons for following Garman. At the present time,
however, judging from Peters’ large series, individuals from
Nevis average very much smaller than those from the other
islands. The following species, each represented by several
specimens, well merit specific recognition.
4 University of Michigan
Anolis barbudensis, sp. nov.
Type: M. C. Z., No. 16,167, adult male from Barbuda,
B. W. I. W. R. Forrest, collector and donor.
Closely related to bimaculatus, but rich brown in color,
with many fine anastomosing white lines giving a curious ver-
miculate appearance, dewlap brownish; upper temporal scales
generally decidedly larger than in the St. Eustatius form and
the median scales of the snout very much larger.
Anolis forresti, sp. nov.
Type: M.C. Z., No. 16,170, an adult male from Barbuda,
B. W. I. W. R. Forrest, Health Officer of Antigua, collector
and donor.
This form is very closely related to A. watts: Boulenger
of Antigua. It may be distinguished by its larger loreals, its
occipital separated from the semicircles, usually, by only two
rows of scales, and by its entirely uniform grey-brown colora-
tion. The dewlap appears to be pure white.
Anolis gingivinus Cope
Peters secured a large series of this species which I have
discussed somewhat elsewhere (Mem. M. C. Z., 1914, 44, 275).
The species is poorly differentiated at best from true bimacu-
latus, but the facies of these fresh series show that there are
many small but constant diagnostic characters in the two
suites of lizards collected at about the same time and similarly
preserved under the same conditions. The differences are
slight, usually only visible in the average, but they, neverthe-
less, appear and seem to presage more complete speciation.
The individuals from Nevis, St. Kitts and from St. Eustatius
as yet are not well enough differentiated to name. It may be
suggested that a subspecific name would be more appropriate
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5
in such a case as this. If a slight degree of differentiation be
the basis of subspecies, then one might apply trinomials which
do have the advantage of pointing to one of the supposedly
related types. If intergradation be the touchstone whereby
subspecies may be determined, then insular forms automatic-
ally demand binomial address. This seems the most generally
convenient method to pursue with the denizens of such island
groups as these Antilles, and, moreover, no brief is held for
consistency now or hereafter. Absolute overlapping—. e.,
the finding of occasional identical individuals in the ranges
of each of any two distinct forms—does not seem often to
occur. The gradual transitions of intergradation can only
occur where large land masses support geographic races which
are unseparated by naturally impassible barriers of any sort.
Iguana delicatissima Laurenti
Peters found this iguana rare, but, nevertheless, he secured
two specimens each on St. Eustatius and Anguilla. The hap-
hazard distribution strongly suggests its having been carried
about by primitive man. Indians in various localities twist
loose the finger and toe-nails of iguanas and then stretch out
the tendons so that their feet may be tied over their back by
these cords. The luckless creatures are often carried about
thus, bound and helpless, and as they live for some time with-
out food or drink they are the most convenient meat for
canoe journeys. ‘Thus they may have been carried through
the Antilles, and perhaps occasionally escaped the unhappy
fate for which they were destined. They are excellent food.
Ameiva erythrops Cope
Ameiva nevisana Schmidt, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Near So es lOCO: spa.
Schmidt described his new species from Nevis from a
6 University of Michigan
single faded specimen. Peters’ four fresh examples show
that the species is not extinct on that island, as Schmidt sup-
posed, but, nevertheless, is very rare. Peters got a fine series
of topotypes of Cope’s erythrops from St. Eustatius. Unex-
pectedly, they prove to be exactly the same as the Nevis indi-
viduals. Erythrocephala from St. Kitts, according to Peters
now almost extinct, is represented in the M. C. Z. by the fine
series collected by Garman. This form is really doubtfully
distinct from A. erythrops, and I am almost inclined to con-
sider erythrops and nevisana both synonyms of erythrocephala,
except for the fact that the latter reaches or reached an enor-
mously greater size. The rows of ventral plates are the same
in number. The type of coloration is similar. The supratem-
poral scales in erythrocephala, however, are more enlarged
over a larger area. Thus, perhaps, it is more conservative to
consider them distinct.
Ameiva garmani Barbour
Peters got a fine series of this form which was previously
known from the unique type. It is still abundant upon
Anguilla and conspicuously distinct.
Ameiva griswoldi Barbour
Specimens from Barbuda collected by my kind friend, Mr.
Forrest, Health Officer at Antigua, are indistinguishable from
the three individuals from the latter island upon which I
originally based this well-defined form.
Alsophis cinereus Garman
Peters caught two snakes on the isle of Anguilla which
agree well with Garman’s types of this species, which came
from both Anguilla and St. Barts, the rows of scales about
the middle of the body being 21 in each case.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7
Alsophis rufiventris (Dumeéril and Bibron)
Curiously enough, contrary to the conditions existing on
most of the Antilles, snakes were not especially rare on St.
Eustatius, and Peters secured a beautiful series of six adult
examples which seem referable to this form. Alsophis rijers-
maet Cope from St. Martin’s I have not yet seen, and I can-
not speculate as to its validity.
Bufo marinis (Linné)
The giant toad has been introduced into Nevis, where it
was found to have become abundant.
8 University of Michigan
APPENDIX
(Translation)
“ «Since I was first charged by Dr. C. T. Ramsden to collect exam-
ples of all ages of the various species of “salamanquitas” to complete
biological collections of each form, I have captured individuals of ali
the types known in this province [Habana], but was never able to
find young examples of S. cinereus. Desirous of solving this enigma,
I put into a cage about twelve examples of S. elegans taken from the
same places where S. cinereus was common and in fact living with
that species. The first difficulty was to provide food for my captives,
but this was done by placing ripe fruit in the cage and breeding fruit
flies thereon (Drosophila), upon which the little lizards fed freely.
Thus I kept my “Salamanquitas de los santos 6 de la Virgen.” So
called, beyond doubt, because they frequent sacred pictures which,
being generally lit with little candles or lamps, attract insects and
hence the lizards. The lizards are often to be found abundantly
behind these pictures, which are also often the only ones in the poorer
houses. The lizards thus confined soon began to lose the transverse
bars of “elegans” and to assume the ashy color of “cinereus,” but nat-
urally they never reached the size which is attained to by ciereus in
a wild state. I then put up hiding places and provided food in appro-
priate places inside my house, and released specimens of elegans
there, which grew with rapidity.’
“Thus, having observed all the transitions, the full credit for this
discovery is due to the entirely modest Sefior José Cabrera, as the
letter which I have quoted above goes to show, and as the following
taken from a subsequent communication dated Dec. 14, 1921, sub-
stantiates :
“‘Esteemed Master: I add further notes which you may revise
so that my views may be clearly placed before the Poey Natural His-
tory Society. First you,ask me whence the eggs which I used and
whether I was sure that they were really those of cinereus. Now I
may only say, when you have the opportunity catch some specimens
of Sph. cinereus in the summer, and it is almost sure that from some
one of them you will get an egg of from 7 to 9 mm. in length and
from it there will appear a young which has transverse bands and is
not ashy grey. Now also when one of these Saints pictures is
removed from the walls of an old house one often finds groups or
colonies of large and small individuals having the two types of col-
oration and living together. One never finds a banded individual
large enough to contain eggs of 8 to 9 mm.’”
“Thus, of the more than 200 individuals propagated by Cabrera
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9
every single young was banded when first hatched, and thus also I
conclude that the small differences, other than color, mentioned by
you can be explained by the changes in proportion and other char-
acters which take place during growth. Cabrera also reports that
this species has the peculiar habit of a number of individuals placing
their eggs together in the same spot. This is usually in a cavity or
tunnel in a board which has been made by termites (comejénes). In
one such ‘nest’ Cabrera has found no less than 25 eggs, on one occa-
sion, and often 8 or 10. As I have said, these eggs are from 7 to 9
mm. in long diameter and the young when first hatched are about 14
mm. in length of body and 15 or 16 in length of tail. The egg of
S. notatus measures about 6 mm. and the young 12 mm, body and 14
mm. tail.
“The young in ‘elegans’ coloration lose their cross bands in about
two months in captivity and do not reach fully adult size until about
five months have passed.
“CARLOS DE LA TorRE, Sc.D.,
“Rector, Havana University.”
I saw Cabrera’s material in Havana at de la Torre’s house, and
there can be no doubt as to the correctness of his conclusion. It is
a great pity that I only received these notes today (Dec. 21, 1922),
or I would have incorporated them in the paper which was finished
and put in type several months ago. From my own examination of
the material in de la Torre’s hands, I am convinced that intermedius
is in truth nothing but an intermediate transition stage between ele-
gans and cinereus,
I admit frankly that my own stupidity at not having suspected
this state of affairs is almost beyond belief. I was, however, in good
company. Again the fortuitous nature of reptile collecting is shown
and the disadvantages under which the visitor, albeit a frequent one,
labors. I had not found the “elegans” and “cinereus” often together
and was completely fooled by thinking that I was collecting before
the breeding season, hence getting adults. I was not, however. I
never saw one of these common laying holes or “nests” which have
never before been observed and which form one of Cabrera’s most
interesting observations, and one not readily made unless one live in
the same old house, well riddled with termites, for years on end—
and keeps saints’ pictures, with their little lighted lamps, upon one’s
walls. I envy Cabrera his opportunity, and I can picture his simple
home, and pleased would I be to change my abode for his for the
next few months! We owe congratulations to Cabrera for his suc-
cess in settling this question, and to de la Torre gratitude for encour-
aging and transmitting them—T, B.
; ‘
PA. Y,
7
ae ae
< Le
art
a -
'
«=
t@ are
us
Cs
7
‘
)
af
dye
:
F
*
a
"
]
an 6 i
r
Fi ye oo
sary
es 7 ome
.
# as
‘
a be
j
*
. A
‘
ies
~
'
ny
‘
ae
*
~* ~
. |
>
i Coe
®
.
'
aI
. * 5
a
.
Ne s
*
4
a
‘
* * *
.
.
.
-
. = -
ae
:
4
4
wa
Ts
e"
NUMBER 133 FEBRUARY IO, 1923
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
RESULTS OF THE BRYANT WALKER EXPEDI-
TIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
TO COLOMBIA, 1913, AND BRITISH
GUIANA, 1914
THE DIPLOPODA
By RaLepo V. CHAMBERLIN
The diplopods secured by this expedition form a highly
interesting collection of sixty-seven species, of which the great
majority have not been previously described. As in the case
of the chilopods, most of the collecting in the present group
was done by F. M. Gaige, as indicated in the following pages
in connection with the various records. As it seems obvious
that our knowledge of the diplopod fauna of the regions cov-
ered by the expedition and of the adjacent regions is still very
incomplete, it seems best at this time not to enter into any
general discussion of the composition and derivation of the
fauna. The collection from Colombia, made chiefly in the
2 University of Michigan
vicinity of San Lorenzo, is more extensive than that from
British Guiana, made in the Demerara River region. No spe-
cies is common to the collections made in the two countries.
The species secured, separately listed for Colombia and British
Guiana, and for St. Croix, U. §. Virgin Islands, where a few
forms were also collected, are as follows:
CoLOMBIA
Glomeridesmus porcellus Gervais and Goudot.
Siphonophora graciliceps, sp. nov.
Siphonophora pearsei, sp. nov.
Stemmiulus major Carl.
Stemmiulus craurus, sp. nov.
Stemmiulus ruthveni, sp. nov.
Stemmiulus, sp.
Epinannolene lorensonus, sp. nov.
Epinannolene xestus, sp. nov.
Epinannolene arius, sp. nov.
Epistreptus eustriatus, sp. nov.
Spirostreptus atoporus, sp. nov.
Orthoporus gaigei, sp. nov.
Rhinocricus brevipes, sp. nov.
Rhinocricus hylophilus, sp. nov.
Rhinocricus pycnus, sp. nov.
Rhinocricus amblus, sp. nov.
Microspirobolus tridens, sp. nov.
Pycnotropis colombiensis, sp. nov.
Pycnotropis cylindroides, sp. nov.
Polylepiscus, sp.
Trachelodesmus angulatus, sp. nov.
Trachelodesmus ancylophor, sp. nov.
Dromodesmus longipes, gen. et sp. nov.
Colombodesmus catharus, gen. et sp. nov.
Colombodesmus lygrus, sp. nov.
Cormodesmus hirsutellus, gen. et sp. nov.
Alassodesmus reductus, gen. et sp. nov.
Trichomorpha tuberculosa, sp. nov.
Trichomorpha rugosella, sp. nov.
Trichomorpha setosior, sp. nov.
Trichomorpha cutyla, sp. nov.
Trichomorpha eusema, sp. nov.
Trichomorpha angulella, sp. nov.
Trichomorpha paurothrix, sp. nov.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology
ww
Chondrodesmus tamocolanus, sp. nov.
Chondrodesmus cerasinopes, sp. nov.
Chondrodesmus virgatus, sp. nov.
Chondrodesmus virgatus frater, var. nov.
Chondrodesmus rugosior, sp. nov.
Arionus ulophilus, gen. et sp. nov.
Agnurodesmus thrixophor, sp. nov.
British GUIANA
Glomeridesmus orphnius, sp. nov.
Siphonophora guianana, sp. nov.
Siphonophora corynetes, sp. nov.
Siphonophora relicta, sp. nov.
Siphonotus parvus, sp. nov.
Stemmiulus drymophilus, sp. nov.
Stemmiulus labbanus, sp. nov.
Prostemmiulus heterops, sp. nov.
Typhlonannolene adaptus, gen. et sp. nov.
Nanostreptus orthacanthus, sp. nov.
Nanostreptus astix, sp. nov.
Orthoporus etholax, sp. nov.
Orthoporus walkert, sp. nov.
Orthoporus foliatus, sp. nov.
Orthoporus, sp.
Rhinocricus monilicornis (Porat).
Rhyphodesmus amphelictus, sp. nov.
Aphelidesmus guianensis, sp. nov.
Zigwadesmus giiananus, sp. nov.
Zigwadesmus modestus, sp. nov.
Guianonus ectoporus, gen. et sp. nov.
Cliodesmus cryptopygus, gen. et sp. 1iov.
Unitep States Vircin Is_ANnps
Rhinocricus arboreus Saussure.
Rhinocricus monilicornits (Porat).
Trigoniulus lombricinus (Gerstaecker).
List OF SPECIES
GLOMERIDES MIDAE
Glomeridesmus porcellus Gervais and Goudot
Ain. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 2, 2, p. XXVII.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. Five specimens in forest at 4,000
feet. July 14, 1913; F. M. Gaige.
One specimen under leaves at 2,500 feet. July 15, 1913.
A University of Michigan
Glomeridesmus orphnius, sp. nov.
Pl. 1, agshe,.2
This species in size exceeds the known West Indian spe-
cies, but approaches the Colombian G. porcellus (Gervais and
Goudot). It would seem from Brolemann’s description of
the form he identifies as porcellus that this latter is a lighter,
chestnut species in which the head is always darker than the
body, and in which there is a definite pattern of lighter mark-
ings. In the present species the body is a uniform deep fus-
cous or black, with the head pale across vertex and labrum
and over the postantennal impressions; there is no definite
pattern of lighter markings on collum, ete.
The tergites have the usual series of transverse striae or
ridges, most of which curve caudad on the lateral wings.
Lateral wings of tergites of posterior regions of body with
anterior angles evenly rounded, the posterior convex below
but acutely, though but moderately, produced above, begin-
ning with the thirteenth or fourteenth, as shown in Pl. 1,
lig. 2. Anterior tergites with both angles rounded (PI. 1.
Fig. 1).
In dorsal view the collum is broader and much longer than
the head; collum with lower end on each side narrowly
rounded, a deep stria above the end. (PI. 1, Fig. 1. ) Width,
2.8 mm.
British Guiana: Labba Creek Sand Hills; July 27, 1914;
I’. M. Gaige. One female, of which, unfortunately, the pos-
terior end of body is missing, taken in sandy soil of forest
floor. Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,046.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5
SIPHONOPHORIDAE
Siphonophora graciliceps, sp. nov.
Pie 1, dies. 3-5
Densely fulvous, brighter at the ends.
Head narrow, conically narrowed forward and passing
gradually in*o the base of the beak. Beak slender, a little
curved, passing beyond distal end of the fifth antennal article.
(See Pl. 1, Fig. 3.)
Collum in dorsal view with lateral edges convex, the ante-
rior corners oblique and the anterior margin mesally incurved.
fen 4, Pie. 3.)
Body not keeled. Uniformly densely hairy, the hairs
shorter than in pearset.
Pleurites of anterior segments with cephalomesal corner
not produced; anterior margin extended much farther for-
ward in its ectal portion than within, the margin evenly curv-
ing, without teeth; posterior margin convex: (See Pl. 1, Fig.
4.) Pleurite of posterior segments as shown in PI. 1, Fig. 5.
Number of segments, 67.
Length, about 16 mm.; width, .65 mm.
Colombia: Fundacion; Aug. 7, 1913; A. S. Pearse. One
female taken with the specimens of S. pearsei. Holotype,
ee. 2... 5,047.
Siphonophora pearsei, sp. nov.
Pl. 1, Figs. 6-8; Pl. 2, Figs. 9-15
Yellow to brown, excepting the anterior seginents, which
are typically reddish or ferruginous, most of the body occa-
sionally being also tinged with the same color. Antennae yel-
6 University of Michigan
low. Head and tergites densely clothed with moderately short
hairs of uniform length.
The head subglobose, abruptly rounding in to the base of
the beak. Beak moderately short, its end about on a level
with distal end of the fourth antennal article; essentially
straight, being only very vaguely curved; hairs along sides all
short, but with many long hairs beneath. (PI. 1, Fig. 6; PI.
2, Has: Q.)
Collum viewed from above trapeziform in outline, the ante-
rior margin mesally incurved, as usual.
The pleurites of anterior segments with cephalomesal angle
rounded; the outer portion of anterior margin produced for-
ward and presenting two low, angular teeth, of which the
mesal one is the more acute; posterior margin widely convex.
(See Pl. 1, Fig..7.) Posterior pleurite as shown in Pl. 1,
Fig. 8.
Gonopods of male as shown in Pl. 2, Figs, 12-15.
For legs of male, see Pl. 2, Figs. 10, 11.
Number of segments, 82 to 115.
Length, to 40 mm. ; width, to 1.8 mm. Body typically deep,
sometimes nearly cylindrical.
Colombia: Fundacion; Aug. 7, 1913; A. S. Pearse. Holo-
type, M. C. Z., 5,048. Sixteen specimens collected under and
in rotten logs in forest. “Shoot out threads of slime when
handled, after the manner of Peripatus.” The males have a
lower number of segments (82-92) and are in general smaller
than the females.
This species approaches |S. gracilicornis Carl, which is also
a Colombian species, in form of head, pleurites, etc., but is
readily distinguished by the details of the male gonopods.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7
Siphonophora guianana, sp. nov.
Pl. 4, Figs. 25-27
Color in general dark brown.
Head subglobose, suggesting that of pearsei, but a little
longer and not quite so abruptly narrowed to base of the beak.
Beak short and straight. Antenna proportionately thicker than
in pearset, gracilicorms, etc., as shown in Pl. 4, Fig. 25.
Body broad and depressed. Pores elevated on broad tuber-
cles, which are more pronounced and keel-like in posterior
region. Body uniformly densely pilose, the hairs short.
Collum in dorsal view trapeziform, rather strongly nar-
rowed forward; the sides straight ; the anterior margin mesally
moderately incurved. (Pl. 41, Fig. 25.)
Pleurites of anterior segments with mesal margin weakly
incised at middle; cephalomesal angle not produced; outer
portion of anterior margin carried forward as usual, obtusely
angled, the mesal part of margin convex; caudal margin con-
vex. (PI. 4, Fig. 26.) Pleurites of posterior segments with
outer portion of anterior margin nearly straight, the angula-
tion small or often obsolete, the inner weakly concave, mesal
margin weakly incurved. (PI. 4, Fig. 27.)
Number of segments in the type, 77.
Length, about 32 mm.; width, 2.5 mm.
British Guiana: Forest Sand Hills; Aug. 6, 1914; F. M.
Gaige. One female collected on ground. Holotype, M. C.
2. 5,050.
One female from University of Michigan Expedition Sta-
tion 165 without further data.
Labba Creek Sand Hills; July 27, 1914; F. M. Gaige. In
sandy soil of forest floor. One female.
8 University of Michigan
Siphonophora corynetes, sp. nov.
Pl. 2, Bigs 162gRIN3 Shics. 17-20
General color fulvous of ferruginous cast.
Head rather strongly narrowed forward from base, nar-
row in front of base of antennae. Beak straight, or nearly so.
Antennae heavy, conspicuously enlarged distad of middle.
(Pl 2 Hae. 17. )
Collum of very characteristic form, the lateral margins
short, the anterolateral corners oblique and excavated, the
anterior margin between them strongly bowed forward and
mesally excised. (PI. 3, Fig. 17.)
Body not keeled, the pores not elevated, or but weakly so,
more especially on some posterior segments, the dorsum being
evenly convex.
Pleurites of anterior segments as shown in Pl. 2, Fig. 16.
Those of posterior segments as shown in Pl. 3, Fig. 18.
Posterior gonopods of males erect, much exceeding the
anterior pair in length; tip rather simple, spine at base of style
abortive. (Pl. 3, Fig. 20.) Anterior gonopods as shown in
Pl ee Fie, 580;
Number of segments of male type, 59.
Length, about 14 mm.; width, 1 mm.
British Guiana: First Mourie; Aug. 26, 1914. Under fallen
leaves in a tree clump. One male. Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,051.
Siphonophora relicta, sp. nov.
Pl. 3, Figs: 21-23; Plo4, Fig: 24
Dusky brown above, with lower border of sides, all of last
few tergites and the head a paler, fulvoferruginous color.
Venter and legs fulvous.
This species is separable from corynetes by the character-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9
istic form of the collum of the latter. It resembles more nearly
S. guianana, though a notably narrower form, standing apart
in lacking the low keel prominence or ridges of the latter spe-
cies. The rostrum is shorter in comparison with the length of
the legs, and the head also proportionately a little shorter.
(See Pl. 3, Figs. 21, 22.) Collum of similar form.
Also different from guwianana in the form of the pleurites.
Anterior pleurites typically as shown in Pl. 3, Fig. 23. Poste-
rior pleurites as shown in Pl. 4, Fig. 24.
Number of segments, 62.
Length, 19 mm.; width, 1.8 mm.
British Guiana: Sand Hill Forest; Aug. 24, 1914; F. M.
Gaige. One female taken in Calladium root mass. Holotype,
eC. Z., 5,052.
POLYZONIIDAE
Siphonotus parvus, sp. noy.
Pl. 4, Figs. 28, 2
Dusky brown above anteriorly, lighter brown caudally.
In comparison with the West Indian S. purpureus Pocock
this is a much smaller form, having fewer segments and much
broader relatively to its length. Head in its form, position of
eyes, and form of antennae nearly as in that species. (See
Pl. 4, Fig. 28.)
The two forms appear to be distinguishable by differences
at the caudal end of the body. In parvus the penult tergite
completely covers the anal tergite, excepting for the tip of
cauda, and in lateral view the middorsal line appears convex,
bending down more of caudal border, longer relatively to the
preceding tergite; in purpureus the cauda is considerably
exposed and the dorsal line of penult tergite in side view is
10 University of Michigan
nearly straight and is smaller in comparison with the preced-
ing tergite. (Pl. 4, Fig. 29.)
Number of segments, 28.
Length, about 3 mm.; width, .7 mm.
British Guiana: Sand Hill Forest, headwaters of Hubi-
dibu Creek; Sept. 1, 1914; F. M. Gaige. One specimen taken
in sandy soil. Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,053.
STEM MIULIDAK
Stemmiulus major Carl
Stemmatoiulus major Carl, Mém, Soc. Sci. Nat. de Neuchatel, rgr4,
5, p. 851, Figs. 24, 26-29, 55-61.
Colombia: San Lorenzo, 2,000 feet; July 14, 1913. One
female among fallen leaves.
Also at 3,000 feet ; July 16, 1913. One female under leaves.
Stemmiulus craurus, sp. noy.
Pl. 5, Figs. 30-34; Pl. 6, Figs. 35-36
Body in general blackish above with a narrow middorsal
pale line which may be in part obscure; venter and lower part
of sides obscure fulvous to fulvo-ferruginous. Collum and
vertex of head with a network of dark lines over a fulvous
background. Head obscure fulvous below and somewhat
darker between eyes and antennae. Antennae blackish and
legs fulvous.
Sixth joint of antennae twice, or a little more, as long as
wide. A single large ocellus on each side.
Gnathochilarium of male as shown in Pl. 5. Fig. 30: of
female as in Pl. 5, Fig. 31.
Collum angular below; three striae, on each side of which
only the uppermost in the male is distinct in side view, the
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology IT
others being beneath, the end of the collum being inflexed,
the uppermost stria more widely removed from the second
than the other two are from each other.
Striation of segments as usual. Caudal margins of meta-
zonites serrate in correspondence to the striae below, the ser-
ration weak on the sides.
Setigerous papillae of last tergite 3+3, as usual, the setae —
moderate.
First, second and third legs of male as shown in PI. 6,
Bis, 35,30; and Pl, 5,.Figs:.32 and 33.
Gonopods of male as shown in PI. 5, Fig. 34.
Number of segments: male, 47 to 49; female paratype, 54.
Length of female, about 25 mm.; width, 1.8 mm. Width
of male, 1.5 mm.
Colombia. More definite locality not known. 1913. One
male (type) and one female.
Also Colombia: Summit of San Lorenzo, 8,500 feet; July
23, 1913. A male and female. Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,054.
Stermmiulus ruthveni, sp. nov.
Pl. 7, Figs. 46-48; Pl. 8, Figs. 49-52
Body fulvous ventrally over most of sides and in a mid-
dorsal line, the latter widening triangularly caudad on each
segment; the dorsum elsewhere dusky brown, the same color
also extending on each segment down the anterior border.
Last tergite dusky, excepting a pale caudal border on each side.
Collum with posterior border dark and also a dark anterior
band just back of a narrow, pale border; the collum in general
elsewhere pale with a network of dark lines. Head fulvous
below level of antennae, blackish between antennae and eyes
12 University of Michigan
of the two sides, the vertex areolate with pale. Antennae
blackish. Legs fulvous.
For form of gnathochilarium of male, see Pl. 7, Fig. 46.
Head with a single large ocellus on each side. Sixth article
of antennae about 2.4 times longer than wide.
Collum of the usual form, with three deep striae below on
each side.
Tergites of second and third segments striate only below,
the succeeding ones becoming more and more striate until the
striae are found entirely across the dorsum. Middorsal stria
distinct. Caudal margin of segments serrate in correspondence
with the striae below, the serration weak on the sides and
absent above.
Last tergite with the usual six setigerous papillae, the setae
moderate, not exceeding in length the marginal setae of the
preceding segments.
Gonopods of male as shown in Pl. 8, Figs. 51 and 52.
First, second and third legs of male as shown in PI. 7,
Figs. 47 and 48, and PI. 8, Figs. 49 and 50.
Details at tip of third legs very nearly as in craurus.
Number of segments, male, 54 to 56.
Length, about 28 mm.; width, 2 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo, 4,500 feet; July 3, 1913; F. M.
Gaige. Under log; one male. Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,057.
Also, same locality, July 22, 1913; 5,000 feet. One male
and two females, from bromeliads on trees.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 13
Stemmiulus drymophilus, sp. noy.
Pl. 6, Figs. 37-41; Pl. 7, Figs. 42-45
This is a dark-colored species, the body in general being
from dark brown to black ordinarily, but little lighter on the
sides below than above, but venter paler, often orange or
somewhat ferruginous; covered part of prozonites irregularly
pale, fulvous, and posterior border of segments colorless, the
prozonites showing through. A median longitudinal dorsal
line of ferruginous color. Antennae dark. Legs pale brown
to ferruginous. Collum and head dark, a paler fulvous area
of triangular shape in clypeal region.
A single large ocellus on each side.
Gnathochilarium of male as shown in PI. 6, Fig. 37.
Collum rounded below, the anterior angle more widely
rounded than the posterior one, with three long striae below
on each side, two above the margining one.
Striae of segments arranged in general as usual, numerous
and distinct. Setigerous tubercles of last tergite as usual.
First, second and third legs of male as shown in PI. 6,
Figs. 38-41, and Pl. 7, Figs. 42 and 43. Ordinary setae of
first legs plumose.
Gonopods of male represented in Pl. 7, Figs. 44 and 45.
Number of segments of male, 52; of female, 50 to 54.
Length of female, near 28 mm.; width, 2.8 mm.
British Guiana: Labba Creek Sand Hills; July 27, 1914;
F. M. Gaige. One female in sandy soil of forest floor. For-
ested Sand Hills. Collected in rotten wood and in the earth.
Aug. 14 and 17, 1914; F. M. Gaige. One male (type) and
nine females.
14 University of Michigan
Sand Hill Forest; Aug. 19, 1914; F. M. Gaige. Two
females, in rotten wood.
Labba Creek. First Timber Landing, Clay Jungle; Aug.
12, 1914; F. M. Gaige. One female, under a rotten log.
Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,059.
Stemmiulus labbanus, sp. nov.
Pl. 8, Figs. 53-55; Pl. 9, Figs. 56-60
Body brown to blackish along dorsum, without any pale
median longitudinal line; paler, light brown to dilute chestnut
over sides and below; a paler, sometimes more or less bluish,
annulus about the caudal border of each segment. Collum
and first tergites typically areolate with light in a dusky net-
work. Head similarly areolate over vertex and below anten-
nae, blackish in a cross-band between antennae. Antennae
blackish. Legs fulvous.
A single ocellus on a triangular dark spot on each side.
Gnathochilarium of male as shown in Pl. 8, Fig. 53.
Collum with lower margin convex, the anterior angle widely
rounded and the posterior one subrectangular. A long mar-
gining sulcus below and up the anterior margin to the level
of the ocellus, and above this a single short one across poste-
rior portion of plate only.
Striation of segments of trunk in general as usual. Pos-
terior margin of metazonites deeply serrate below, the serra-
tion becoming minute in going dorsad and above absent.
Last tergite with setigerous papillae 3-++-3 as usual.
Gonopods of male as shown in Pl. 9, Figs. 59 and 60.
First, second and third legs of male as shown in PI. 8, Figs.
54 and 55, and Pl. 9, Figs. 56-58.
Number of segments of male, 52 to 53; of female, 49 to 54.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 15
Length of largest female, near 30 mm.; width, 3 mm.
British Guiana: Labba Creek, First Timber Landing, Clay
Jungle. In rotten logs. Aug. 12, 1914; F. M. Gaige. One
female taken under fallen leaves ina tree clump. Holotype, M.
i, Z.5 5,004.
Stemmiulus sp.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. At 7,600 feet on July 19, and
at 8,000 feet on July 23, 1913. Five small females of fifty
to fifty-two segments taken in bromeliads on the ground.
Prostemiulus heterops, sp. noy.
Pl. 9, Fig. 61; Pl. 10, Figs. 62 64
Color of body dark brown, with covered region of pro-
zonites pale and the posterior border of metazonites transpar-
ent, so that the light color of prozonites shows through. No
definite markings. Legs brown, the antennae darker.
In the type there are two ocelli on the right side and three
on the left in a subvertical series, the dorsal one largest. (See
Pl. 10, Figs. 63 and 64.)
Gnathochilarium as shown in Pl. 10, Fig. 62
The lower anterior corner of the collum on each side widely
rounded, with the posterior corner much more narrowly
rounded. ‘lwo long true striae or sulci on each side. (See
Pl. 10, Fig. 63.)
Striae of following segments disposed about as usual. The
upper striae very oblique. The finer impressed lines of sur-
face of collum and all other segments are longitudinal, fine
but distinct, and numerous. Serration as shown in PI. 9,
Fig. 61.
Setigerous tubercles of last tergite 3+3 as usual.
16 University of Michigan
Number of segments, 47.
Length, about 20 mm.; width, 2 mm.
British Guiana: Forested Sand Hills; Aug. 17, 1914; F.
M. Gaige. One female. Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,065.
EPINANNOLENIDAE
Epinannolene lorenzonus, sp. nov.
Pl. 10, Figs. 65-67 .
The color at present is brown with pale annuli about cau-
dai border of metazonites, but otherwise with no distinct light
or dark markings. Legs fulvous.
Body of nearly uniform length, excepting where a little
constricted a few segments back of head.
Ocelli on each side in type nineteen or twenty in four
series; thus, 7, 6, 4, 2, or 8, 6, 4, 2. Eyes somewhat more
than two and a half times their diameter apart.
Collum with lower margin on each side extending a little
below level of the second tergite, the end bent mesad below,
rounded, with both anterior and posterior corners also rounded ;
four principal striae on each side, with several incomplete
finer ones. (Pl. 10, Fig. 65.)
Sutural constriction, as usual, sharply defined. Pore in
contact with suture. Prozonite anteriorly with several fine
encircling striolations.
Segments, excepting in anterior region, longitudinally stri-
ate only below.
The species is most readily distinguished by the form of
the gonopods, the distal end of which is smooth, without proc-
esses or incisions, as shown in PI. 10, Figs. 66 and 67. The
gonopods of the type, however, had been dry and rubbed and
ost setae are apparently lost.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 17
Number of segments, 57, or near that number.
Diameter, 2.25 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo, 3,000 feet ; July 16, 1913. “Under
leaves and stones.’ One male, which had dried from evap-
oration of the alcohol. Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,066.
Epinannolene xestus, sp. nov.
Pieter, Bic. 70
Fuscous or nearly black, shining; on each ordinary seg-
ment a paler vertical stripe on each side just caudad of fur-
row and metazonite paler caudally above. Head with dark
band between eyes, below which fulvous or ferruginofulvous,
the vertex with network of dark. Anal valves paler than body.
Legs light ferruginous, about like the face. The paratype at
11,000 feet is more distinctly annulate, the obscure ferruginous
annuli encircling segments in front of caudal border.
Eyes about once and three-fourths their greatest diameter
apart. Ocelli deeply pigmented, mostly large, in four series,
about 28 in number: thus, 8, 7, 7, 6.
Collum with lower end moderately bent mesad, not extend-
ing below level of second tergite; lower margin rounded, as
are also both corners, the lower margin at middle a little flat-
tened or vaguely incurved. A deep margining sulcus below
and up the front to level of eye; above this three deep sulci
or striae, of which the uppermost curves up anteriorly and
terminates near same level as margining sulcus; the second
sulcus bends up anteriorly to end against the uppermost one,
and the first ends similarly on the second, or the second may
extend up parallel to the first. In addition there are two or
three short sulci across posterior border above the others and
there may be a short impression farther cephalad. See further
7,11, Fig. 7o.
18 University of Michigan
Segmental constriction distinct and complete; marked
across dorsum with a series of impressed punctae, these
impressions continuing and becoming coarser down the sides
and below extending upon the metazonite on the longitudinal
striae. Surface of segments otherwise in general smooth and
shining. The striae extending up the sides on the most ante-
rior segments as usual. Pore removed from suture.
Last tergite caudally rounded, even with the valves. Anal
valves mesally narrowly margined.
Number of segments (female), 52 to 54.
Length, about 30 mm.; width, 2 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo, 4,500 feet; July 3, 1913. “Under
bark of stump near creek” and “under log.” ‘Two adult
females and one immature one. Also at 4,000 feet; July 4,
1913; F. M. Gaige. One’ female. Holotype; M. C..Z5 5,0ay%
Epinannolene arius, sp. nov.
Pl yo, Fig: 68 ‘PL’ ix, Fim Ge
Brown, the posterior portion of metazonites and anterior
portion of prozonites paler, as usual, lower portion of sides
paler than dorsum. Collum dark within a pale border with
median region covered with a network of dark over a pale
background, a few following tergites also with a similar net-
work of dark lines. Vertex of head covered with network of
dark lines over a pale ground; dark between eyes, becoming ~
paler below. Legs light brown.
Vertigial sulcus fine, ending on a transverse sulcus joining
inner angles of eyes. Eyes transversely elongate, acutely
angled at mesal ends, not fully 1.7 times their greatest diam-
eter apart. Ocelli 18 to 23 in number, arranged in three series:
2.6.5 7,7, 4)-20ao, Cuno:
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 1g
Collum strongly narrowed down the sides, each lower end
moderately inflexed, rounded, the anterior corner more widely
convex than the posterior. Margined below and up the front
to eyes; above margining sulcus typically five striae, of which
the second and third from the uppermost are complete, while
the others may be more or less interrupted in the middle region,
giving the appearance of seven or more distinct but mostly
incomplete striae. (See Pl. 10, Fig. 68.)
Segments deeply constricted; smooth, excepting below,
where striate as usual. Pore widely removed from furrow.
Gonopods of male as shown in PI. 11, Fig. 69.
Number of segments of male, 47; of female, 54.
Width of female, 1.4 mm.; of male, I.2 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo, 2,500 feet; July 15, 1913. “Under
’
leaves and logs.” One male and one female. Holotype, M.
= 7. 5,070:
Typhlonannolene, gen. nov.
Gnathochilarium as in Epinannolene. Mandibles with nine
to ten pectinate lamellae. Eyes, none. Repugnatorial pores
beginning on the fifth segment. Character of male gonopods
unknown.
Genotype, T. adaptus, sp. nov.
Typhlonannolene adaptus, sp. nov.
Ph 1. Figs. 73673
General color brown, the body distinctly annulate, the ante-
rior portion of prozonites and the caudal portion of metazo-
nites being paler. Commonly a darker spot showing on each
side of each segment toward ventral surface. Legs brown.
Antennae clavate as shown in PI. 11, Fig. 73.
Gnathochilarium of female as shown in Pl. 11, Fig. 72.
20 University of Michigan
Collum inflexed at ends below. Strongly narrowed ventrad,
the ends narrow, rounded. ‘Typically with six longitudinal or
sublongitudinal striae on each side of which the two upper-
most are longer and more oblique than the others; striae end-
ing in a vertical margining stria along anterior border extend-
ing part way to middorsal line. (See Pl. 11, Fig. 71.)
Segments in general not truly constricted, but with suture
very distinct throughout, smooth; pore contiguous with suture,
the latter on some a little angularly bent at its level. Meta-
zonites striate below, the segments otherwise wholly smooth
and shining.
Anal tergite caudally rounded; surpassed by the valves.
Anal valves narrowly but sharply margined.
Number of segments, 67 to 73.
Length, about 42 mm.; width, 2.2 mm.
British Guiana: Second Mourie; Aug. 19, 1914; F. M.
Gaige. ‘Two females in sand.
Forested Sand Hills. “In rotten wood and in the earth.”
Aug. 17, 1914; F. M. Gaige. One female.
Also, Aug. 14, 1914. One female in sandy soil of forest
floor. |
Labba Creek Sand Hills ; July 27, 1914; F. M. Gaige. Tiree
iemales collected in sandy soil of the forest floor.
Sand Hill Forest; Aug. 22, 1914; F. M. Gaige. A female
taxen in Calladium root mass.
Holotype, M...C. Z.,, 5,072.
SPIROSTREPTIDAL
The following artificial key will aid in separating the spe-
cies of the family described in this paper. It is based pri-
marily upon the females.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 21
a. Eyes twice or more their greatest diameter apart.
b. Repugnatorial pores contiguous with segmental sutures.
: S. atoporus.
bb. Repugnatorial pores well removed from sutures.
c. Last tergite transversely sulcate; segments sixty-five.
N. astix.
cc. Last tergite not transversely sulcate; segments fifty-five
to fifty-six.
d. Collum angled below, with four striae; anal scale with
caudal margin only weakly convex, not mesally angled.
N. orthacanths.
dd. Collum with lower margin straight, only two striae;
anal scale with caudal margin strongly angled.
N. gracilior.
aa. Eyes clearly less than twice their greatest diameter apart.
b. Segments of middle and posterior region of body striate up to
or nearly to pore; suture strongly ribbed throughout; eves
about 1.4 times their diameter apart. E. eustriatus.
bb. Segments of middle and posterior region of body striate only
beneath; eyes less than their diameter apart.
c. Posterior angle of last tergite and of anal scale obtusely
rounded. O. gaiget.
cc. Posterior angle of last tergite and of anal scale acute.
d. Last tergite with caudal portion set off or crossed by
one or two sharply impressed transverse sulci; seg-
ments fifty-eight to sixty-one. Anterior angle of col-
lum of female produced,
e. Second stria curving upwards in front as usual;
next to uppermost stria very short, crossing only
caudal border. O. walkeri.
ee. Second stria short, straight, not curving upwards
anteriorly; next to uppermost stria complete, not
there abbreviated. O. foliatus.
dd. Last tergite at most with a very shallow transverse
depression, no sharply impressed sulcus, segments
fifty-four to fifty-five. Anterior angle of collum of
female subrectangular, male conspicuously produced.
O. etholax.
22 University of Michigan
Nanostreptus orthacanthus, sp. nov.
Pl. rr, Figs. 74 765.61 12, Figs, 71-81
I;xposed portion of segments greyish blue or darker ovet
prozonite, with metazonite encroached upon by the blue below,
the caudal portion of the metazonite ringed with fulvous or
ferruginous to nearly white, the light ring embracing some-
what more than half of the metazonite or prozonite and dark
part of metazonite both of same dark color, often nearly black.
A dark line along each side at level of pores and a dark mid-
dorsal line over all or much of length. Collum and head
typically abruptly darker than the following region of body,
deep brown or blackish, the collum narrowly bordered with
obscure ferruginous. Antennae and legs deep brown.
Median sulcus of head distinct only across vertex. Cly-
peal foveolae 2+2. Eye patch wider transversely than long,
acutely angled at mesal end; eyes about two and one-half
times their diameter apart ; ocelli about 26 in number, arranged
in five series: e. g., 6, 8, 5, 2, 2. Antennae short, when laid
back on a level with the repugnatorial pores reaching the cau-
dal edge of collum. Cardo of mandible with lower margin in
ectal view straight excepting a slight angle at caudal end.
(Pi. 141, Bie: 76.)
The lower, triangular end of the collum on each side is
bent obliquely under, the anterior edge of the inflexed portion
being larger and more oblique than the posterior; inflexed
surface covered by four longitudinal sulci. The longitudinal
edge formed by bending in of lower end of collum, long and
straight and with a single deep margining sulcus just above it.
In situ the antenna lies in the hollow below this edge: (PI.
11, Figs. 74, 75.)
Suture of segments deep and coarse throughout, marked
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 23
across dorsum by deep and coarse punctiform impressions ;
widely and moderately curved opposite pore. Pores small,
each situated just in front of caudal edge of dark bend of
metazonite. Metazonites deeply striate beneath and half-way
up the side to the pore, the upper striae incomplete caudally,
only crossing or but little surpassing the dark band of
metazonite.
Last tergite caudally rounded, greatly exceeded by the anal
valves. Anal valves mesally compressed and strongly elevated,
the free edges evenly convex. (PI. 12, Fig. 80.)
Anal scale as shown in PI. 12, Fig. 81.
Characterized especially by gonopods of male, which are
represented in Pl. 12, Figs. 77 and 78.
Leg of sixth segment of male as represented in Pl. 12,
Fig. 79.
Number of segments, 55.
Length of male, about 40 mm.; width, 3 mm.
British Guiana: Near Demerara River, “Cacao Plantation
about camp.” Rotten logs. July 16, 1914; F. M. Gaige. One
male and three females. Also, “East trail along Demerara
River, collected in the wet earth close to the high tide mark,
a common form.” Aug. 8, 1914; F. M. Gaige. Ten specimens.
Labba Creek Sand Hills; July 27, 1914. In sandy soil of
forest floor. Two females. Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,077.
Nanostreptus astix, sp. nov.
Pl. 12, Figs. 82-84; Pl. 13, Fig. 85
This closely parallels in its general structure the preceding
species. The type appears considerably lighter in color than
those of the latter species, lacks the lateral dark lines and has
the middorsal line absent or but obscurely indicated on some
24 University of Michigan
of the segments. Segments with fulvo-ferruginous band about
caudal border embracing more than half the length of meta-
zonite. Covered portion of prozonite also pale. The dark
region of prozonite including numerous light spots or areo-
lations, particularly on sides. On some of the segments the
light color may encroach upon the dark ring so as in part
almost to obliterate the latter. Last tergite and anal valves
dark, excepting a narrow caudal border on each side of the
former. Median region of collum areolated with light. Head —
with a dark band between eyes and extending ventrad between
antennae ; vertex areolated with light. Legs light ferruginous.
Sulcus across vertex as usual. Eyes more elongate trans-
versely than in orthacanthus; ocelli 57 in number, in seven
series, thus: 10, II, II, 10, 8, 5, 2, the two of lowest series
very small. Lower margin of cardo of mandibles concavely
excavated as shown in Pl. 12, Fig. 83, a deep margining sul-
cus above it.
Lower end of collum less abruptly bent under than in
orthacanthus, and the lower angular part bent down more
nearly vertically below level of second tergite where the latter
exceeds it in orthacanthus. (See Pl. 12, Fig. 82.)
Segmental suture differing from that in the preceding spe-
cies in being more slightly curved opposite the pore, often
essentially straight, and more nearly smooth, not marked by
such deeply impressed coarse punctae. Pore at or near caudal
edge of dark ring.
Anal scale longer in proportion to width than in orthacan-
thus and more obtusely angled posteriorly. (See Pl. 12, Fig.
84, in comparison with Fig. 8.) A conspicuous difference
is also presented by the last tergite, which is more acutely
angled behind and presents a deep transverse furrow behind
which the plate is depressed and more roughened. Compare
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 25
Pl. 13, Fig. 85, this furrow less marked and sometimes obscure
in young specimens.
A larger species with the number of segments 65 as
against 55.
Length, about 70 mm.; width, 4.5 mm.
British Guiana: Forested Sand Hills. In rotten wood.
Aug. 17, 1914; F. M. Gaige. Two adult and five partly grown
females.
Sand Hill Forest; Aug. 22 and 24, 1914. Three females
“in Calladium root masses.”
Labba Creek Sand Hills. July 27, 1914. Two females.
First Mourie; July 31, 1914. In humus of tree trunk.
Two specimens.
Second Mourie; Aug. 19, 1914. In sand. One female.
Sand Hill Forest; Aug. 19, 1914. Two females.
Holotype, M. C..Z., 5,081.
Nanostreptus gracilior, sp. nov.
PE e,- Figs. 86; 87
A female apparently pertaining to this genus is a smaller
and more slender form than those of the preceding species.
It differs decidedly in not having the collum at all truly angled
beneath, the lower margin on each side being straight as in the
Colombian N. inconstans Carl, the corner rounded, the ante-
rior one lower than the posterior. Three or four stories on
each side as shown in Pl. 13, Fig. 86.
The lower edge of cardo of mandibles only very slightly
incurved (Pl. 13, Fig. 86). Ocelli in type 41, in six series;
Pius, 0, 9, 8, 7, 5, 3-
Segmental suture deep and smooth, weakly excurved oppo-
26 University of Michigan
site pore. Segments, excepting anterior ones, striate only
below, as usual.
Last tergite evenly convex, caudally obtuse, without trans- -
verse sulcus. Anal scale strongly angled behind (Pl. 13,
Fig. 87).
Number of segments, 56.
Length, about 36 mm.; width, 2.7 mm.
British Guiana: First Mourie; July 31, 1914; F. M. Gaige.
In humus of tree trunk.
Labba Creek Sand Hills; July 27, 1914; F. M. Gaige. One
female.
Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,088.
Epistreptus eustriatus, sp. nov.
Pl. 13, Figs. 88, 80
Prozonites typically cinereous or pale bluish-grey, the meta-
zonites ordinarily darker, more brownish, with a narrow cau-
dal border much deeper in color, ferruginous. Posterior bor-
der of last tergite and the elevated borders of anal valves also
darker, ferruginous. Antennae and legs fulvous. Head with
ferruginous background; a dark band between eyes; vertex
with network of dark lines.
Vertigial sulcus ending in a depression at edge of the dark
inter-ocular band. Clypeal foveolae 2+2. Eyes elongate
transversely, being about 1.66 times wider than high, the inner
angle acute, 1.4 times their diameter across. Ocelli about 47
in number, in six or seven series; é@. g., II, 10, 9, 7, 5, 3, 2.
Antennae, when laid back parallel to median line, scarcely
reaching caudal edge of collum. Cardo of mandible with
caudo-ventral corner of outer face acutely extended ventrad,
the lower margin concave.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 27
Collum with lateral lobe on each side not at all inflexed,
subvertical, its anterior portion in part concealing the base of
cardo of mandible. Lower margin weakly convex, both ante-
rior and posterior corners rounded, the anterior one more
widely than the posterior. On each side three striae in addi-
tional marginal one which curves below the edge inferiorly,
the uppermost of these striae deepest as usual. See further
Pie13, big. 88.
In a typical segment of the middle region of the body the
suture is deep and wide, straight throughout or but weakly
excurved opposite the pore, and is crossed by longitudinal
ridges or ribs dividing it into a series of pits. Below the pore
most of these ribs continue across the metazonite as the lower
limiting ridges of the striae, which extend up to or nearly tc
the pore; shorter striae or simple sutural ribs in part alternate
with the principal striae and their limiting ridges. Pore nearly
one-fourth the distance from suture to caudal margin of meta-
zonite. Anterior region of prozonite with numerous regular
cross-striolations which anastamose at intervals, excepting the
most caudal one, or in part also the next to last, the striola-
tions finely beaded. Segment otherwise dorsally wholly
smooth excepting vague fine lines and punctae visible under
good magnification. Sternites nearly smooth, with only vague
cross-striolations finer than those of prozonite.
Last tergite obtusely rounded behind, smooth. Anal valve
with mesal valve strongly elevated, each set off by a broad
furrow. Anal scale sharply set off by sulcus from its annulus,
the sulcus evenly turved ; caudal margin only slightly convexly
bowed out at middle. (See Pl. 13, Fig. 89.) Last annulus
marked ventrally with strong cross-striations as shown in the
figure.
28 University of Michigan
Number of segments, 55 to 57.
Length, to near 80 mm.; width, 6 mm.
Colombia: Fundacion River; Aug. 12, 1913. Four females,
Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,090.
Spirostreptus atoporus, sp. nov.
Pl. 13, Figs. 90, 91
While, in the absence of males, the narrower generic posi-
tion of this species is doubtful, its characteristics are so pro-
nounced that its recognition cannot give much difficulty, and
it is accordingly here redescribed under Spirostreptus sens. lat.
The fully developed color pattern shows a caudal ferruginous
band about each metazonite, limited in front by a narrow,
dark brown band passing into greyish-blue on anterior part
of metazonite and on prozonite, the latter encircled also by a
narrow brown stripe near edge of overlapping preceding meta-
zonite. In some paratypes there is simply a ferruginous to
fulvous caudal ring with a broader median dark brown to
nearly black ring, and the covered part of prozonite again
light, or the secondary darker stripes showing indistinctly. A
middorsal dark line, and one also more or less evident on each
side at level of pores. Collum bordered with dark, its median
part areolated with light. Legs ferruginous. Four partly
fused light spots between bases of antennae.
Clypeal foveolae 2+2. Eyes rather small, the inner ends
narrowly rounded or subangular, two and two-thirds, or a
little more, their greatest diameter apart. Ocelli about 23, in
four series; ¢. g., 7, 7, 5, 4; comparatively large. Outer face
of cardo of mandible with caudal edge curving evenly into the
distal one, the lower end angled only cephalo-distally. (See
Pl. 13, Fig. go.)
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 29.
Lower end of collum but little inflexed; lower margin
nearly straight; anterior angle well rounded, the posterior
slightly obtuse. Six striae on each side above marginal one,
these uniform and moderately fine and in part wavy. (See
Pl. 13, Fig. go.)
Covered region of prozonite only obscurely striolate,.
excepting the stria most caudal in position, which is distinct.
The suture is sharply impressed and smooth throughout. The
pore is contiguous with the suture on its caudal side. Sur-
face of segments in general seen under lens to be tubercular
and in part obscurely rugose, the tubercles not close. Meta-
zonites striate only beneath.
Last tergite caudally obtusely angled. Anal valves with
mesal borders only moderately elevated. Anal scale sharply
set off from the annulus, conspicuously angled from behind,
as shown in Pl. 13, Fig. 91; exposed portion of venter of last
annulus smooth, not at all transversely striate.
Number of segments, 60.
Length, about 76 mm.; width, 4.5 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo; July 2, 1913. One female in.
jog at 4,500 feet elevation. Also one from a stump at same
elevation, July 5, 1913.
Cincinnati coffee plantation; July 2, 1913; A. S. Pearse.
Two females under stone in cornfield.
San Lorenzo; July 13, 1913; 4,500 feet. Two females.
Also, July 14, 1913, one not fully mature male at 2,000 feet.
One female without definite locality.
Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,092.
At once recognizable among the other spirostreptid species
secured by the position of the repugnatorial pores and the
weakly scabrous character of the surface of the segments.
30 University of Michigan
Orthoporus etholax, sp. nov.
‘Pl. 14, Figs. 92-96
This is a dark species characterized by having the caudal
portion of the metazonites darker than the anterior portion,
in specimens in full color the dark brown or dusky caudal
band embracing a little more than a third of the length of
metazonite and ordinarily bordered in front by an abruptly
paler line or narrow stripe. Anterior region of metazonite
and prozonite brown, the prozonite becoming paler cephalad,
but with anterior border of covered portion ordinarily very
dark. Last tergite dark excepting a narrow caudal border on
each side, and sometimes median area somewhat lighter, this
tergite and the anal valve typically of an olivaceous cast. Col-
lum with a narrow light border all around limited within by
a blackish band, the central area paler. Head dark across
vertex, paler below. Legs typically dark brown to light brown,
the legs agreeing in color in general with the body.
Vertigial sulcus of head distinct. Clypeal foveolate 2+2.
Eyes transversely elongate, with inner end acute and upper
margin convex; separated by less than their diameter. Ocelli
arranged in six series, about 56 or 58 in number; e. g., 13, 12,
11,9, 7, 4, and 12, 11,9, 8,5, 2. Head back of antennal socket
and below eye with a smooth margining ridge, this ridge con-
tinuing along the notch; area in front of the ridge roughened.
Collum in female with inferoanterior angle obtuse, the
inferocaudal one rounded. Typically with three deep sulci
above the margining one and a characteristic furrow curving
dorsocaudad from near middle of uppermost of these sulci,
this furrow not attaining the caudal margin. Or there are
four sulci if the weaker one at edge is regarded as margining
sulcus. (See Pl. 14, Fig. 93.) Collum of male with ante-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology #1
ventral corner produced ventrocephalad, rounded distally.
(Pl. 14, Fig. 92.) |
Segmental sutures sharply impressed throughout, smooth,
curved opposite the pore, which is less than half the distance
from the suture to the edge of the caudal dark band of meta-
zonite. Metazonite striate only beneath, but with same obscure
broad and very low rugae above the striae proper.
Last tergite with caudal portion set off by a very shallow,
more or less obscure, transverse depression or furrow; caudal
angle acute. Mesal borders of anal valves compressed and
elevated, the elevated region of only moderate height. Anal
scale sharply set off; each side concave, the caudal angle rec-
tangular or a little obtuse. (PI. 14, Fig. 94.)
Gonopods of male as shown in Pl. 14, Figs. 95, 96.
Number of segments, 54 to 55.
Length, about go mm.; width, 6.5 mm.
British Guiana: First Mourie. In Calladium root masses
in tree clump. Aug. 1 and 5, 1914; F. M. Gaige. Two females.
Labba Creek Sand Hills; July 27, 1914. One female.
Forested Sand Hills; Aug. 18, 1914; F. M. Gaige. One
male in Calladium root mass.
Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,098.
Orthoporus walkeri, sp. nov.
Pls 74s Pic. 07> Pl 15; Big, 68
Somewhat resembling the preceding species, O. etholax,
but readily distinguished by difference in color pattern as well
as in details of structure. Unlike etholax, this species has a
caudal band of each typical segment lightest, subferruginous
in color with the anterior portion of metazonite, embracing
more than half of it, deep brown of olive cast. Last tergite,
32 University of Michigan
excepting a narrow caudal border on each side and anal valves
nearly black or black of olive tinge. Legs brown, lighter than
in ectholax,
Most easily separated from etholax by readily noted dif-
ferences in the collum. The inferoanterior corner in the
female is not obtuse, but is moderately extended forward as
shown in Pl. 15, Fig. 98. The collum lacks the oblique fur-
row above the striae proper, and the next to the uppermost
stria is short, crossing only the caudal border as shown in the
figure. Five striae are present above the margining sulcus.
Segmental suture deeply impressed, widely curving oppo-
site the pore, which is a little in front of a point halfway
between suture and caudal edge of dark portion of metazonite.
In the type there are two transverse furrows in front of
the tip of the last tergite. Anal valves with mesal borders
elevated as usual. Anal scale longer in proportion to width
than in etholax. (PI. 14, Fig. 97.)
Number of segments, 61.
Length, about 95 mm.; width, 6.5 mm.
British Guiana: First Mourie; July 30 and Aug. I, 1914;
F, M. Gaige. One female on each date. Holotype, M. C. Z.,
5,101;
Orthoporus gaigei, sp. nov.
P]. 15, Figs. 99-103; Pl. 16, Fig. 104
Segments typically mostly blackish brown or black, except-
ing a narrow ferruginous ring about caudal border of each
and the covered por‘ion of prozonite, which is also pale. Ante-
rior border of anal valves typically palest. Head and collum
often in large part chestnut or ferruginous. Antennae and
legs ferruginous.
Vertigial sulcus of head sharply impressed, ending in a
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 33
depression or pit at level of inner angles of eyes, where it
meets a vaguer transverse line from each side. Clypeal foveo-
lae 2+2. Eyes angled within, separated by about two-thirds
their length. Antennae, when laid back on dorsum parallel
with median dorsal line, not fully attaining the caudal edge
of the dorsum; when laid back along the side a little surpass-
ing the caudal margin of collum.
In the female the lower edge of the collum on each side
is nearly straight with the caudal angle widely rounded, the
cephalic angle subrectangular, narrowly rounded. (See PI.
15, Fig. 99.) In the male the anterior angle of collum is pro-
duced, as, e. g., in the male of Nanostreptus incertelineatus
Silv., but more forward, the end of process rounded. (See
Pl. 15, Fig. 100.) On each side below there are, in addition
to the margining sulcus, three complete sulci, with sometimes
(in females, at least) one or more less complete intermediate
ones.
Covered portion of prozonites with encircling striolae that
branch and anastamose in the ordinary manner. Exposed por-
tion of prozonite and the metazonite subdensely finely punc-
tulate, otherwise smooth and shining above and laterally, the
metazonites longitudinally striate beneath. Metazonites not
elevated. Suture sharply impressed throughout, only slightly
and widely curving opposite pore, which is widely removed
from it, lying approximately on the line between first and
second thirds of metazonite.
Last tergite with a subtriangular caudal region set off by
a shallow transverse furrow, the angle rounded; with no
median keel. Anal valves with mesal borders strongly com-
pressed and sharply elevated. Anal scale separated from the
annulus by a deep sulcus ; broadly triangular. (PI. 16, Fig. 104.)
34 University of Michigan
Gonopods of male as shown in Pl. 15, Figs. 101-103.
Number of segments, male type, 58; female, 57 to 62.
Length, female, to near 150 mm.; width, 8 mm. Length
of male type, about 110 mm.; width, 7 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. Under leaves, 2,000 feet to
3,000 feet. July 16, 1913; F. M. Gaige. One male and four
females. Also along trail, between 2,500 and 3,000 feet. July
7, 1913; M. A. Carriker. Two males. At 2,000 teet> julg
24, 1913; one male.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. At edge of clearing; 4,500 feet;
July 9, 1913. A female and a variant male. At 4,500 feet;
in leaf-cutter ant’s nest; one female. July 16, 1913.
Holotype, M. C. (Z., 5103.
Orthoporus foliatus, sp. nov.
Pl. 16, Fig. 105
General color deep olive brown. In the more anterior seg-
ments there is a very distinct light fulvous to fulvoferruginous
band about caudal portion of metazonite, the extreme caudal
border of which, however, is darkened. ‘The light band becomes
somewhat less distinct going caudad; in middle region on
dorsum it is obviously less than one-third the total length of
metazonite. Legs reddish brown.
Vertigial sulcus distinct. Eyes in type with ocelli in
eight series, 83 in number; ¢. g.,°15, 14, 14, 11, 11, Tipe
Area behind antenna and below eye characterized by having
a rather broad inferior border which is smooth, the region
above it roughened by an oblique ruga or ridge from each
side of which others extend like the veins of a leaf from the
midrib. (See Pl. 16, Fig. 105.)
The lower anterior angle of the collum is carried some-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 35
what forward as in O. walkert. There are only four striae
or sulci above the lowest margining one on each side. Of
these, the second one is characteristic, being parallel to margin
and ending abruptly in front, not curving and continuing
upward as do the others. (See Pl. 16, Fig. 105.)
Segmental suture deep, as usual, a little excurved oppo-
site the pore which lies in about the middle of the darker
region of metazonite. Metazonites of middle segments striate
only well beneath; but up the sides and across dorsum rough-
ened by numerous somewhat irregular and very weak longi-
tudinal rugae or folds which may, with proper lighting, be
seen with the unaided eye.
Last tergite characterized by having the caudal portion
sharply set off by a transverse furrow and depressed below
level of anterior region; also more strongly roughened, finely
reticulo-rugose, just caudad of the furrow. Tergite rugose
on the sides. Anal valve with mesal borders elevated as usual.
Anal scale of usual general form, rather broad, with a broad
median longitudinal elevation on keel.
Number of segments, 58.
Length, about 105 mm.; width, 7.5 mm.
British Guiana: Sand Hill Forest. In Calladium root
mass. Aug. 22, 1914; F. M. Gaige. One female. Holotype,
mae. Z., 5,100.
Orthoporus sp.
In the collection are several immature females and males
of an uncertain species.
British Guiana: Forested Sand Hills. Aug. 17 and 18,
1914; F. M. Gaige.
36 University of Michigan
SPIROROLOIDEA
RHINOCRICIDAE
Rhinocricus brevipes Carl
Colombia: San Lorenzo. Under leaves at elevation of
2,500 feet, July 15, 1913; and at elevation of 2,000 feet, July
16, 1916; F. M. Gaige. ,
Four females agreeing well in all structural details with
the original description, excepting that the segments number
A4, 45, and 47, instead of 42.
Rhinocricus arboreus Saussure
Unted States Virgin Islands: St. Croix; Sept. 14-18, 1914.
‘
Mr. Gaige, the collector, notes that these millipedes “were
abundant over the island, usually found in the trees, where
they frequently gathered in clusters of three or four to twenty
or more.”
Rhinocricus monilicornis (Porat)
United States Virgin Islands: St. Croix; July 16, 1914;
F. M. Gaige. Four specimens taken with Trigoniulus lum-
bricinus Gerstaecker in interior of island.
British Guiana: Labba Creek Sand Hills; July 27, 1914;
F. M. Gaige. Two males and six females collected in rotten
wood.
East Trail along Demerara River, close to high-water
mark; Aug. 8, 1914; F. M. Gaige. One male and one female.
Rhinocricus hylophilus, sp. nov.
Female——The body in general is deep olive to nearly black,
excepting the caudal borders of metazonites, which are dull
ferruginous forward more than half way to the suture, and
the covered portion of prozonites, which is paler, as usual.
Collum bordered with ferruginous. Head on the lower bor-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 37
der of face ferruginous. Antennae and legs also ferruginous,
excepting the two proximal joints, which are darker, more
brownish or olivaceous.
Sulcus of head interrupted in the interocular region. Cly-
peal foveolae 2+2. Antennae clavate; sensory cones numer-
ous. Facets of eyes flat, often obscure; eye subtriangular, with
apex ectad; ocelli about 28 in five transverse series; e¢. g., 7, 7,
6, 5, 3; the ectal ocelli of upper series much the largest, the
others decreasing mesad and centrad. Eyes nearly three
times their greatest diameter apart.
Collum widely rounded on each side below, the second ter-
gite extending considerably below its ends; not margined, stri-
ate or distinctly punctate, being smooth and shining.
In a typical segment from the middle region of the body
the suture is fine but complete, angled at level of pore which
it touches, the suture lying in a furrow which is vague dor-
sally but becomes distinct below level of pore. No secondary
furrow. A little in front of the suture a shallow furrow,
which is often irregularly developed and may be evident only
across dorsum above level of pores, its lower end on each side
often curving cephaloventrad. Covered portion of prozonite
with the usual transverse sulcus across dorsum just caudad
of this striolate region. Metazonites with deep longitudina
striae only below, the non-striate region between pore and the
striae twice as wide as the striate region. Under the lens this
region between striae and pore shows weaker short impressed
lines which are in part branched and scattered punctae, this
same sculpture continuing in a band caudad of the suture up
some distance above pore on each side, the metazonite other-
wise wholly smooth.
Scobina distinct to segment 22 or 23, at which they cease
abruptly.
38 University of Michigan
Last tergite with cauda acute, straight, extending a short
distance beyond the valves, a transverse sulcus at base of
cauda. Valves with mesal borders strongly compressed and
elevated. Anal scale smooth.
Number of segments, 44 to 46.
Length, near 155 mm.; width, 18 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. On trail in heavy forest, between
2,000 and 4,500 feet elevation. July 1, 1913. Three females.
Poletyne, MM. CZ.; 5, Tro,
Rhinocricus pycnus, sp. nov.
Female.—Dark olive, the segments bordered with ferru-
ginous behind, the ferruginous band extending nearly to the
suture. Last tergite narrowly bordered behind with ferrugi-’
nous and the elevated mesal margin of valves the same color.
Collum bordered with ferruginous. Clypeus ferruginous, this
color also extending up in the middle between the antennae,
but here more obscure. Eyes also ferruginous. Legs and
antennae ferruginous.
Sulcus of head interrupted at level of eyes. Clypeal fove-
olae 2+2. Antennae flattened, of uniform width over most
of length; sensory cones numerous. Eyes consisting of about
28 ocelli in five series; e. g., 7, 7, 6, 5, 5; facets distinctly con-
vex, decreasing in size mesad, as usual.
Collum only slightly exceeded on each side by the second
tergite; ends rounded; surface without margining or other
sulci, under the lines showing a sculpturing of fine coriarious
markings. The suture on typical segments of body complete
and distinct, slightly angled at level of pore which it touches.
Longitudinal striae of metazonite few, those present present
only below. Elsewhere metazonite and exposed portion of
prozonite seen under lens to be covered with numerous
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 39
impressed fine lines which branch and in part anastomose like
those on the collum. Covered portion of prozonite with the
usual wavy transverse striolations.
Scobina ending on the twenty-third segment.
Last tergite without transverse sulci; with an acute cylin-
drical cauda produced well beyond the valves and distally a
little curved upward. Anal valves with mesal margins com-
pressed and elevated as usual. Anal scale smooth, caudal
angle obtuse, sides convex caudally and straight anteriorly.
Number of segments, 43 to 44.
Length, 54 mm.; width, 8.5 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. Among fallen leaves at 2,000
feet, July 14, 1913, and under leaves at 4,200 feet, July 15,
1913. One female at each locality. Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,112.
The body of this form is usually thick in proportion to its
length.
Rhinocricus amblus, sp. nov.
Pl. 16, Figs. 106-108
Body dark, the exposed portion of the prozonites dark
bluish to brownish, the metazonites mostly abruptly darker,
deep brown, excepting a narrow, pale caudal border. Covered
portion of prozonites pale, with a network of darker lines.
Segments often paler below adjacent to legs. Head ferrugi-
nous excepting for a dark subquadrate mark between the eyes,
the vertex covered with a network of dark lines and a similar
network at the sides of and below the dark mark. Collum
sometimes ferruginous, with network of darker lines. Legs
and antennae ferruginous. Last tergite and anal valves dark,
excepting a narrow, pale border on each side of the tergite,
the cauda wholly dark. When dry the body may appear essen-
tially black excepting for the pale caudal border of each
segment.
40 Unizersily of Michigan
Median sulcus of head interrupted at level of eyes. Cly-
peal foveolae 2+2. Antennae very short, with only four sen-
sory cones. Eyes small, subcircular.
Collum rounded at each end, with a short margining sulcus
across the end on each side. Surface densely but very finely
punctate and punctolineate. Second tergite extending a little
below end of collum on each side. The typical segments of
body have the suture sharply impressed throughout, the seg-
ments a little constricted at its level; suture bending angularly
a little away from pore at level of latter. Pores minute. Cov-
ered portion of prozonite smooth. Exposed portion of prozo-
nite anteriorly, with two fine transverse striae across dorsum.
The prozonite and metazonite in general with numerous
minute impressed points and short lines running out from
these points as frequent in Trigoniulus, these more marked
on the prozonite than on the metazonite. Segments longitudi-
nally sharply striate beneath.
Last tergite smooth, with a subcylindrical cauda which is
rounded at the end and extends beyond the anal valves. (PI.
16, Figs 106, 107.) Anal valves not margined, the mesal bor-
ders rounded, slightly compressed, but not set off. Caudal
margin of anal scale convex.
For gonopods of male, see PI. 16, Fig. 108.
Number of segments: female, 45 to 46; male, 43.
Length, 42 mm.; width, 4.7 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. Under leaves and logs at 2,500
feet; July 15, 1913. Four females. At 4,500 feet, in stumps;
July 5, 1913. Three females.
Under log, 4,500 feet, July 2, 1913. One female.
Under log, 4,500 feet, July 3, 1913. One male. F. M.
Gaige.
Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,114.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 41
SPIROBOLELLIDAF,
Microspirobolus tridens, sp. nov.
Pe. 76. Rie too: Pl.-ez Bigs 110
Dorsum fulvous to buff, with a middorsal stripe formed by
a series of black triangular marks with bases cephalad, the
lateral angles extending laterad in black lines along anterior
borders of the somites to unite with the black band along each
side. Venter and lower part of sides again light colored
excepting borders of segments. Last tergite black, excepting
a light spot anteriorly on each side. Collum also blackish,
excepting a pale spot on each side behind. Legs ferruginous.
Eyes about equal in length and breadth. Ocelli about 18
in only four series; @. g., 5, 5, 5, 3. Eyes separated by a space
three times as long as their diameter. Antennae very small.
Collum narrowed moderately down each side, the lateral
ends rounded and bent a little mesad below; margin below
and up the front as usual.
Each ordinary segment with a moderate encircling furrow
or constriction; this crossed by numerous ridges or ribs both
on dorsum and down the sides, the depressions between the
ridges on the sides continuing upon the prozonite as deep
striae which curve upward. Metazonite striate below.
Last tergite rounded caudally, projecting caudad freely
above valves for a short distance. Anal valves weakly mar-
gined along mesal edges, the borders not protruding.
Characterized especially by the form of the gonopods of
the male, which are represented in Pl. 16, Fig. 109, and PI.
e7, Higs-110.
Number of segments, 34 to 37.
Length, about 18 mm.; width, to 2 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo; 4,500 feet; July 3, 1913. Four
42 Umiersity of Michigan
males and three females taken under bark of stump. Holo-
type, BEAC. Zz S118.
TRIGONIULIDAE
Trigoniulus lumbricinus (Gerstaecker )
United States Virgin Islands: St. Croix; July 16, 1914;
F. M. Gaige. “Collected in rotten logs in deep ravine in inte-
rior of island. This form was a very abundant one, and was
present under almost every stone that was turned over, as
well as in rotten wood, beneath loose bark, etc. It was noted
to be equally abundant on the high and very dry hillside and
in the damp ravine.” In the vial with the Trigoniulus were
four specimens of Rhinocricus monilicornis (Porat), to which
this note in part, therefore, applies.
POLYDES MOIDEA
EURYURIDAE
Pycnotropis colombiensis, sp. nov.
Bis sess iT us
When in full color the dorsum is blackish brown to black,
with the keels fulvous. Last tergite paler, brown or reddish
brown, across caudal border. Legs and antennae brown.
Vertigial sulcus sharply impressed, lying in a deep furrow
which anteriorly branches, sending a_ shallow furrow
obliquely out to each antennal socket.
Collum narrower than the succeeding tergite. Lateral
lobes or keels wholly smooth, conspicuously narrowed and the
ends strongly convex. Surface between the keels divided into
polygonal areas like those of other tergites, these areas form-
ing four transverse, in which the areas of the first and last
are more or less incomplete. (Pl. 17, Fig. 111.)
The polygonal areas of the tergites in general more pro-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 43
nounced toward the keels, with their surface more convex
and the tubercles correspondingly more distinct.
In the last tergite the cauda has the caudal margin convex
and crenate, while the lateral margins are essentially straight
and smooth, excepting a single setigerous notch.
Sternite of fourth segment anteriorly, between fourth legs,
with two straight conical processes, and with two smaller con-
ical processes between fifth legs. The sternite of the fifth
segment also bears two pairs of similar processes, of which
those of the posterior pair are much more widely separated
than those of the anterior pair.
In the gonopods of the male there is near the middle of
the principal distal branch an acute tooth below, and one or
sometimes two smaller teeth proximad of the acute distal end.
(See, further, Pl. 17, Figs. 112 and 113.)
Length of male, about 42 mm.; width, 6.8 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. Four specimens taken under a
log at 4,500 feet, July 2, 1913. Ten specimens, partly imma-
ture, on logs at 3,000-feet, July 16, 1913. One male and two
females in stumps at 4,500 feet, July 4, 1913. F. M. Gaige.
Cincinnati Coffee Plantation. One male and three females,
one immature, taken in a rotten log, July 2, 1913. A. S.
Pearse.
Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,120.
Pycnotropis cylindroides, sp. nov.
Pl. 17, Figs. 114-116
Dorsum a dull or grey olive brown throughout, the keels
not lighter in color, or somewhat more reddish than dorsum;
the olive cast sometimes not apparent. (Male type.) Anten-
nae light brown. Legs yellow to light brown of slight olive
tinge.
44 University of Michigan
Contrasting strongly with the previous species not only in
color but also in form from the great narrowness of the carinae,
this giving the body a nearly cylindrical appearance. The
carinae in general are so narrow that the poriferous swelling
occupies the entire width in posterior part, with the part in
front still narrower, merging into the general surface of the
segment. Anterior keels wider than the posterior ones. Pos-
terior angles slightly produced from fifth segment caudad.
Dorsal surface of segments divided into polygonal areas as in
P. colombiensis, but tubercles absent or obsolete and irregu-
larly developed. Some metazonites more or less roughened
toward the keels. See further, Pl. 17, Figs. 114 and 115.
Caudal margin of last tergite strongly convex, the sides
converging caudad.
Gonopods of male as shown in Pl. 17, Fig. 116.
Length, about 45 mm.; width, 6.5 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. A female in its “mud nest” with
eggs was taken under a log at 5,300 feet elevation, and a male
under a log at 5,000 feet, July 23, 1913. Holotype, M. C. Z.,
Bi25.
PLATYRRHACIDAE
Rhyphodesmus amphelictus, sp. nov.
Pl. 18: Sbigs. Li7e iro
General color dark brown, the keels scarcely paler, but the
cauda over all but anterior portion abruptly lighter.
Surface of head densely granular, with granules of differ-
ent sizes. A deep furrow across vertex, widening anteriorly
to occupy entire space between the rims of antennal sockets.
Collum much narrower than the second tergite (width
about as 7.25 to 10); lateral end in general outline subrectan-
gular, but a little rounded at apex. Surface densely granular,
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 45
a row of larger tubercles along anterior and posterior margins
and tubercles of similar size in intervening space not serially
arranged; on each side an area of granules or tubercles ele-
vated above margin proper.
Each ordinary metazonite with dorsal surface densely
granular and with three transverse series of larger tubercles,
the three series equally developed. Along the lateral margin
of the keel a series of much larger rounded tubercles giving
the appearance of a fine or less even serration. Pore removed
from margin by a distance of from one and a half to two
times the diameter of its rim.
Cauda subquadrate, broader than long, a little narrower
at base than in middle of its length, the sides and the caudal
margin being weakly convex.
Gonopods of male with two dista! branches, these smooth
and unbranched, the lower (posterior) one much shorter,
curling dorsad distally, the larger branch curling into a circle
and in situ resting against the sternite of the sixth segment.
mee further, Pl. 18, Figs. 117,118.
Length, male, 70 mm.: width, 12 mm.
British Guiana: Labba Creek Sand Hills; July 27, 1914;
F. M. Gaige. One male and one female.
Two males and two females taken at Cacao Plantation
about camp in rotten wood, July 16 and 17, 1914; F. M. Gaige.
One adult and several immature specimens from bank of
Demerara River collected in a very damp and much decayed
stump; July 17, 1914; F. M. Gaige.
Eielotype, M:C.°Z., 5,127.
I adopt for the genus of this species the name Rhyphodes-
mus, although the species on which Cook based his brief diag-
nosis of the genus has not as yet been described and cannot
be determined from the published data.
46 University of Alichigan
Aphelidesmus guianensis, sp. nov.
Pl. 18, Figs. 119-122
Dorsum with metazonites deep colored or blackish, the
prozonites in some degree lighter and the keels entirely pale
fulvous or, in types as preserved, nearly white. Last tergite
dark throughout. Legs and antennae light brown.
Collum strongly narrowed laterad, the lateral lobe or keel
near its outer end only one-third as long as the middorsal line
of the plate, while at its base, 7. e., near inner end of light
area, about two-thirds as long as that line. Anterolateral cor-
ner widely convex, the caudolateral more narrowly rounded.
(Pl. 18, Fig. 119.)
In the second tergite the lateral margin of keels straight,
with the two angles in general outline rectangular, but the
outer edge of the anterior one produced ectad. In the third
tergite the caudolateral angle of keel moderately acute, the
outer edge of keel oblique and a little convex, the anterolat-
eral corner with ectal process smaller. In the fourth tergite
the outer edge of keel still more convex, with anterior corner
more rounded and the process or tooth still slighter and
rounded, scarcely evident, as shown in PI. 18, Fig. 120.
Cauda with sides convex; caudal margin obtusely notched
at middle. Anal scale very broadly shield-shaped, the sides
convex excepting at anterior end, where concave; posterior
angle very obtuse. (PI. 18, Fig. 121.)
In the male gonopods the tarsus characterized by bearing
a short, plate-like process on its caudal side. See further,
Pl. 18, Fig. 121.
Length of male type, 46 mm.; width, 7 mm.
British Guiana: Forested Sand Hills; Aug. 17, 1914; F.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 47
M. Gaige. One male and two females collected in rotten wood
and in the earth.
Sand Hill Forest. One male in rotten wood, Aug. 19,
1914, and two females m Calladium root masses, Aug. 24,
1914; F. M. Gaige.
First Mourie. One female “collected in ground litter in
tree clump,” Aug. 6, 1914; F. M. Gaige.
Polylepiscus sp.
One young and badly broken specimen of this genus was
secured. Its poor condition renders it inadvisable to attempt
to place or describe it specifically.
Colombia: San Lorenzo; Cincinnati Coffee Plantation.
In a rotten log; July 2, 1913; A. S. Pearse.
LEPTODES MIDAE
Trachelodesmus angulatus, sp. nov.
Pl. 18, Figs. 123-125
Metatergites greyish blue, the prozonites paler. Sides just
under the keels also greyish blue, the lower part of sides and
the venter fulvous. Head with ground yellow ; a network of
dark lines over vertex and darker areas below this and in
region below level of antennae. Collum also with a network
of dark lines. Legs and antennae fulvous.
Body constricted anteriorly, as usual.
This species stands apart from others thus far described
in the details of the metazonites, as notably in the acute, cau-
dally produced caudal angles of all keels from the fifth caudad
and the second to fourth also bearing at the caudal angle a
caudally directed but less conspicuous tubercle, this uniform
with the tubercles of the caudal series. Dorsal surface of
metazonites densely granular, with each typical one divided
48 University of Michigan
into three transverse rows of large polygonal areas, of which
the most caudad are incomplete, only the anterior halves being
present; six areas in each series. From caudal edge of meta-
zonite project six larger tubercles directly caudad, one tubercle
from each area. Each area of the two anterior rows also
with a less conspicuous central tubercle among the smaller
granules. Tubercles of margin of keels larger, more or less
directed caudad of ectad, serriform, the most caudal largest,
particularly large on the poriferous segments on which it is
confluent, with one or two preceding tubercles to form the
large poriferous prominence on which the pore opens below
the upper edge, a nodule, the tip of a fused tubercle, lying
just over it. (See Pl. 18, Fig. 124.) Sides obscurely granu-
lar. Second, third and fourth tergites with three marginal
tubercles or teeth, of which the one at the anterior corner is
smallest ; the caudal series of tubercles as in the more caudal
segments, but only one series in front of this. Legs not
granular.
Collum acutely angular on each side, a tubercle at apex,
margin convex each side of this angle. Six tubercles along
caudal border, and two rows of rather obscure tubercles far-
ther forward, the surface otherwise densely granular. (Pl.
18, Fig. 123.)
Sternal spines present larger than those of corresponding
segments in other species, but the most caudal ones not larger
than the others, all being curved and subequal excepting those
of eighth and ninth segments, the most anterior ones present,
which are reduced. (See Pl. 18, Fig.’ 125.)
Length, about 16 mm.; width, 2.5 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo, Two females of 19 segments
and two younger specimens taken in forest at 4,000 feet; July
14, 1913; F. M. Gaige. Holotype; M. C. Z., 5,136. .
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 49
Trachelodesmus ancylophor, sp. nov.
Pl. 19, Figs. 126, 127
General color light horn-brown, a considerable portion of
metazonite and prozonite above darker, dusky, in the type the
collum and vertex of head with a network oi dark lines. Legs
and antennae fulvous.
Body rather slender, widest near middle and narrowing
very gradually forwards, the anterior constriction including
particularly the third and fourth segments.
The head not granular or tuberculate, smooth throughout.
Collum a little narrower than head, inclusive of cardines
of mandibles. Margin widely and evenly convex over ante-
rior and lateral regions back to caudolateral angles, which are
subrectangular ; caudal margin convex on each side just within
the angle, the median region nearly straight. The dorsal sur-
face presents along the caudal border about ten larger, more
elevated, rounded tubercles, between which are wedged in
smaller tubercles forming in general two rows, one in line
with anterior and one with posterior borders of the larger
tubercles ; the remaining portion closely covered with smaller
and lower flattened tubercles back of anterior border, such
as occur in Trachelodesmus constrictus Peters. A row of
about six widely separated setae just behind the depressed
anterior border. (Pl. 19, Fig. 126.)
The second tergite with two irregular series of mostly
large tubercles across median region; the principal tubercles
on each side are much larger than those of median region,
there being behind them a caudal series of much smaller
tubercles ; a large, blunt tubercle at anterolateral corner is car-
ried forward against the end of the collum. Third tergite
50 University of Michigan
also with two rows of rounded tubercles, the fourth with an
irregular series of smaller tubercles between the other two,
two large, rounded tubercles on lateral margin of keel. A
typical metazonite of middle region of body has the dorsal
surface divided into large polygonal areas, which are more
distinct toward the sides, these forming two transverse rows
of mostly eight areas each; these larger areas bear densely
arranged smaller tubercles. Lateral margins of poriferous
metazonites convex, each with a very large, rounded tubercle
through the ectal face of which the pore opens. Suture
between metazonite and prozonite longitudinally striate as in
constrictus. Prozonites finely granular above. (PI. 19, Figs.
126, 127.)
Cauda triangularly narrowed caudad, narrowly truncate
at tip; caudal surface bearing six setae; two setae on each
side and a pair above, in front of a more widely separated
pair on basal portion of tergite.
Sterna very wide, as usual, but narrower than the tergites
exclusive of keels; not granular or tuberculate. Sterna from
thirteenth to eighteenth bearing small spines in the usual posi-
tion adjacent to the posterior legs, the nineteenth segment with
a pair of very much larger curved spines.
Sides of segments smooth, or nearly so.
Legs not granular, or only very obscurely so, but other-
wise typical in form.
Length, about 15 mm.; width, 2 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. One female under a log at about
6,200 feet, July 19, 1913.
One broken female at 6,200 feet, July 19, 1913, and two
females from a locality of which the number cannot longer
be deciphered.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 51
One female among bromeliads on ground at 7,600 feet,
July 19, 1913.
Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,138.
Resembles T. constrictus Peters, but differs—e. g., in lack-
ing the anterior row of larger tubercles on the collum, in
having two rows of tubercles, instead of but one, on the sec-
ond tergite, in having sternal spines only from thirteenth seg-
ment caudad, and conspicuously in having the sterna and legs
free from true granulations.
Dromodesmus, gen. nov.
Body composed of head and 20 segments.
Sternum of nineteenth segment narrowed caudad, the pos-
terior pair of legs being rather close together and projecting
directly caudad, or nearly so. No spines on this sternum, but -
preceding ones of posterior and middle segments with a pair
of spines at bases of posterior pair of legs.
Legs exceptionally long.
Keels of anterior and median regions well developed, car-
ried high, margins smooth, and posterior angles of all from
the second caudad conspicuously produced ; the posterior keels
reduced anteriorly, leaving only the caudolateral processes
prominent, the posterior end of body narrowing conspicuously
caudad. Dorsal surface of metazonites densely granular and
with longer tubercles in transverse series. Repugnatorial
pores on segments 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15-19. Cauda triangular,
caudal apex narrowly truncate.
Gonopods of male with telopodite deeply bifid, both
branches segmented, the outer (anterior) toward base, the
inner (posterior) toward middle; outer branch in genotype
trifid, with two processes acute and one plate-like; the inner
branch distally bifid.
Genotype, Dromodesmus longtpes, sp. nov.
52 University of Michigan
Dromodesmus longipes, sp. nov.
Pl. 19, Figs. 128-133; Pl. 20, Figs. 134-135
The general color of most of the types as at present is
brownish grey, with legs fulvous and antennae brown. But
the only specimen in full color, the male type, is deeply olivea-
ceous or nearly black above, excepting the processes or the keels,
which are yellow. Lighter, brownish yellow beneath. Anten-
nae brown. Legs lighter brown, fulvous beneath proximally.
Antennae long (see Pl. 19, Fig. 131, for proportions of
joints). Surface of head minutely granular, with fewer
longer setigerous granules. Vertigial sulcus distinct to level
of antennae.
Collum with anterior and lateral margins together forming
a nearly evenly convex curve. Caudal angles a little less than
rectangular, extended slightly caudad. (PI. 19, Fig. 128.)
Keels of anterior segments bent up and carried a little
above level of dorsum, in going caudad becoming more nearly
horizontal. All margins of keels wholly smooth. Dorsum
of a typical metazonite with a distinct transverse furrow in
front, of which there is a median longitudinal furrow, often
irregularly developed, giving a number of quadrangular areas;
a row of smaller areas along caudal border. Two transverse
rows of tubercles caudad of the transverse suture and one in
front, the latter of six widely separated tubercles. (For form,
see Pl. 19, Fig. 129.)
Cauda triangular, with tip narrowly truncate; a large
setigerous tubercle on each side, with a smaller one more
dorsal in position between it and the tip. Mesal margins of
valves raised. Anal scale angular behind, with a setigerous
tubercle each side of the angle. (PI. 19, Fig. 130.) .
Form of posterior legs of male as shown in PI. 20, Fig. 134-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 53
Gonopods of male as shown in PI. 20, Fig. 135, and PI. 19,
Fig. 132.
Length, female, 36 mm.; width, 5 mm.
Colombia: Fundacion. About 18 specimens, mostly badly
preserved and faded, from under a log along Fundacion
River, Aug. 12, 1913. Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,142.
Colombodesmus, gen. nov.
Like Trachelodesmus and related genera in having sterna
broad and in large part bearing paired spines, but a spine at
base of each leg on segments where present instead of only
at base of legs of each posterior pair, and the last pair of
spines not more strongly developed than the others. Keels
well developed in anterior region, marginally serrate, becom-
ing more weakly developed, less projecting in middle and pos-
terior region. The pores borne on distinct lateral processes
on caudal portion of margin; present on segments 5, 7, 9, I0,
12, 13, 15-19. Body not obviously constricted in neck-line form
anteriorly. Metatergites finely tubercular or granular. Cauda
triangular, tip narrowly truncate. Legs, in the genotype at
least, granular, as in most species of Trachelodesmus; the
claws well developed.
Genotype, C. catharus, sp. nov.
Colombodesmus catharus, sp. nov.
Pl. 20, Figs. 136-140; Pl. 21, Fig. 141
The type at present has the prozonite above and on the
sides smoky brown, the body otherwise at present light grey
throughout excepting a pair of light brown spots on the front
of metatergites, the two spots on collum large and subconflu-
ent. Legs and antennae light yellowish grey, darker distally,
especially the tip of antennae.
on
ars
University of Michigan
Antennae inserted not far apart, the distance between their
sockets but little greater than the diameter of the latter. Head
depressed or widely furrowed from base of each antenna cau-
dolaterad, the proximal portion of antenna lying in this fur-
row. Vertigial sulcus distinct to level of antennae. Setae
over entire surface of head numerous and nearly uniformly
distributed.
Collum but little narrower than head inclusive of cardines.
Anterior margin convex, continuing evenly about the rounded
anterior corners into the sides. Posterior angles subrectangu-
lar. Lateral margin in front of posterior corner with two or
three weak and wide crenulations. Entire dorsal surface
densely granular, but with no large tubercles. A little behind
the anterior border along edge of the darker area a transverse
row of four widely separated setae. (Pl. 20, Fig. 136.)
Second tergite a little wider than the collum, its keels bent
forward, decidedly longer than median portion of tergite, the
lateral margin of each with an acute tooth at anterior corner
followed by two crenulations, the posterior corner being a little
acute and distally rounded. (See Pl. 20, Fig. 136.) The
third tergite similar to second, but median region a little
longer actually and relatively to the keels. Fourth tergite with
keels less bent forward and length of median region obviously
greater relatively and actually, the four marginal teeth of
keels the same. Each keel of the fifth tergite has an anterior
laterally bidentate portion separated by a cleft from an equally
long projection bearing the pore in its lateral margin, this
prominence smooth excepting for a few slight granules. The
other poriferous keels are similar, excepting that three teeth
are normally evident on anterior lobe. The non-poriferous
keels have four marginal teeth, these less rounded, more serri-
form than in anterior segments, with the posterior angle :
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 55
becoming larger and projecting more and more caudad. The
pore-bearing prominence also comes to project caudad in the
more posterior segments. (See Pl. 20, Figs. 137 and 138.)
Dorsal surface of metazonites in general but weakly con-
vex, densely granular, a transverse furrow but weakly devel-
oped, two rows of a few more prominent, apically darker,
granules behind this furrow. Sides of metazonites more finely
granular. Sterna with granules still finer, largely obsolete,
and sparer, in part becoming short setae. Spines at bases of
legs all very short. (See also Pl. 20, Fig. 139.)
Cauda proper with two setae on rounded tubercles on each
lateral margin and a pair on dorsum at base. (PI. 20, Fig.
138.) Anal scale with caudal margin convexly rounded, a
long seta on each side. (Pl. 21, Fig. 140.) Anal valves
mesally margined.
Legs with proximal joints granular. Last joint propor-
tionately very long. Claws well developed. (For proportions,
etc., see Pl. 21, Fig. 141.)
Length, about 30 mm.; width, 4.2 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. One female taken under a stone
in a damp creek bed at 4,500 feet; July 3, 1913. Holotype,
mC. Z.,. 5,144.
Colombodesmus lygrus, sp. noy.
Pl, 21, Figs. 142-144
This is a darker form than the preceding one, the general
color of dorsum and sides being a dark or dusky brownish
grey, the poriferous processes alone being lighter, fulvous.
Venter paler. Legs proximally white or fulvous white, dis-
tally brownish, the light color extending typically to or a little
beyond middle of femur. Antennae dark excepting at tip.
The keels in general form and dentitions similar to those
56 University of Michigan
of catharus, but with the poriferous process proportionately
much smaller and less sharply set off ; this process shortly sub-
cylindrical, with distal end oblique and having a semicircle of
granules above and overhanging the pore. (See PI. 2t, Figs.
142 and 144.) The dorsal surface of metatergite more
strongly granular; with two transverse series of slightly
larger, setigerous granules or tubercles behind transverse sul-
cus and one in front of it, the latter of fewer granules. Sides
of segment also obviously more concavely and densely granu-
lar than in the other species. Anal valves and scale more
strongly granular than in catharus.
Spines of sterna nearly as in the genotype, but the poste-
rior pair of each segment larger proportionately to the anterior
pair.
For form of leg, see Pl. 21, Fig. 143.
Length, about 35 mm.; width, 4 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. One female under leaves at 4,500
feet; July 21, 1913. Also one female under log at edge of
clearing at 4,500 feet; July 9, 1913.
One male, in which the gonopods had unfortunately been
broken off and lost, under leaves at 2,000 feet; July 16, 1913;
F. M. Gaige.
Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,145.
Cormodesmus, gen. nov.
Sterna narrower than in Colombodesmus, Trachelodesmus,
etc. Without sternal spines, but with a rounded tubercle at
base of each leg on its anteromesal side on all but anterior
segments. Metatergites wider comparatively between anterior
corners than between posterior. Keels all well developed,
thick, laterally lobed through the development of large tuber-
cles, elevated above dorsum. No repugnatorial pores obvious,
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 57
as in Batodesmus. Metatergites coarsely tubercular, the cauda
tubercular. Legs rather long, granular. Gonopods of male
deeply bifid into a broad anterior plate and a posterior branc!
lying against the former, the posterior branch, through which
the seminiferous tube runs, with a spur toward its base.
Genotype, C. hirrutellus, sp. nov.
In the concealed or absent repugnatorial pores suggesting
Batodesmus, but readily distinguished from that genus in
lacking spines on the sterna, in the tubercles of tergites, etc.
Cormodesmus hirrutellus, sp. nov.
Pl. 21, Figs. 145-148; Pl. 22, Fig. 149
The types at present are dark brown, inclusive of legs and
antennae, excepting that the prozonites may be paler, especially
below, the color due mostly to adherent material and growths,
beneath which the color is fulvous.
Surface of head granular. A series of longitudinal striae
across base of vertex. Vertigial sulcus and furrow distinct
to level of antennae. Antennal sockets separated by not more
than the diameter of the latter. Antennae short, when
extended straight back not quite attaining caudal edge of col-
maa. (Pl: ar, Fig: 146.)
Collum with anterior and lateral margins together forming
an evenly convex line, excepting for a tubercular projection
at anterolateral corner below; the posterior corners more nar-
rowly rounded. Posterior margin weakly convex excepting
at ends, where more strongly convex. On dorsal surface a
row of tubercles entirely across anterior border; at each end
the plate presents an elevation formed by tubercles of the
anterior series and two caudad of it, the latter series not
extending across middle region of plate. On the median part
58 University of Michigan
of the posterior border two tubercles. Setae as on other ter-
Sites. (Pl 21; Pig. 145.)
Second tergite much wider than the collum, its ends or
keels bent forward, the anterolateral corners appearing as
thick, rounded tubercles ; the third tergite also bent forward at
ends. (Pl. 21, Fig. 145.) The following are, as wholes, not
bent forward at ends, but with the anterolateral corners
strongly produced forward and similarly rounded, these ante-
rior processes becoming shorter in going caudad, but project-
ing as rounded tubercles on all but the last few. The poste-
rior angles on all but the most anterior keels also come to
project similarly caudad. Between these two projecting end
tubercles on a typical segment are two intervening large mar-
ginal tubercles with a large tubercle below the more anterior
of them, giving the keel a thick, heavy appearance. Between
these large marginal tubercles there are typically four, or
indistinctly five, transverse rows of similar but somewhat
smaller tubercles, the most anterior row having but two tuber-
cles, or, if a fifth row is present, this also with two, this form-
ing the second row, the other usually with six each, inclusive
of those on keels within marginal ones. Each tubercle bears
a large seta and numerous very short, fine setae. (See, fur-
thet, Piyar, Mic 1475)
Anal valves granulotubercular; mesal borders margined.
Anal scale trapeziform, the caudal margin straight, with a
setigerous tubercle at each outer angle. (PI. 21, Fig. 148.)
Gonopods of male as shown in Pl. 22, Fig. 1409.
Length, near 35 mm.; width, 5.2 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. A male and two females from
stumps at 4,500 feet; July 5, 1913.
Also two smaller specimens at 5,300 feet; July 23, 1913.
A not quite adult male in forest at 4,000 feet; July 14, 1913.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 59
Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,147.
The dark color of these specimens is due in considerable
part to foreign material and growths held by the granules and
numerous short setae, the parts more free from this showing
a tulvous background.
Alassodesmus, gen. nov.
A genus close to Trachelodesmus, but differing from the
latter in lacking repugnatorial pores on segments 12 and 15,
and in their presence on segment 14, the pore-formula being
—, —-, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16-19. Pores large and conspicuous.
Genotype, A. reductus, sp. nov.
Alassodesmus reductus, sp. nov.
Pl. 22, Figs. 150-153
General color light brown. Legs lighter, more fulvous.
Differing conspicuously from Trachelodesmus, as repre-
sented, e. g., by T. ancylophor, in the weaker development of
the keels, the tergites at the sides merely bulging convexly,
and the absence of definite polygonal areas above and of the
larger tubercles, the marginal tubercles being small like the
others, or a few but slightly larger and more conical. The
repugnatorial pores open laterally, not elevated on tubercles,
each surrounded by a rim which may be slightly raised; above
each pore usually two or three small tubercles, of which the
caudal one is larger, and on most caudal segments corners to
project as a small, distally rounded, caudal process. Pores
present on segments —, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16-19. Dorsal surface
of metazonites finely roughened, granular or sharpened both
above and below. Sides of metazonites coarsely granular
under the keels, the granules becoming finer and sparser below.
(Pl. 22, Fig. 150.)
60 University of Michigan
Sterna not -granular. Spines of sternites of nineteenth
segment as stout at base as the adjacent joint of the leg, nar-
rowing distad, curving dorsad, as long as the two first joints
of leg taken together. The other spines abruptly smaller,
present forward to the tenth segment inclusive. (See Pl. 22,
Fig. 751.)
Cauda short and broad, distally truncate or incurved
between the two lateral tubercles Anal scale shown in PI.
22, Fig. 152.
Legs of same general structure as in Trachelodesmus, with
claw reduced, etc. Not granular. (Pl. 22, Fig. 153.)
Width, 3.2 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. One specimen, unfortunately
lacking the head and first seven segments, taken in a log at
about 6,200 feet, July 19, 1913, along with the type of T7ra-
chelodesmus ancylophor, sp. nov. Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,151.
Trichomorpha tuberculosa, sp. nov.
Pl. 22, Figs. 154-156; Pl. 23, Figs. 157-158
Dorsum black with the keels yellow. .Lower border of
clypeus yellow. Antennae brown. Legs brownish yellow.
Dorsum only slightly arched, nearly flat, the keels being
at a high level. All keels in the male well developed, with
angles on all from the second caudad acutely and strongly
produced, becoming particularly long in the caudal region,
those of the seventeenth to nineteenth segments with distal
ends distinctly curving mesocaudad. Anterior corners of
keels rounded, with the usual tooth at lower end of corner,
and back of this the ectal edge weakly serrate or serratocrenu-
late, the serrations absent on most caudal keels. Caudal mar-
gin not truly toothed, bearing usually, however, two setiger-
ous tubercles. Dorsal surface of prozonites smooth; dorsal
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 61
surface of metazonites strongly tuberculate, the tubercles in
irregular in part confined transverse series, of which there
are usually about four caudad of the transverse sulcus, which
is distinct, and six in front of it, the tubercles in general
smaller toward the anterior and posterior margins, the tuber-
cles extending out upon the keels, but just within the margin
of latter fewer and more weakly developed. All tubercles
setigerous. (Pl. 22, Figs. 154, 155.)
Sternites of fifth and sixth segments in the male each with
a pair of low and broad, distally rounded, large tubercles
between first pair of legs.
In the male metatarsal pads projecting distad between the
tarsi are developed on the first seven pairs of legs. In the
seventh legs of the male the femur is much thickened, widest
distad, and is strongly bent, its base projecting as a prominent
lobe, as shown in Pl. 22, Fig. 156.
Gonopods small, their form as shown in PI. 23, Figs. 157,
158.
Length, 33 mm.; width, 4.6 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. One male from stump in woods
at 4,500 feet; July 5, 1913.
One female from log at 6,200 feet; July 19, 1913.
Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,152.
Trichomorpha rugosella, sp. nov.
Pl. 23, Figs. 159-162; Pl. 24, Figs. 163-164
Entire dorsum black, excepting the caudolateral corners
of the keels, which are yellow. Venter brown. Antennae
light brown. Legs with first joint brown, the second whitish ;
the third joint or femur and the tibia brown excepting for
light ring at distal end; last two joints brown or also a little
62 University of Michigan
paler at distal end. The legs thus have a more or less banded
appearance.
Dorsum but weakly arched, with the keels high and form-
ing an obtuse angle with adjacent part of metazonites. All
keels from second caudad with posterior angles acutely and
strongly produced, the processes becoming longer and also
curved distally, more curved caudad, though the curvature is
never strong. Lateral margins of keels nearly smooth, show-
ing, however, a weak and often vague serration behind the
anterior corner and usually two similar ones caudad of this
at points of insertion of setae. Caudal margin of keels not
dentate (Cf. Pl. 24, Fig. 164.)
Surface of metazonites with transverse sulcus distinct.
Both in front and caudad of sulcus the surface is entirely
divided by deep impressions into tubercle-like elevations which
are mostly longer than wide and each of which bears a seta;
there are two series of these areas behind the sulcus and
three somewhat irregular ones in front, the tubercles of the
latter more weakly developed in the middle region. General
dorsal surface of keels convexly elevated, the tubercles over
this elevation small. (Cf. Pl. 24, Fig. 164.)
Anal scale as shown in Pl. 23, Fig. 159.
In the male the tarsal pads of legs cease abruptly at the
tenth pair. Femur of seventh legs curved, apppearing exca-
vated below, the proximal end below bulging roundly but with
no true process. (PI. 24, Fig. 163.)
Gonopods of male as shown in Pl. 23, Figs. 161-162.
Length of male, 20 mm.; width, 2.4 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. A male and female taken in
forest at 4,000 feet; July 14, 1913; F. M. Gaige.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 63
A female apparently not in full color and an immature indi-
vidual probably pertaining to this species were taken at 3,400
feet, under leaves, on July 15, 1913.
Holotype, M:. C. Z., 5,154.
Tricomorpha setosior, sp. nov.
Pl. 24, Figs. 165, 166
The type, which may not be in full color, is at present
-light horn-brown above with the keels light. Sides, venter,
and legs fulvous.
This species seems easily distinguishable from the others
here described by the peculiarities of keels and dorsal sculp-
turing. The keels have the lateral margin finely but distinctly
serrate, there being typically on a median segment four to six
serrations caudad of the usual one back of anterior corner,
each bearing a seta. The posterior processes of keels in mid-
dle and posterior regions have the tip more or less bent mesad,
this curvature being particularly noticeable on the most caudal
ones. (See Pl. 24, Figs. 165 and 166.)
All metatergites are strongly densely tubercular, the tuber-
cles becoming weaker on keels. Tubercles shorter, more
nearly circular in outline than, e. g., in tuberculosa and rugo-
sella, and correspondingly more numerous. Three somewhat
irregular rows back of transverse furrow in addition to a
marginal series of much smaller tubercles on caudal edge,
and four or five rows in front of the furrow. Tubercles all
bearing rather long setae, which form a conspicuous feature.
Length, about 20 mm.; width, 3.2 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. One female taken under leaves
in forest at 4,500 feet on July 20, 1913; F. M. Gaige. Holo-
mepe, MC. Z.,.5,157-
64 University of Michigan
Trichomorpha eutyla, sp. nov.
Pl. 24, Figs. 167-170; Pi 25, Fig. 171
Dorsum black, with the keels ferruginous yellow to yellow.
Antennae dark brown. Legs paler, yellowish brown.
Dorsum but weakly arched and the keels at a high level.
Posterior angles of all keels from the second caudad acutely
and strongly produced. Lateral margins of keels wholly
smooth, excepting the usual tooth or serration toward the
anterior corner, this small, the second, third and fourth keels
also with two weak indentations of serrations caudad of this.
Caudal margin of all keels caudad of the fifth with a single
distinct tooth as shown in Pl. 24, Figs. 167 and 168. Processes
of keels all straight, none at all distally curved.
Dorsal surface of metazonites smooth, no tubercles at all
developed ; typically a distinct transverse furrow, from which
a number of straight, parallel sulci extend caudad, partly
dividing the caudal region into separate areas. Dorsal sur-
face of keels moderately elevated and wholly smooth.
In the legs of the male the pads beneath tarsi are large
and are strongly and equally developed to the twenty-fourth
legs, caudad of which they abruptly cease or show as but a
slight angle over the twenty-fifth legs. (Pl. 25, Fig. 171.)
Anterior legs and sterna without special lobes or processes.
Gonopods of male as shown in Pl. 24, Figs. 169, 170.
Length of male, 20 mm.; width, 2 mm.
Width of female, to 2.6 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. Seven males and females taken
under logs and stones at the edge of a clearing at 4,500 feet;
July 9, 1913; M. A. Carriker.
Cincinnati Coffee Plantation, in rotten log; July 2, 1913;
A. S. Pearse. Several broken specimens, male and female.
Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,158.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 65
Trichomorpha eusema, sp. nov.
Pl. 25, Figs. 174-178
A species characteristically marked in having the keels and
the metazonite of each ordinary segment entirely fulvous
caudad of the transverse sulcus and in a median spot in front
of it, the anterolateral portion of metazonite within the keel
and the prozonite deep chocolate brown to nearly Dlack.
Antennae light brown. Legs fulvous.
Dorsum low, with keels high and elevated. Posterior
processes of keels strongly developed, as usual, straight or
only slightly curved at tip in a few of the most caudal. Lat-
eral margin of keel with a distinct serration caudad of the
rounded anterior corner, otherwise smooth. A small, acute
tooth at angle between posterior process and caudal margin
of metazonite proper. (See Pl. 25, Figs. 174 and 175.)
Tergites above with a deep transverse sulcus; area behind
this sulcus, divided by longitudinal sulci into longitudinally
oblong elevated areas extending to caudal margin or with pos-
terior ends set off as smaller setigerous tubercles, forming a
second row along the margin, typically ten or eleven areas in
each series. Region in front of transverse furrow with no
such areas set off by sulci, smooth or nearly so.
Seventh leg of male shown in Pl. 25, Fig. 176.
Gonopods of male as shown in Pl. 25, Figs. 177, 178.
Length, 24 mm.; width, 2.6 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. Two females taken in forest at
4,000 feet; July 14, 1913; F. M. Gaige.
One female under a stone in a damp creek bed at 4,500 feet ,
July 3, 1913. °
One male and one female from stump in forest at south
end of Cincinnati Coffee Plantation ; July 5, 1913; F. M. Gaige:
Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,161.
66 University of Michigan
Trichomorpha angulella, sp. nov.
Pl25.. Bas: 75
General color of dorsum and keels brown, in part of a
chestnut cast, excepting only the caudal processes of the keels,
which are fulvous. Antennae brown. Legs fulvous.
Convexity of dorsum and elevation of keels as usual. Pos-
terior processes of keels straight, more than usually slender
and acute, especially on the more posterior segments. Lateral
margin of keels wholly smooth excepting the usual serration
caudad of the anterior corner, this distinct. Caudal margin
wholly untoothed and smooth. (See Pl. 25, Fig. 173.) Meta-
tergite with transverse sulcus distinct.
Surface in front of this sulcus wholly smooth and bearing
a transverse series of widely separated setae; surface caudad
of the sulcus a little roughened by rather fine longitudinal or
in part somewhat oblique impressed lines; a series of setae
along caudal border and one farther forward, the latter typ-
ically of six setae in all.
Length, about 16 mm. ; width, 1.6 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. Two adult and one immature
female at 2,500 feet; July 15, 1913. Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,165.
Trichomorpha paurothrix, sp. nov.
Pl. 25° Fic. 172
Dorsum black, excepting the outer border and posterior
processes of keels, which are yellow; the mesal, convex area
of keel mostly dark like the dorsum in general; the processes
of keels bright yellow, the anterior light portion of a more
vague cast. Antennae dark brown, the legs a lighter, fulvous
brown.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 67
Dorsum and relation of keels as usual. Keels with lateral
margin presenting the usual serration behind rounded anterior
corner, otherwise smooth, a single seta caudad of the serra-
tion; caudal margin not toothed. (See, further, Pl. 25, Fig.
fg2;)
Metazonites with transverse sulcus deep, a median longi-
tudinal sulcus also distinct. The region in front of the sulcus
is further divided on each side by a weaker longitudinal fur-
row, thus giving a larger mesal area and a smaller one adja-
cent to the keel. The region behind the transverse sulcus with
two large, rounded areas on each side adjacent to the sulcus
and four much smaller areas or tubercles on each side along
caudal border, these decreasing in size from the outer to the
mesal end of the series. Each of the larger anterior areas
bears a seta; but the surface of the metazonites is otherwise
glabrous. Dorsal surface of keel moderately convexly ele-
vated, the surface smooth.
Length, about 24 mm.; width, 3 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. July 22, 1913; one female from
a bromeliad on tree at 5,000 feet. Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,167.
Chondrodesmus tamocalanus, sp. nov.
Pl. 26, Fig. 179-182
Dorsum black or nearly so, a narrow stripe along caudal
border of metazonites sometimes lighter, reddish, and the keels
yellow, the line limiting the yellow area running obliquely
from the mesal end of caudal edge of keel to cephalolateral
corner, the cephalolateral region commonly tinged with red-
dish. Cauda yellow. Collum narrowly bordered in front and
behind with yellow and its keels entirely yellow. Antennae
68 University of Michigan
and legs of a pronounced pink tinge, this color deeper distad,
the proximal joints showing some fulvous.
Dorsum but moderately arched, the keels horizontal.
The collum moderately narrowed down the sides. Ante-
rior margin curving widely over anterolateral corner around
to caudolateral corner, which in its general outline is subrec-
tangular but with apex rounded. Surface smooth, wholly
lacking granules, under the lens at most showing a network
of fine coriarious lines.
On the metazonites in general tubercles wholly. absent or
at most only obscurely indicated in part. The entire surface
with network of deep coriarious impressed lines.
Keels of segments two to four with anterior corners
rounded, the posterior rectangular and the lateral margin
straight, the margins wholly smooth. On the sixth segment
the caudal of keels has become acute, the production of the
angle gradually increasing on successive segments in going
caudad. Anterior and lateral margins of keels smooth and
even throughout. Caudal margin mostly with a single, low,
obtuse tooth at middle, or else wholly smooth. (PL. 26, Figs.
179-181. )
Gonopods of male as shown in Pl. 26, Fig. 182.
Length of male type, 38 mm.; width, 7.6 mm.
Width of female, 8.8 mm.
Colombia: Near Mamatoca, at foot of mountain; July 28,
1913. A male and two females taken under leaves along a
ditch from the Tamocal River, elevation 200 feet.
Fundacion River; Aug. 12, 1913. A recently moulted male
taken under log. It is now light brown-in color, with the legs
reddish in typical manner. It is 9 mm. long.
Cincinnati Coffee Plantation; July 5, 1913; F. M. Gaige.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zooloyy 69
One recently moulted female agreeing in appearance with the
preceding male. |
San Lorenzo; July 1, 1913. One male on trail between
2,000 and 4,500 feet, in heavy forest.
Fioterype, WS ©? 25 °5, 168.
This species in the exceptionally small size and general
structure of the male gonopods is obviously close to the Ecua-
dorean C. armatus Silvestri and the Colombian C. riparius
Carl. The terminal process of the gonopods is very similar
to that of riparius, though the sickle-shaped end portion is
somewhat less slender and the broad tooth proximad of it
arises from the ectal edge, not from the mesal, as described
and figured by Carl for riparius. It has a tooth on the caudal
margin of the keels not present in riparius. The keels are
yellow forward to anterior corner instead of only back of
middle.
Chondrodesmus cerasinopus, sp. nov.
Pl. 26, Figs. 183, 184
A species resembling the preceding one. The dorsum deep
brown rather than black, with the light color of keels not so
bright a yellow, more horn-colored, and continuing farther
forward on the anterior corners. The entire head is dark,
brownish black, the clypeal region not pale as it is in the other
species. Legs and antennae contrasting in being of a uniform
dark cherry red.
The dorsum is more strongly arched and the keels more
depressed. The posterior angles of keels in general less pro-
duced and lacking an obtuse tooth on posterior margin, this
being often finely granular or uneven. The marginal thicken-
ing of the keel on the poriferous segments is notably more
70 University of Michigan
elevated, with mesal face of elevation commonly projecting
over base, grooved. (PI. 26, Figs. 183, 184.)
The surface of the metazonites is more strongly rough-
ened, with distinct areas in considerable part developed and
a transverse furrow. more evident on some of the segments.
Length, 60 mm.; width, 10 mm.
Colombia: Fundacion River; Aug. 19, 1913. One female
taken under a log. Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,173.
Chondrodesmus virgatus, sp. nov.
Pl. 26, Figs. 185, 186
The animal is conspicuously marked dorsally with alter-
nating cross bands of dull reddish brown and yellow, con-
siderably more than the caudal half of each metazonite being
yellow, the remaining portion and the prozonite being of the
darker color. Cauda proper yellow. Collum with yellow
caudal border and anterior border, which does not extend to
ends. Venter yellow. Head uniformly reddish. Legs red-
dish excepting proximally. Antennae yellow distally, proxi-
mally with reddish tinge.
Collum strongly narrowed at sides in the usual manner.
Surface wholly smooth.
All keels narrow. Tergites two to four with outer por-
tion narrow ectad, both corners of keel well rounded and
obtuse in general outline. Posterior angle of the keels of
the sixth segment is the first to be a little produced. Posterior
margins of all keels smooth and even, or at most very minutely
and irregularly uneven. All poriferous swellings are sharply
set off from the ordinary marginal rim in front, each lanceo-
late in outline with apex cephalad. See, further, Pl. 26, Figs.
185 and 186. Surface without transverse sulci and otherwise
wholly smooth.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology re
Length, about 35 mm.; width, 6.5 mm.
Colombia: Fundacion; Aug. 19, 1913. One adult female
and one immature specimen taken under log on Fundacion
River. Also one female in same locality taken Aug. 12, 1913.
Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,174.
Chondrodesmus virgatus, var. frater, var. nov.
Similar in appearance to the preceding species, but the yel-
low color covering the entire metazonite on all segments, except-
ing a narrow stripe along anterior margin between the kecls,
which is more or less suffused with the reddish color of the
prozonite. Keels entirely yellow. Collum with median region
reddish, the border yellow all the way around, the anterior
yellow stripe not restricted to median region as it is in wir-
gatus. Venter yellow. Antennae wholly yellow. Legs mostly
yellow, a reddish tinge weak and uneven in some.
Surface of metazonites wholly smooth as in wirgatus.
Form of keels in general similar; but in the present form the
posterior angle of the fifth keels is distinctly produced, not
at all rounded as in virgatus. The posterior angle of the sey-
enteenth keel is also more produced.
Length, about 40 mm.; width, 6.5 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo; July 25, 1913. One female taken
under a log at 2,000 feet. Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,177.
Chondrodesmus rugosior, sp. nov.
Pl. 27, Figs. 187, 188
Dorsum brown, with keels pale, light olive grey to olive
yellow, over entire length. Collum with only the keels light,
there being in the type no pale anterior and posterior borders.
Head brown, not paler in clypeal region. Legs at present
72 University of Michigan
dilute olive yellow to olive grey, the distal articles having a
weak pink tinge. All articles of antennae with pink tinge.
Margin of collum curving widely and evenly about each
antero-lateral corner to caudal corner, which is nearly rectan-
gular in general outline, though with its apex founded as
usual. Surface smooth excepting for the usual network of
fine impressed lines.
The anastomosing lines of the metazonites of the segments
of median and posterior regions much more deeply impressed,
producing a strong roughening which is heightened by pro-
nounced rugae, particularly on the more posterior plates; dis-
tinct polygonal areas are also set off. Low tubercles irregu-
larly developed, particularly along caudal borders. Keels mod-
erately broad. Pore swelling evenly passing into ordinary
marginal elevation in front, not set off. Posterior angles of
keels not truly produced in segments in front of the sixteenth,
the angle bulging slightly caudad first on the seventh keels.
Posterior margin of keels often rather finely uneven, but not
presenting a true tooth, or such only occasionally indicated.
See further Pl. 27, Fig. 188.
In the gonopods the terminal blade is much broader than
in those of tamocalanus, etc., and the major tooth below the
apical prong is on the mesal edge as in riparius Carl, the outer
edge presenting merely several low serrations. See further
Pl. 27, Fig. 188.
Length, about 48 mm.; width, 9.5 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo; July 5, 1913. One male taken
in a stump in woods at 4,500 feet. Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,178.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology a2
Zigwadesmus guiananus, sp. noy.
Pl. 27, Figs. 189-193; Pl. 28, Fig. 195
Color above and over sides brownish chestnut to chocolate,
the venter more fulvous. Keels and an immediately adjoining
portion of tergite above them yellow, as is also a narrow
median dorsal longitudinal stripe which is interrupted on ante-
rior part of each prozonite. Legs light brown. No pale spot
.on each side of prozonite such as characterizes brunneus.
Antennae darker brown.
Head widely and deeply excavated from base of each
antenna caudad, an elliptic, somewhat elevated organ lying in
this excavation, as in the genotype.
Keels of second, third and fourth segments normally devel-
oped. Each with a low tooth at anterior corner, which is bet-
ter developed than in brunneus. Caudal angle of fourth keels
more broadly produced than in brunneus. Keels caudad of
the fourth narrow and thick, appearing as simple bulgings of
the tergite with a margining sulcus; caudal angles produced
in all, but keels in anterior portion becoming low and obsolete,
though in general a little better developed than in the genotype
and inserted a little higher on the sides of the segments. Porif-
erous process set off by a sharp sulcus from remaining por-
tion of keel, its ectal face elongate elliptic. (Pl. 27, Figs. 189-
191.)
The conical tubercles at distal end of cauda are shorter and
more rounded than in brunneus and are not directed somewhat
ventrad of caudad as in that species. (See Pl. 27, Fig. 193,
and Pl. 28, Fig. 195.)
The anal scale differs from that of brunneus in having the
caudal margin between setigerous tubercles rounded, instead
of angular, and not surpassing the tubercles. (PI. 27, Fig.
192. )
74 University of Michigan
Length, 38 mm.; width, 5.2 mm.
British Guiana: Cacao Plantation about camp. One
female taken in rotten wood, July 18, 1914; F. M. Gaige.
Also one female in “Forested Sand Hills,” Aug. 18, 1914;
F. M. Gaige.
Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,170.
This and the following one are the first species to be
referred to this genus in addition to the genotype, Z. brunneus,
the latter having been described from Trinidad.
Zigwadesmus modestus, sp. nov.
Pl. 27, Fig. 194; Pl. 28, Figs. 196-199
Brown, the keels and a small area just above each paler,
as usual. No middorsal stripe and no light spots on sides of
prozonites.
The anterior keels as in the other species, the angulation
of the fourth more as in brunneus. ‘The posterior angles of
keels in general less produced and less acute than in the other
two known species. The poriferous processes are obviously
different in being directed more nearly ectad, with caudal angle
more rounded; section in the anterocaudal direction shorter,
the whole more approaching a cylindrical form. (See Pl. 28,
Figs. 196, 197, and 198.)
The cauda much as in guiananus, but the terminal tubercles
or processes even shorter. (Pl. 28, Fig. 199.) Anal scale
with caudal margin between setigerous tubercles obtusely angu-
lar, extending beyond the, tubercles. (Pl. 27, Fig. 194.)
Length, about 22 mm.; width, 3.25 mm.
British Guiana: Forested Sand Hills. One female of
nineteen segments taken in sandy’ soil of forest floor. Aug.
14, 1914; F. M. Gaige.. Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,181.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 75
CRYPTODES MIDAE
Arionus, gen. nov.
Body composed of head and twenty segments.
Collum covering the head; its anterior border divided into
ten areas by radial lines as in Docodesmus, etc., elsewhere
granular. |
Second tergite broader than collum and than third tergite,
its lateral border showing these areas separated by short radial
lines. Other tergites with keels comparatively narrow; pre-
senting three lateral areas separated by impressed radial lines
and slight marginal indentations, or occasionally on one or
both sides, in more posterior segments four lobes. Caudal
margin of keels with one incision. Keels continuing nearly
the general outline of dorsum. Caudal border of metatergites
divided into a series of areas by longitudinal impressions, the
margin correspondingly weakly crenate. Pores inconspicuous,
on caudal lobe back from margin; occurring on segments five,
seven, nine, ten, twelve, thirteen, fifteen to ‘nineteen. Dorsal
surface of metatergites coarsely granular or tubercular, tuber-
cles nearly uniform.
Penult tergite with caudal margin convex, the areas, of
which there are six in all in the genotype, produced caudad as
stout acute teeth, of which the lateral one on each side or
process of keel is not larger than others, which accordingly
extend farther caudad.
Anal tergite!small, now lobate, with cauda exposed from
above.
Gonopods of male with coxae large. ‘The telopodite also
large and stout, exposed in lateral view.
Genotype, A. uwlophilus, sp. nov.
76 University of Michigan
Arionus ulophilus, sp. nov.
Pl. 28, Figs. 200, 201; Pl. 29, Figs. 2c2 2c6
Dorsum (metazonites) brown, paler in going caudad. Ven-
ter paler, fulvous.
Vertex of head covered by an elevated shield-shaped and
strongly tubercular area, ‘this area crossed by a longitudinal
sulcus ending in a notch in the lower end of the elevated area.
This area brown, the lower smoother parts of head fulvous.
Face with a large, rounded prominence on each side ectad of
antennal socket. (Pl. 29, Fig. 202.) ;
Collum with anterior margin convex, the border in form
of a rim divided by sulci and slightly marginal crenations into
ten lobes. ‘The surface otherwise densely tuberculate, all of
the tubercles small. (Pl. 29, Figs. 202, 203.)
Second tergite bowed forward at ends so that basal lobes
of posterior margin extends ectad and appears as a shorter
fourth lobe. This and following segments show an anterior
rim divided into areas similar to those of caudal border, these
becoming shorter in going caudad. (PI. 29, Fig. 203.) Dor-
sum of metazonites densely tubercular, none of tubercles large,
forming five or six more or less irregular transverse rows.
Pores small, scarcely elevated. (PI. 28, Fig. 201.)
On antepenult tergite the caudal areas project as obtuse
processes with the caudal processes of keels large; these proc-
esses on the penult are longer, more acute and six in number
inclusive of the processes of keels which are of similar size.
(Pl. 29, Fig. 204.)
Anal tergite as shown in Pl. 29, Fig. 204. Anal scale, PI.
28, Fig. 200.
Gonopods of male as represented in Pl. 29, Figs. 205 and
200.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology a7
Length, 11 mm.; width, 1.9 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. One male in forest at 4,000 feet,
July 14, 1913; F. M. Gaige. Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,182.
Guianonus, gen. nov.
A genus resembling the preceding one, Arionus, in having
the keels narrow and in having the metatergites densely cov-
ered with numerous coarse granules or tubercles, of which
none are specially enlarged. ‘The keels are more elevated thar
in the other genus, standing out nearly horizontally. Keels.
laterally fundamentally three-lobed excepting most posterior,
which are four-lobed. Posterior processes of keels of penult
tergite strongly developed, clearly surpassing the median por-
tion of caudal margin. At once distinguishable from Arionus
in the position and distribution of the repugnatorial pores,
which open at the distal end of the caudal lobe of keels of
segments five, seven, nine, ten, twelve, thirteen, fifteen, and
sixteen. Cauda simple, exposed from above.
Telopodite of gonopods of male large and exposed.
Genotype, Guianonus ectoporus, sp. nov.
Guianonus ectoporus, sp. nov.
Pl. 29, Figs. 207-209; Pl. 30, Figs. 210, 211
Dorsum dusky brown or chestnut, collum and head lighter,
more ferruginous. Venter fulvous brown.
Vertex of head somewhat raised as in Arionus; but the
area only obscurely tubercular above and below, more distinctly
so across its median region.
Collum with anterior rim presenting twelve areas, the one
at each end of the series smaller than the others.
Second tergite considerably wider than collum and than
following tergites; moderately bowed forward at ends, but
78 Unizersily of Michigan
much less strongly so than in, e. g., Arionus ulophilus; keel
longer than median region of metatergite, its anterior lobe
large and rounded. (Pl. 30, Fig. 210.) In the third and
fourth metatergites the keels are not longer than the middle
region; anterior lobes smaller; anterior margin incised each
side of a distinct lobe. (Pl. 30, Figs. 210, 211.) Keels of
other segments shorter than median region of metatergite. On
the keels of the fifth and succeeding segments the anterior
lobe becomes smaller and is bent upward, soon appearing
merely as a tubercle, while the lobe of the caudal margin
remains distinct and is usually distally obtusely angular. The
lateral lobes of keels, especially the anterior ones, also tend
to be bent more or less upward. ‘The porigerous lobe is typic-
ally bifid at the tip, the pore opening between the two sub-
divisions a little above the edge, not elevated on a secondary
cone or eminence. ‘The caudal border of segments divided into
lobes by longitudinal furrows and corresponding crenations as
in Arionus, the crenations becoming deeper on the more caudal
segments. Dorsal surface of segments densely coarsely gran-
ular, two granules in each of }four longitudinal rows on each
metatergite a little larger, more tubercle-like than the others,
these tubercles more distinct on posterior segments. (See also
Pl. 29, Fig. 207.) Keels of seventeenth to nineteenth ‘seg-
ments four-lobed and having posterior angles produced, the
processes on nineteenth segment obviously larger than the
caudal teeth or crenations of the median region fof segment.
(See PL 20, Fig. 207.)
Cauda in general outline posteriorly rounded, but with a
short distal piece set off and truncate across end; across basal
region a transverse series of four tubercles, the end one on
each side projecting as a distinct lateral process or tooth; sur-
face in front of these tubercles with smaller granules. (PI.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 79
29, Fig. 207.) Anal valves margined. Anal scale triangular,
a tubercle on each side of caudal angle. (Pl. 29, Fig. 208.)
Gonopods of male as shown in PI. 29, Fig. 209.
Length, 1o mm.; width, 1.3 mm.
British Guiana: Second Mourie. Aug. 20, 1914; F. M.
Gaige. Two males collected among the dead leaves on the
ground in a tree clump.
Sand Hill Forest, on headwaters of Hubidibu Creek. Aug.
26, 1914; F. M. Gaige. Three smaller females taken in sandy
forest floor.
Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,183.
CyYRTODES MIDAE
Cliodesmus, gen. nov.
Body composed of head and twenty segments.
Collum narrow, not covering the head above.
Second tergite much wider, the keel expanded, its anterior
border carried forward. Caudal margin of keel of second and
third segments with a projection above a transverse furrow
into which the edge of the succeeding keel fits. Keels of seg-
ments in general bent downward at outer ends, the ectal mar-
gin rounded and crenate. Anterior and posterior margins
entire. Dorsum strongly arched. Each metatergite with two
transverse rows of large tubercles, the collum with three; no
granules or setae. Pores on upper part of anterior slope of
keels except on segments fifteen to nineteen, where they have
shifted to the outer slope; present on segments five, seven, nine,
ten, twelve, thirteen, and fifteen to nineteen.
Nineteenth segment extending completely over the twen-
tieth, its keels meeting behind as in Cyrtodesmus, etc.
Coxae of male gonopods large, concealing the telopodite.
Genotype, Cliodesmus cryptopygus, sp. nov.
80 University of Michigan
Cliodesmus cryptopygus, sp. noy.
Pl. 30, Figs, 213-217
Vertex of head and metazonites, together with the normally
exposed portion of prozonites, black above, the covered por-
tion of prozonites and the anterior portion of each keel normally
overlapped by the preceding keel, pale, whitish. Lower part
of head, antennae, and venter in general with legs pale, fulvous
or whitish fulvous.
Head granular in a cross band between and just above
antennae, elsewhere nearly smooth. A transverse depression
across clypeus. Antennae with joints short, as a whole first
clavately widening and then again narrowing at distal end.
(PI. 30, Fig: 213;)
Collum with ends or keels rounded, each above with a large,
transversely elongate ‘or somewhat double tubercle. Median
region of plate with three transverse rows of large tubercles,
six in each row, the ectal tubercle of the two anterior rows on
each side in some degree fused with each other at base of keel.
(Pl. 30, Fig. 213.)
Second tergite evenly and moderately bending forward on
each side; anterior margin entire; lateral margin with five cre-
nations, of which that at anterior corner is largest; caudal
margin of keel deeply excavated at base of distal depressed
portion, leaving an angle mesad of it which projects over a
transverse furrow in caudal edge of plate into which the ante-
rior border of the succeeding tergite fits. (Pl. 30, Fig. 213.).
Dorsum of tergite with two transverse rows of tubercles, six
in each series, and in addition two partially confluent tubercles
on keel in a line just mesad of the caudal excavation, the keel
elsewhere smooth. Third tergite with keels not expanded as
those of the second are, there being but three lateral crena-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 81
tions; caudal excavation of keel and the tubercle of segment
as in the second. In the fourth and succeeding keels there is
no excavation on the caudal side, the anterior border being
bent down so as to bend beneath the preceding keel as a whole
instead of fitting into a furrow and notch. Fourth keels with
four crenations on lateral margin, the following ones with six.
Tubercles in general as described for the second segment,
excepting that typically only one tubercle is distinct at the bend
in the keel.
Penult tergite widely overlapping the last segment, the keels
meeting behind, or separated only by a narrow incision; caudal
end of each keel rounded, four crenations between the rounded
caudal end and the widely rounded anterior corner; dorsum
convexly elevated above the keels, which are pale in color
throughout, and bearing two transverse rows of tubercles, six
in each row. The keels curve down marginally all the way
around, (Pl. 30, Fig. 214.)
Anal segment with cauda short and rather narrow, distally
rounded. Valves a little convex, mesally margined. (PI. .30,
Fig. 215.) Scale subtrapeziform. (See Pl. 30, Fig. 215.)
Gonopods of male with coxae, completely concealing the
telopodites when in situ. See further Pl. 30, Figs. 216 and 217.
Length, 8 mm.; width, 1.2 mm.
British Guiana: First Mourie. Aug. 26, 1914; F. M.
Gaige. A male and a female collected under fallen leaves in
a tree clump. Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,187.
82 University of Michigan
Agnurodesmus thrixophor, sp. nov.
Dorsum brown over fulvous, the brown pigment on each
metatergite tending to outline roughly two transverse rows of
polygonal area. Venter and legs fulvous.
Collum with anterior margin straight; the caudal and lat-
eral margins together forming a convex or semi-circular curve.
Across the anterior border a series of longitudinal sulci, leaving
between them ridges or elongate tubercles, each of which bears
a seta; this series of tubercles continues out upon the lateral
lobe or keel, but shifts a little caudad, the tubercles being
shorter and more remote from the anterior margin. Back of
this anterior series of ridges the surface bears numerous shorter
setae, :\(BLy 303 Pig. 212.)
The second tergite is long, bent downward and expanded
below, the lower margin attaining the lower level of head and
the anterior rounded corner protruding forward also as far
as the anterior edge of the head or nearly so. Lateral margin
with ten crenations, the first being the much larger rounded
anterior corner. Caudal margin notched somewhat as in Clio-
desmus, but the notch larger and more obtuse. Keel margined
all the way around.
The third tergite with keel much shorter, only four crena-
tions on ectal margin. Caudal border concavely excavated for
reception of succeeding keel. In the following segments the
anterior margin smooth and straight, or nearly so, the mesal
angle jutting forward as usual. Four crenations at ectal end
of fourth to sixth keels, usually five on the others or six on a
few of the last ones. Within the margining rim all around,
or more vaguely on anterior border, a series of areas sepa-
rated by sulci or depressions, each one bearing a seta; the
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 83
margin often vaguely crenate in correspondence with all or
most of these border areas. The fourth and immediately fol-
lowing keels narrowing and rounded distad; those of more
posterior segments more quadrate. (PI. 30, Fig. 212.) Cau-
dal margin of keels of last few segments oblique, the caudal
angle becoming acute, those of the eighteenth more strongly
bent back, while those of the nineteenth nearly meet in the
middle line and widely overlap the last segment in the usual
manner. Across each ordinary metatergite two rows of long
setae, typically six setae in each series between the keels.
Cauda of anal segment narrow, distally rounded, not reach-
ing caudal edge of keels of nineteenth segment. Anal scale
broad, triangular, the caudal angle extending beyond the
tubercles.
Length, about 16 mm.; width, 2.5 mm.
Colombia: San Lorenzo. July 3, 1913; F. M. Gaige. One
female under log at 4,500 feet. Holotype, M. C. Z., 5,188.
Easily distinguished from A. verrucosus (Brolemann), the
genotype, by differences in the collum. In the latter species
the collum is crossed by two series of setae in which those of
the posterior series are larger. In thrixophor, on the contrary,
there is'an anterior series of long setae, while the remaining
part of the plate bears shorter setae.
84
Fig.
Fig.
Fig. .
Fig.
Vig.
University of Michigan
Pirate I
Glomeridesmus orphnius, sp. nov.
Collum and tergite. x 45.
Lower part of tergites XIII, XIV and XV.
Siphonophora graciliceps, sp. nov.
Anterior end, dorsal view.
Anterior pleurite. x75.
Pleurite of posterior region. x75.
Siphonophora pearsei, sp. nov.
Rostrum, etc., in side view, outline. x 30.
Pleurite of right side, anterior region. x75.
Pleurite of left side, posterior region. x 76.
X 45.
Souru AMERICAN DIPLOPODA PLATE I
86 University of Michigan
PiLate II
Siphonophora pearsei, sp. nov.
Fig. 9. Anterior end, dorsal view. x 30.
Fig. 10. Leg of sixth segment of male. x 76.
Fig. 11. Leg from posterior region of male. x 76.
Fig. 12. Gonopods of male, posterior view. x7
on
Fig. 13. Distal portion of left anterior gonopod, mesal view.
Fig. 14. Posterior gonopod. x 112.
Fig. 15. Tip of posterior gonopod. x325.
Siphonophora corynetes, sp. nov.
Fig. 16. A pleurite of right side of anterior region. x 76.
xX TI2Z
PLatsE II
SoutH AMERICAN DIPLOPODA
88
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
17.
18.
19.
20.
22.
23.
University of Michigan
Prams il
Anterior end, dorsal view. x 47.
Pleurite from right side of posterior region.
Anterior gonopod. x 185.
Posterior gonopod. x 18s.
Siphonophora relicta, sp. nov.
Anterior end, dorsal view. x45.
Head and collum in outline, from in front.
Right pleurite from anterior region.
x75:
x75:
x 45.
SoutH AMERICAN DIPLorova PLate III
17 18
ele)
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
28.
20.
University of Michigan
PiLate IV
Siphonophora relicta, sp. nov,
A left pleurite from posterior region. x75.
Siphonophora gwianana, sp. nov.
Anterior end, dorsal view. x 30.
Left pleurite of anterior region. x 76.
Left pleurite from posterior region. x75,
Siphonotus parvus, sp. nov.
Head and collum from in front. x I12.
Caudal end, from above. x75.
SoutH AMERICAN DIPLOPODA PLatTe IV
30;
Pegi
ae
aa Se
gers
University of Michigan
PLATE V
Stemmiulus craurus, sp. nov.
Gnathochilarium of male. x 76.
Gnathochilarium of female (setae omitted).
Second legs of male. x45.
Tip of third leg of male. x 765.
Gonopods of male, posterior view.
x 46.
x75.
SoutH AMERICAN DIPLOPODA Prt Vv
9+
Fig.
Fig.
36.
aie
ig. 38.
ase
ig. 40.
g. 41.
University of Michigan
Pirate VI
Stemmiulus craurus, sp. nov.
First legs of male. x 45.
Third legs of male. x45.
Stemmiulus drymophilus, sp. nov.
Gnathochilarium of male (setae, excepting upper laterals,
omitted). x45.
First leg of male. x 45.
Second legs of male, anterior view. x 45.
Third leg of male. x 45.
Tip of third leg of male. x 325.
South AMERICAN DIPLOPODA Prats VI
QM;
96
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Vig.
Tig.
Tig.
42.
43-
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
University of Michigan
Pirate VII
Stemmiulus drymophilus, sp.
nov.
Second leg of male, ectal view. x 46.
Tip of second leg of male. x 325.
Gonopods of male, anterior view (setae from distal end proL-
ably rubbed off). x 30.
Gonopods of male, posterior view.
X 30.
Stemmiulus ruthveni, sp. nov.
Gnathochilarium of male. x55.
First legs of male. x 46.
Second legs of male, posterior view.
x 46.
SoutH AMERICAN DIPLOPODA Peate? VII
98 University of Michigan
Pirate VIII gh ie
Stemmiulus ruthveni, sp. nov.
Fig. 49. Third legs of male. x 45.
Fig. 50. Tip of third leg of male. x 325.
Fig. 51. Gonopods of male, posterior view. x 30.
Fig. 52. Distal ends of telopodite of gonopod, anterior view. x73.
Stemmiulus labbanus, sp. nov.
Fig. 53. Gnathochilarium of male. x 45.
Fig. 54. First leg of male. x 45. zs. j
Fig. 55. Tip of second leg of male. x 325.
PLATE VIII
SoutH AMERICAN DIPLOPODA
I0O
Fig.
Fig. 57.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Fig.
Tig.
Or.
University of Michigan
Prats 1X
Stemmiulus labbanus, sp. nov.
Second leg of male. x45.
Third leg of male, caudal view. x 45.
Tip of third leg of male. x325.
Gonopods of male, posterior view. x 30.
Gonopods of male, anterior view. x 30,
Prostemmiulus heterops, sp. nov.
Caudal edge of ventral end of twentieth tergite.
Soutin AMERICAN DIPLOPODA q PLATE IX
102
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
63.
64.
67.
68.
University of Michigan
Prare X
Prostemmiulus heterops, sp. nov.
Gnathochilarium of female. x55.
Head and collum from right side, female. x 30.
Portion of head of same from left side to show eyes. x 30.
Epinannolene lorenzonus, sp. nov.
Collam and adjacent parts, left side. x17.
Right gonopod, posterior view (setae probably in part rubled
OiD ets KIO;
Right gonopod, anteromesal view. x 30.
Epinannolene artus, sp. nov
Collum of female. x 45.
SoutH AMERICAN DIPLopPopA oy! Pirate X
104 University of Michigan
Pirate XI
Epinannolene arius, sp. nov.
Tig. 69. Gonopods of male, posterior view. x75.
Epinannolene xestus, sp. nov.
Fig. 70. Collum and portion of head, lateral view. x 30.
Typhlonannolene adaptus, sp. nov.
Fig. 71. Anterior end, lateral view. x 30.
Fig. 72. Gnathochilarium of female. x 45.
Fig. 73. Antenna, with setae omitted. x 30.
Nanostreptus orthacanthus, sp. nov.
Fig. 74. Collum, ventrolateral view. x17.
NI
On
Fig. Ends of collum and succeeding two tergites, ventral view. x 17.
Fig. 76. Cardo of mandible, ectal view. x 45.
Soutn AMERICAN DIPLOPODA Pate XI
106 University of Michigan
Pirate XII
Nanostreptus orthacanthus, sp. nov.
Fig. 77. Gonopods of male, anterior view. x 22.
Fig. 78. Right gonopod, posterior view. x 22.
Fig. 79. Leg of sixth segment of male. x 45.
Fig. 80. Caudal end of body, dorsal view. x17.
Fig. 81. Anal scale. x 17.
Nanostreptus astix, sp. nov.
Fig. 82. Collum, lateral view. x17.
Fig. 83. Outer face of cardo of mandible, in outline. x 45.
Fig. 84. Anal scale. x17.
SoutH AMERICAN DIPLOPODA it PLATE XII
108 University of Michigan
Pirate XIII
Nanostreptus astix, sp. nov.
Fig. 85. Caudal end of body, dorsal view. x17.
Nanostreptus gracilior, sp. nov.
Fig. 86. Collum, etc., lateral view. x 30.
Fig. 87. Anal scale. x60.
Epistreptus eustriatus, sp. nov.
Fig. 88. Collum, etc., lateral view. x13.
Fig. 89. Caudal end of body, ventral view. x 13
Spirostreptus atoporus, sp. nov.
Fig. 90. Collum, lateral view. x 17.
Fig. gt. Anal scale. x17.
Soutn AMERICAN DIPLOPODA PLATE XIIB
(o>.
110
Fig.
. 97.
University of Michigan
Prate XIV
Orthoporus etholax, sp. nov.
Collum, ete., lateral view (male). x 13.
~ Collum and adjacent parts of female, lateral view.
Anal scale of female. x15.
Left gonopod of male, anterior view. xX I?.
Left gonopod, posterior view. X17.
Orthoporus walkeri, sp. nov.
Anal scale. x17.
x FS
ei
Soutn AMERICAN DIPLOPODA PLATE XIV
LIZ
University of Michigan
PLATE XV
Orthoporus walkeri, sp. nov.
l‘ig. 98. Collum, etc., of female. x 13.
Tig.
"ig.
lig.
Tig.
Tig.
Io].
102,
103.
Orthoporus gaigei, sp. nov.
Collum of female. x 13.
Collum of male. x 13.
Right gonopod of male, viewed from a little laterad of
directly in front. x17.
Tip of right gonopod of a variant male, anterior view. x17.
Tip of left gonopod of same variant male. x 17.
SoutH AMERICAN DIPLOPODA PLATE XV
114
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
104.
100.
107.
108.
100.
University of Michigan
PLATE XVI
Orthoporus gaigei, sp. nov.
Anal scale. x 17.
Orthoporus foliatus, sp. nov.
Collum, etc., of female, lateral view. x 13.
Rhinocricus amblus, sp. nov.
Caudal end of body, lateral view, male. x17.
The same, dorsal view. x17.
Gonopods of male, anterior view, the left posterior gonopod
omitted. x 30.
Microspirobolus tridens, sp. nov.
Gonopods of male, paratype, anterior view. x 45.
SoutH AMERICAN DIpPLopopa
PLATE XVI
54s Barby University of Michigan
Pirate XVII
Microspirobolus tridens, sp. nov.
Fig. 110.. Posterior gonopod, caudal view. x75.
Pycnotropis colombiensis, sp. nov.
Fig. 111. Keels of collum and succeeding two tergites. x 13.
Fig. 112. Left gonopod, caudoventral view. x 30.
Fig. 113. Right gonopod, ectal view. x 30.
Pycnotropis cylindroides, sp. nov.
Fig. 114. Tenth right keel of male (type). x13.
Fig. 115. Seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth right keels in out-
line. x13.
Fig. 116. Left gonopod, caudoventral view. x 30.
Soutn AMERICAN DipLoPopa Pirate XVII
118
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
117.
118.
119.
120.
E21.
122.
123.
University of Michigan
Pirate XVIII
Rhyphodesmus amphelictus, sp. nov.
Distal end of gonopods, ventral view. x17.
Left gonopod, ectal view. x17.
Aphelidesmus guianensis, sp. nov.
Lateral portion of collum and second tergite, laterodorsal
view. x13.
Fourth and fifth keels, male, view a little lateral of dorsal.
Be 1st
Anal scale: x13:
Right gonopod, ectal view.
Trachelodesmus angulatus, sp. nov.
Left ends of collum and second tergite, female, laterodorsal
view. X 33.
Seventeenth right keel. x 33.
Left sternal spines of seventeenth and eighteenth segment:,
ectal view. x45.
Pirate XVIII
SoutH AMERICAN DIPLOPODA
120 University of Michigan
PLATE XIX
Trachelodesmus ancylophor, sp. nov.
Fig. 126. Left ends of collum and second tergite, view a little lateral
of dorsal. x 33.
Left keel of fifteenth segment. x 33.
yt
dQ
—
to
aT
Dromodesmus longipes, sp. nov.
Fig. 128. Left ends of collum and second tergite in outline (tubercles,
etc., omitted), dorsal view. x 13.
Fig. 129. Tenth left keel, in outline, dorsal view. x 13.
Fig. 130. Right side of caudal end in outline, dorsal view (setae of
cauda omitted). x 13.
Fig. 131. Antenna (male type), in outline. x 13.
Fig. 132. Left gonopod, ventral view. x 33.
Fig. 133. Anal scale.
SoutH AMERICAN DIPLOPODA PLATE XIX
122 University of Michigan
PLATE XX
Dromodesmus longipes, sp. nov.
‘Fig. 134. Leg of fourth to last pair of male type, in outline. x 13.
Fig. 135. Left gonopod, ectal view. x 33.
Colombodesmus catharus, sp. nov.
Fig. 136. Left ends of collum and succeeding two tergites in outline,
the tubercles, etc., not represented. x 17.
Fig. 137. Tenth left keel in outline. x 17.
Fig. 138. Left side of caudal end of body, dorsal view, in outline. x 17.
Fig. 139. Right sternal spines of last two pediferous segments, with
bases of legs. x 30.
Fig. 140. Anal scale. x 30.
SoutH AMERICAN DIPLOPODA PLATE XX
124
Tig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
14].
Bee. 8
. F4S,
. 144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
University of Michigan
Pirate XXI
Colombodesmus catharus, sp. nov.
Penult leg in outline (setae and granules omitted).
Colombodesmus lygrus, sp. nov.
Tenth keel, dorsal view. x17.
Penult leg (granules and setae omitted). x 30.
Eighteenth and nineteenth left keels. x 17.
Cormodesmus hirsutellus, sp. nov.
Collum and second tergite, dorsal view. x 30.
Antenna. x 30.
Eleventh left keel. x 30.
Anal scale. x 45.
X 30.
SoutTH AMERICAN DIPLOPODA PLATE XX}
126
Tig.
Fig.
Fig.
Tig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
140.
University of Michigan
Pirate XXII
Cormodesmus hirsutellus, sp. nov.
Gonopods of male, type, ventral view. x 30.
Alassodesmus reductus, sp. nov.
Thirteenth right keel. x 30.
Sternal spines and bases of adjacent legs of last two pedif-
erous segments, lateral view. xX 30.
Anal scale. x75.
Leg of one of last pairs, with setae omitted. x 45.
Trichomorpha tuberculosa, sp. nov.
Tenth keel. x17.
Eighteenth and nineteenth keels. x 17.
Seventh leg of male, with setae omitted. x17.
SoutH AMERICAN DIPLOPODA | Peate- XXIT
128 University of Michigan
PLATE XXIII
Trichomorpha tuberculosa, sp. nov.
Fig. 157. Left gonopod, mesal view. x75.
Fig. 158. Gonopod, ventroectal view. x 75.
Trichomorpha rugosella, sp. nov.
Fig. 159. Anal scale. x 45.
Fig. 160. Left gonopod of male, ventral view. x 75.
Fig. 161. Left gonopod of male, mesal view. x 75.
Vig. 162. Tip of left gonopod, ectal view. x 75,
Pirate XXIII
SoutH AMERICAN DIPLoPoDpA
158
130
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
e103:
. 164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
University of Michigan
PLATE XXIV
Trichomorpha rugosella, sp. nov.
Seventh leg of male, with setae omitted. x 30.
Eighteenth and nineteenth left keels of male, type.
Trichomorpha setostor, sp. nov.
Sixth keel. x 30.
Eighteenth and nineteenth keels. x 30.
Trichomorpha eutyla, sp. nov.
Left end of tenth tergite. x 30.
Seventeenth to nineteenth keels, in outline. x 30.
Right gonopod, ventral view. x75.
Right gonopod, ectal view. x75.
x 30.
SoutH AMERICAN DIPLOPODA PLATE XXIV
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
lig.
r71.
173.
University of Michigan
PLatE XXV
Trichomorpha eutyla, sp. nov.
Seventh leg of male. x 30.
Trichomorpha paurothrix, sp. nov.
Right half of seventeenth tergite. x 30.
Trichomorpha angulella, sp. nov.
Right ends of Gehtocnth and nineteenth tergites. x 45.
Trichomorpha eusema, sp. nov.
Tenth keel, etc., of male type. x17.
Eighteenth and nineteenth keels, etc., male type. x17.
Seventh leg of male (type). x 30.
I,eft gonopod, ventral view, type. x7:.
Left gonopod, ectal view. x75
SoutH AMERICAN DIPLOPODA Puate XXV
171
134
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
183.
184.
University of Michigan’ —
PLatE XXVI
Chondrodesmus tamocalanus, sp. nov.
Twelfth right keel of type, male. x17.
Eighteenth left keel of same. x17.
Tenth keel of a male paratype. x13.
Right gonopod, anteromesal view. x 45.
Chondrodesmus cerasinopes, Sp. nov.
Eleventh keel, in outline. x 13.
Seventeenth to nineteenth left keels. x 13.
Chondrodesmus virgatus, sp. nov.
Tenth left keel. x17,
Seventeenth left keel. x17.
Prats XXVI
SoutH AMERICAN DIPLoPoDA
136
Fig.
187.
. 188.
. 180.
. 190.
. BGA,
892.
mrgs:
. 104.
University of Michigan
Pirate XXVIII
Chondrodesmus rugosior, sp. nov.
Tenth keel. x13.
Left gonopod, antedomesal view. x 30.
Zigwadesmus guiananus, sp. Nov.
Third, fourth and fifth keels. x17.
Tenth keel. x17.
Thirteenth and fourteenth keels, lateral view.
Anal ‘scale. =x 17:
Cauda, etc., lateral view. «17.
Zigwadesmus modestus, sp. nov.
Anal scale. x 30.
X17.
Soutn AMERICAN DIPLOPODA Puateé XXVII
. iffy oo
pe
——
——<-.
138
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Tig.
Fig.
Fig.
195.
196.
197.
108.
199.
201.
(University of Michigan
PLarE XXVIII
Zigwadesmus guiananus, sp. nov.
Last tergite, dorsal view. x17.
Zigwadesmus modestus, Sp. nov.
Fourth and fifth keels. x 30.
Tenth keel. x 30.
Thirteenth and fourteenth keels, lateral view.
Last tergite, dorsal view, with setae omitted.
Arionus ulophilus; sp. nov.
Anal scale. x75.
Tenth keel.
X 30.
X 30.
Prats XXVIII
SoutH AMERICAN DIPLOPODA
140 University of Michigan
Prateh XXIX
Arionus ulophilus, sp. nov.
Fig. 202. Head with collum and second tergite, ventroanterior view.
X 30.
Fig. 203. Collum and succeeding three tergites, lateral view, in out-
line. x 30.
Fig. 204. Caudal end of body in outline, dorsal view (tubercles of
general surface omitted). x 30.
Fig. 205. Gonopods, ventral view. x 45.
Fig. 206. Gonopod, mesal view. x75.
Guianonus ectoporus, sp. nov.
Fig. 207. Last three tergites. x 45.
Fig. 208. Anal scale. x75.
Fig. 209. Gonopods of male, caudal view. x75.
Soutn AMERICAN Drproropa PLAT XXX
142 University of Michigan
PLAGE OOo
Guianonus ectoporus, sp. nov.
Fig. 210. Right side of anterior end of body in outline, dorsal view.
x 45.
Fig. 211. Tenth and eleventh keels in outline. x 45.
Agnurodesmus thrixophor, sp. nov.
Fig. 212. Collum and the three following tergites, lateral view. x 17.
Cliodesmus cryptopygus, Sp. nov.
Fig. 213. Head, collum and three following tergites, lateral view. x 30.
Fig. 214. Anal end of body, dorsal view. x 30.
Fig. 215. Anal end of body, ventral view. x 30.
Fig. 216. Gonopods in situ, ventral view. x75.
Fig. 217. Right gonopod in situ, mesal view. x75.
<outH AMERICAN DIPLOPODA PrATreE XXX
juan te Khe AG
REL WISis Oo, AERTS? SID
, - - Wy - ie : el
2 —
* 2 4
4 ? ° - /
f
7
'
‘ de, 4
4 x
s ; J
f
?
- 5 P
«*
’ *
. “
ae ’ ».
-
ca 2 :
“> .
“4
34
we
4 ‘
rf . 's
Pree he . ~
NUMDER 134 FEBRUARY I0, 1923
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN Arsor, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
A NEW SPECIES OF ARCHAEOGOMPHUS
(ODONATA)
By E. B. WILLIAMSON
In Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, Univer-
sity of Michigan, Number 59, June 24, 1918, and Number 63,
January 5, 1919, I have described a new gomphine as Archaeo-
gomphus hamatus. ‘This paper is supplementary to the two
previously published papers.
In Paper Number 63 it was pointed out that species referred
to Agriogomphus by Needham, Ris and Williamson did not
belong to that genus, and the new genus Archaeogomphus was
proposed for wings figured by Needham, species not named;
for Agriogomphus infans Ris, known from two females; for
Agriogomphus hamatus Williamson, known from both sexes,
and for an unnamed female from Colombia described by
Williamson.
The University of Michigan Expedition to Venezuela col-
lected a single male and female of a species evidently the same
as the unnamed Colombian female. The species is distinct
and is therefore here described and named.
2 University of Michigan
Archaeogomphus furcatus, new species
Abdomen, male 24, female 24; hind wing, male 18.5, female
19-20.
Male—Like A. hamatus except as noted below. Labrum
with only a trace of a diffuse median brown spot; frons above
slightly brownish, no defined triangular median spot; occiput
rounded off posteriorly as in hamatus, and at either end a
small, scarcely discernible knob where the horns of the female
occur.
Abdominal segment 2 slightly darker above than laterally,
except at base, but no distinctly defined areas except the pos-
terior black edge on the auricle; posterior suture black or
nearly so (brown in hamatus) ; 3 as in hamatus, but with the
apical brown not evident; likewise on 4-6 the apical dark is
evident only as an ill-defined darkening on each segment, suc-
cessively darker posteriorly and occupying about one-third of
6; the dark ring in the basal pale area of each of segments 4-6
is narrow as in 3, and much narrower than in hamatus.
Second and third femora brown above, little if any darker
at apex; tarsi brown, marked yellow as described for hamatus.
(A re-examination of hamatus shows that in at least one case
the tarsi are largely yellow, only the joints and the apex of
the ‘last segment being brown or black.)
Second hamule with the apical hook slightly more recurved
than in hamatus and, the ventral border of the hamule, anterior
to the hook, slightly elevated and rounded; not as straight as
in hamatus.
The above description is based on a single male of furcatus.
The body colors of these gomphines are in general not in sharp
contrast and postmortem changes operate still farther to oblit-
erate the obscure pattern lines; so color differences between
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3
hamatus and furcatus at present should not be relied on in
separating the species.
Female—In the teneral Bejuma female the body markings
are all obscure and ill defined. The sutures between the abdom-
inal segments are black; there is a narrow black ring at about
two-fifths the length of 3, one-third the length of 4, and one-
fourth the length of 5-7; the base and apex of each:of 3-7
with more or less distinct traces of darker, especially the apex
and laterally ; 8-10 dull, slightly darker than the segments basal
to them.
In the adult Cristalina female, which has been previously
described (Paper Number 59, loc. cit.), in lateral view abdom-
inal segments 3-6 have each an inferior dark stripe from base
to and very slightly beyond the postbasal dark ring and the
apical black on 3-5 is produced anteriorly along the ventral
border more than half the distance from the apex to the post-
basal dark ring; on 6 the black is as extensive dorsally as
laterally.
As in the case of the male, the description of body colors
must be interpreted cautiously.
Male and female—Wings similar to hamatus. Antenodals
front wing, male 1o, female 11 (75%) or 10 (25%); hind
wing, both sexes, 9. Postnodals front wing, male 5, female 5
(75%) or 6 (25%); hind wing, male 5, female 5 (75%) or 6
(25%). Inthe front wing the number of cells on the anterior
side Cu, which do not reach M, is 1, and in the hind wing it is
I in the male and in'the female 1 (25%) or 2 (75%). In
the hind wings the number of cells posterior to Cu, and distal
to the postanal cell which do not reach the posterior wing mar-
gin is none or a single very small cell in the male; in the
female there are 2 cells (the Bejuma female) or 3 (the Cris-
4 University of Michigan
talina female, misinterpreted as 4, due to crossvein shifting,
in the original description, Paper Number 59, loc. cit.).* In
the triangles of the front wing of the male and both females
the distal part of the anterior side is equal to about two-fifths
the combined lengths of the proximal and distal parts of the
anterior side of the triangle; and likewise in the hind wings of
all the specimens {the distal part of the anterior side equals
about one-fourth the combined lengths of the two parts of
the anterior side.
The following brief color notes were made of the type male
at the time of capture: Eyes brilliant bright green above,
sharply pale brownish green below; in front with a large light
yellowish brown pseudopupilla surrounded with green. Tho-
rax light brownish yellow, marked with black and brown.
Abdomen light brownish yellow and black; 7, apical to the
median transverse carina, light yellowish green; 9-10, light
reddish brown.
Other descriptive notes on A. furcatus are included in the
final part of this paper where the genus is described and the
three known species are briefly discussed.
Habitat: Colombia and Venezuela. Described from the
type male, Bejuma, Carabobo, Venezuela, February 18, 1920,
the allotype female, February 15, 1920, and a female, Crista-
lina, Antioquia, Colombia, February 14, 1917, all in coll. E.
B. W.
On February 15, 1920, our collecting party went west out
*In hamatus I find one male wing with none and one female wing
with one only, thus differing from my original description (Paper
Number 59, Joc. cit.), In the male and female wings figured (Plate
II, Paper Number 59, loc. cit.) there is one cell in the male and two
in the female wing. Caution is required in interpreting this character
if cross-veins posterior to the subtriangle are switched about as is
sometimes the case.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5
the main street of Bejuma to the Bejuma River and followed
down stream all day. ‘The river is about fifteen to thirty feet
wide, in a sand or gravelly bed, shallow pools alternating with
gentle ripples, and the banks, immediately adjacent to the
stream, are largely covered with wild cane. ‘There are less
frequent growths of small trees and occasional open spots of
grass or solid spreads of convolvulus. Where we left the river
in the afternoon some round, grass-covered hills lay on the
left bank, and between these hills and the river was a small,
poorly tended and sickly coffee planting with a few large shade
trees scattered through it. At the foot of the hills at the edge
of the coffee planting were a few small swampy spots.
After the day’s collecting we found in Jesse Williamson’s
material a single slightly teneral female Archaeogomphus which
he failed to recognize when it was captured, but which he
knew he had collected somewhere on the river. On February
18 I returned to the river to search for more specimens of
the species. Cutting across country, I struck the river at the
coffee planting, which, in view of our observations of A.
hamatus in Colombia, seemed to me the most likely spot along
the river for specimens of the genus. A thorough search
over the entire coffee planting yielded nothing, so I started
up river, working carefully adjacent cane patches, dry woods,
a small banana field, and the broad expanses of waist-high
convolvulus leaves, but without success. About two miles of
the river was thus worked and I then returned, working down
stream as carefully as I had worked up, and arriving without
success about 4:30 p. m. at the coffee planting. Here I found
many small libellulines resting on the tips of the dead twigs
of the coffee trees (really bushes). These libellulines were
busily inspected for half an hour in the hope of detecting an
6 University of Michigan
Archaeogomphus among them, and about 5 o’clock I gave up
the search and started home. Passing from the coffee planting
near the river, I looked back for the last time and saw, resting
on a dead twig tip about three feet from the ground, a small
dragonfly whose wings were horizontal. instead of slightly
drooping in the almost invariable small libelluline position. I
retraced my steps, and as I approached I saw the separated
eyes of a gomphine, which, after a few literally breathless sec-
onds, was safely fluttering in my cyanide bottle. This speci-
men is the type of the species. I worked over the coffee plant-
ing several‘times in the next hour till the setting sun ended
the day’s collecting, but not another Archaeogomphus was seen.
Tur GeNus ARCHAEOGOMPHUS AND ITS SPECIES
In view of the characters shown by the new species
described above, the genus Archaeogomphus may now be
defined as follows: Small, short-legged gomphines with the
third femora reaching backward slightly beyond the base of
abdominal segment 2. Venation simple; triangles, supratri-
angles and subtriangles free, crossveins between M,_, and M,
not specialized, triangle four-sided, stigma without brace-vein,
basal antenodal of second series wanting, one cubito-anal
crossvein in addition to the inner side of the subtriangle, one
row of postrigonal /cells in both front and hind wings, anal
area of the front wing one cell wide, two postanal cells in the
hind wing, cells posterior to Cu, and distal to the postanal
cells in the hind wing, which do not reach the posterior wing
margin, none to four in the male and one to six in the female,
anal triangle wanting in the male, but posterior margin strongly
angled. Male with the abdominal appendages reduced and
functionless as grasping organs, the dorsum of segment 10
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7
armed with two dorsal basal hooks and the dorsal apex of the
segment produced posteriorly in a long tapering snout; female
vulvar lamina with a broad, short base and two long tapering
branches which reach nearly to or slightly beyond the apex of
segment 9, branches apparently flexible as, in the same species,
they are parallel and contiguous or the apices may be separated,
the apex of each branch curved outward and away from the
other branch.
With the description of A. furcatus in this paper three spe-
cies of Archaeogomphus are now known. The wings of a
male from Brazil have'been figured but not named by Need-
ham. It is not impossible that this male is A. infans Ris
described from two females, the only known specimens, from
Argentina. The other two species, iamatus and furcatus, are
known from both sexes.
The females of the three species may be separated by the
following brief key:
1. Rear of occiput armed with two posteriorly directed spines or
horns; two or three cells posterior to Cu, in the hind wing which
do not reach the posterior wing margin.................. furcatus
1’. Rear of occiput not armed with posteriorly directed horns..... a
2(1’). One to three cells posterior to Cuz in the hind wing which
do not reach the posterior wing margin.........0....e.0.. hamatus
2’. Six cells posterior to Cu, in the hind wing which do not reach the
RE MRI PIER os ows « «ok w ac chee Boe eee wee c* infans
It is certain that the venational character of infans employed
above and based only on Ris’s figure of one wing will prove
variable, but I believe the character, when the limits of varia-
tion have been determined, will prove sufficient for the separa-
tion of infans and hamatus. In the coalescence of the five
veins at the posterior angle of the triangle in the hind wing
of infans and the separation of these veins into two groups,
8 University of Michigan
three anterior and two posterior, in hamatus, we have another
venational character probably of specific value.
It is assumed in this paper that the Cristalina female pre-
viously described (Paper Number 59, loc. cit.) is conspecific
with the allotype of A. furcatus from Bejuma, as no charac-
ters for separating these two females have been detected. How-
ever, the Magdalena basin in which Cristalina lies and the
Orinoco basin in which Bejuma lies are widely separated, and
it is not impossible, though I believe it is improbable, that
when males from the Magdalena basin are available, they may
be found to differ from those of the Orinoco basin. In fact,
with such scanty material no prediction as to the number of
species occurring in each region is possible.
In the allotype female of furcatus ‘the postoccipital horns
are as figured for the Cristalina female (Paper Number 59,
loc. cit., Plate I, figure 13), but due to the teneral condition
of the allotype the horns are bent and slightly crumpled against
the prothorax as the head is turned one-fourth around with its
dorsal surface to the side.
The vulvar lamina is likewise identical in the two and is
very similar to that of hamatus (figure 11, loc. ctt.), except
that in furcatus the branches are more slender, slightly longer,
the outer edges more nearly parallel, and they come off from
the base more abruptly, or, to express this last point differ-
ently, each branch at the base is narrower in furcatus than in
hamatus. ‘The vulvar lamina of infans has not been figured,
but, as described, it is of the same general character as it is in
hamatus and furcatus.
The known males of ;Archaeogomphus are beautifully sep-
arated by the outline of the first joint of the penis (seminal
vesicle) in posterior view, as shown in figures 3 and 4 accom-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9
panying this paper. Other characters are found in the tenth
segment (compare figures 3 and 4, Plate I, Paper Number 59,
loc. cit., with figures I and 2, in this paper). In furcatus the
dorsal hooks on abdominal segment I0 are more slender and
are directed posteriorly, while in hamatus the hooks are directed
interno-posteriorly. In dorsal view the snout-like apex of I0
is broader in furcatus than in hamatus.
NUMBER 135 FEBRUARY 25, 1923
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN Arbor, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
THE MOLLUSCA COLLECTED BY THE UNIVER-
SITY OF MICHIGAN-WALKER EXPEDITION IN
SOUTHERN VERA CRUZ, MEXICO, IV
By H. Burrincton BAKER
The introduction and parts I, II, and III of the present
paper appeared as number 106 of this series (Feb. 18, 1922).
The habitat references (preceded by H) are explained in the
introduction. Attention is called to the following errata in
the preceding parts:
Page 8, 5 lines from bottom: (?) to precede U. plicatulus.
Pages 10, 11, 12: &. p. crocodilorum, not crocodilarum
(corrected by L. S. Frierson, in letter).
Pages 24, 25, 27: Arotonaias, not Artonaias (correction
due to L. S. Frierson).
Page 47, 6 lines from bottom: Drymeus, not Drymacus.
Pages 48, 49: £. elegantulus, not elegantula.
Page 56, 5 lines from bottom: T. hornii, not koriiit.
2 University of Michigan
SPHAERIIDA:
Pisidiuim atlanticum Sterki. Sixteen specimens from near
bank of La Laja, buried in wet humus and leaves at edge of
forest pools (H, v, a). The growth-wrinkles on these speci-
mens are considerably coarser than is usual in the species.
PLANORBIDA;
Planorbis cultratus d’Orbigny. One specimen; on roots of
water plants, northern corner of Lake Catemaco (H, vii, d).
More or less intermediate between this species and P. sumi-
chrasti C. and F., this specimen appears closer to the former.
It is somewhat higher than typical P.'cultratus, and the cari-
nation of the outer lips of the aperture is not quite so acute.
Planorbis isabel “Morelet” Sowerby (1879).
P. ysabelensis C. and F. (1879).
Eleven specimens; 10 from pools in ‘burnt-over area (H,
v, b); 1 from rocks in shallow water near shore of Laguna de
Catemaco (H, vii, d). A peculiar species, with each whorl
extensively enveloping the preceding one.
Planorbis retusus Morelet? A single small, broken speci-
men, but the growth and spiral riblets are well marked; from
lowland forest ponds along La Laja (H, v, a), perhaps drifted
in from La Laja itself (H, vi, a).
Planorbula orbicula (Morelet). ‘Two rather small speci-
mens; from Laguna de Catemaco'(H, vii, d).
Planorbula obstructa (Morelet). Five specimens; from
lowland forest pools (H, v, a) and pools in burnt-over region
(H, v, b). These correspond very well with Crosse and
Fischer’s figures.
Planorbula dentiens cannarum (Morelet). Nine specimens;
from roots of water-plants, Laguna de Catemaco (H, vii, d). —
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3
Although most of the specimens possess the typical, internal
callus, none have developed the teeth.
PHYSIDA
Physa spiculata Morelet. Seven specimens; from pools in
lowland forests (H, v, a) and in the burnt-over region (H, v,
b), and from roots of water-plants (Pistia) along the shore of
Laguna de Catemaco (H, vii, d).
ANCYLIDA;
Uncancylus sp.? Several specimens that appear to belong
to this genus were found on rocks, etc., near shore of Laguna
de Catemaco (H, vii, d). They have been sent to Dr. Bryant
Walker for examination.
PUPILLIDA
Sterkia bakert Pilsbry (1921). One specimen, the type,
from ground in lowland forests (H, i, a).
Pupisoma dioscoricola insigne Pilsbry. ‘Twenty-three speci-
mens; from leaves of trees in lowland forests (H, i, b) and
the savannah brush (H, ii, b). (Identified by Dr. Pilsbry.)
SUCCINEIDZ
Succinea virgata von Martens. One adult and 4 young
specimens ; on floating debris in Arroyo Hueyapam, near mouth
of La Laja (H, vii, a). The adult measures:
Altitude Greatest diameter Heightaperture Diameter aperture
12.3 mm. 59 (7.3 mm.)1 67 (8.3 mm.)1 47 (5.8 mm.)1
From the description and figures, I cannot separate this
species from the more southern S. guatemalensis Morelet,
1As in the previous parts of this paper, the first dimension is
given in millimeters, while the remainder are each expressed, as a
percentage, in terms of the first; these ratios are followed by the
actual measurements in millimeters (in parentheses).
4 University of Michigan
which has the priority. Specimens from Guatemala also are
in the A.W. <5, P-.
Succinea virgata microspira C. and 'F. (1878).
S. uv. pueblensis C. and F. (1878), not S. pueblensis C. and F.
(1877, 1878).
Eleven specimens; from the banks of La Laja (H, vii, a),
and from wet place with water oozing out over rocks, on the
shore of Laguna de Catemaco (H, vii, d). Examples measure:
Greatest Height Diameter
Altitude diameter aperture aperture
Hae avai aoe cae tm 62 (7.7 mm.) 73 (9.0 mm.) 50 (6.2 mm.)
ee yit cche = seasieS anim: 63 (7.2 mm.) 75 (8.6 mm.) 50 (5.7 mm.)
The Latin description of Crosse and Fischer (1878) gives
the name of this variety as var. (beta) microspira (p. 659),
but the French description gives it as var. (beta) pueblensis;
under the remarks it is again called var. (beta) muicrospira.
The plate does not use the varietal name (xxvii-3). Von Mar-
tens (1900) re-describes the form as microspira n.
Succinea brevis Dunker? One specimen; from grass on
the cleared portion of the Hacienda de Cuatotolapam (H, ii, c).
This shell has quite the shape of a young S. virgata, but is
solider and more opaque than are even the adults of that spe-
cies. The growth-lines are heavy, so as to give the shell almost
a ribbed appearance, while the spiral lines are also quite evident.
The color (after stay in alcohol) is creamy and opaque, alter-
nating in stripes with a rather dark amber. ‘The shell has
almost 3 whorls, and there is a rather definite callus on the
columellar margin of the aperture.
OLEACINIDA
Streptostyla irrigua similis Strebel. Five specimens; from
the ground in the lowland forests (H, i, a). The following is
the synonymy of the entire species, as it appears to me:
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5
A. Streptostyla irrigua irrigua (Shuttleworth). Typical form.
Spiraxis (Streptostyla) irrigua Shuttleworth (1852) ;
Streptostyla 1. C. and F. (1870) and von Mart. (1891).
Streptostyla cingulata Crosse and Fischer (1868, 1870).
The typical forms are those with a stronger tendency toward
impressed lines and costulae near the suture; cingulata represents the
extreme of this phase.
B. Streptostyla irrigua shutileworthi (Pfeiffer).
Spiraxis shuttleworthi Pfr. (1856).
Streptostyla sallei Crosse and Fischer (1868, 1870) ; Stre-
bel (1878), etc.
These are the larger shells which resemble, to a certain degree,
Streptostyla lattrei (Pfr.). From the original description, I certainly
agree with Strebel’s (1878, page 51) observation, ‘that true shuttle-
qorthi of Pfeiffer seems closer to sallei and edwardsiana C. and F.,
and is not what is ordinarily known by that name.
C. Streptostyla irrigua edwardsiana Crosse and Fischer (1868,
1870), and others.
This form is very close to the preceding, but is somewhat more
atteiuate.
D. Streptostyla trrigua ;similis Strebel.
Streptostyla shuttleworthi C. and F. (1870), Strebel (1878,
p. 18), von Martens (1891), etc.
Streptostyla similis Strebel (1878).
As used here, this includes the smaller thin-shelled forms, usually
called typical shuttleworthi, and also the shells with less prominent
spiral, but more prominent vertical, sculpture, which are Strebel’s
typical similis. Strebel’s shuttleworthi and his similis are not dif-
ferent geographical, or probably not even ecological, races, as he men-
tions specimens of both, obtained in the same lot (p. 19). As the
differential characters are very variable, I do not think that a new
name is necessary for the form usually called shuttleworthi.
E. Streptostyla irrigua ventricosa von Martens (1891).
S. shuttleworthi ventricosa von Martens (1891).
A slightly stouter form of what is here called similis.
This whole group of forms, all of them described from
around Cordova and Orizaba, may be nothing more than varia-
tions or ecological forms of a northern subspecies of S. lattret
6 University of Michigan
(Pfeiffer) from Guatemala. The longer and heavier forms
(true shuttleworthi) certainly approach quite closely that spe-
cies.. However, in all of the specimens that I have seen, S.
lattrei has the embryonic whorls smaller in proportion to the
size of the shell, so that the apex appears sharper than in S.
irrigua. Also, in the former, the suture is more deeply
impressed, and jeach whorl appears as if shoved up over the
preceding one, so that the embryonic whorls look as if they
had broken loose along the sutural attachment and slumped
down into the surrounding whorls. In addition, in the speci-
mens before me (A. N. 8. P.), the columella is more nearly
truncate in Jatirei than in irrigua, although the descriptions of
differen’ authors disagree on this point. I have not seen speci-
mens of Streptostyla quirozi Strebel (1878), but, from the
description and figures, it appears to be more closely related
to S. streptostyla (Pfr.) or cylindracea (Pfr.), which com-
prise a divergent offshoot from the same lattrei stock.
My specimens belong to the form similis, as used here.
They all show some signs of spiral sculpture, but two have the
vertical, impressed lines especially well-marked near the aper-
ture, so as to approach typical similis of Strebel. Two others
slightly approach typical irrigua, in that the vertical lines are
accentuated ‘near the suture. All are rather small and thin-
shelled, and have very faint, wavy varices of darker fulvous
on the light amber, general color. The whorls appear to have
a sutural border, but the lens shows this is simply due to the
transparency of the shell. The largest has a trifle over 6
whorls; it measures:
Altitude Greatest diameter Height aperture Diameter aperture
21.5 mm. 42 (gmm.) 77 (16.5 mm.) 19 (4mm.)
Salasiella margaritacea (Pfeiffer) (1857). Four specimens
(3 adult); from among leaves and humus on ground in low-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7
land forests (H, i, a). ‘They were associated with Streptostyla
irrigua similis, Von Martens’ (1891) diagnoses this species
as “‘lacvis,’ but his figure shows the plicatulations, and Pfeif-
fer’s description (1859) distinctly calls attention to them. My
specimens show quite definite growth-wrinkles, bounded
toward the aperture by impressed lines, which extend up to
within 2 whorls of the apex. Traces of very obscure, spiral
striations are also visible on the body whorls. ‘The apical
whorls are practically smooth, even under considerable mag-
nification. ‘The color of the shells is whitish-horn. They are
rather small; the largest have 5 whorls and measure:
Altitude Greatest diameter Height aperture
8.5 mm. 42 (3.8 mm.) 71 (6.0 mm.)
8.2 mm. 44 (3.6 mm. ) 71 (5.8 mm.)
This species has the shortest spire in the genus, and also
has the least-shouldered whorls. Nearest it, in general shape,
are S. guatemalensis and S. pulchella, which differ from it by
their somewhat higher spires, more marked sutures, and the
flatter, vertical sides of their apical whorls.
S. brownt Pilsbry from Panama, S. guatemalensis Pilsbry
from Guatemala, S. pulchella (Pfeiffer) from Chiapas, S. joa-
quine Strebel from Vera Cruz, and S. hinkleyi Pilsbry from
San Luis Potosi, form a series of apparently quite closely
related species. As a group, they decrease in size quite regu-
larly from south to north (lengths 12, 9.9, 10.5, 8.5, 8.5 mm.
in the order named), while the spire increases in comparative
prominence both north and south of the area near the southern
boundary of Mexico (length of aperture divided by length of
shell equals 60, 66, 67, 60, 50 per cent, respectively, in the order
named). The proportion: between the greatest diameter and
the altitude is quite the same (35 to 37 per cent) in all of
8 University of Michigan
these species, with the exception of S. guatemalensis, which is
slightly broader (40 per cent).
Euglandina decussata (Deshayes), near subspecies tenella
(Strebel). ‘Ten specimens, nearly adult, and 21 juvenile speci-
mens; from the ground and the leaves of the trees in the low-
land forests (H, i, a and b); dead shells from the burnt-over
area (H, ii, a); from the leaves of trees in the savannah brush
(H, iii, b), and one dead specimen quite far from the nearest
trees on the savannah grassland (H, iv); also from near the
Laguna de Catemaco. This species is a rapidly moving form,
which appears to cover most of the ground habitats, and goes
quite high up into the trees. The juvenile specimens are espe-
cially common on the leaves of trees.
ACHATINIDA®
Opeas beckianum (Pfeiffer) (1846). Seventy adults and
some juveniles; mainly from the ground in the lowland jungle
(H, i, a), but also from the ground in the savannah brush (H,
iii, a) and from near Lake Catemaco. These are quite char-
acteristic of the slender Vera Cruz form (cf. Pilsbry, 1906),
but have very distinct costulations on the middle whorls and
sometimes quite to the aperture. The apex, under magnifica-
tion, shows minute, spiral lines in both this species and in O.
gracile. A figure (Figure 6) of the radula is given; the mars
ginals differ from the laterals, mainly in their reduced size.
Leptinaria martensi (Pfeiffer) (1857). One adult and 8
younger specimens that are probably this form; from the
ground in the lowland jungles (H, i, a); also 1 young speci-
men, from near Lake Catemaco, that is either this form or L.
mexicanum (Pfr.). The columellar fold appears rather
variable in these shells, and the vertical costulae are quite well
marked.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9
BULIMULIDZ
Bulimulus coriaceus (Pfeiffer) (1857). Two quite typical
specimens, except for their grayish color, on the ground in a
banana plantation at the edge of the jungle, near Lake Cate-
maco. ‘The larger measures:
Altitude Greatest diameter Heightaperture Diameter aperture
19.8 mm. 52 (10.2 mm.) 49 (9.8 mm.) 34 (6.7 mm.)
Bulimulus coriaceus, var. a. Seven adults and numerous
younger specimens, from the Hacienda de Cuatotolapam, show
the dark chestnut band poorly, or even lack it entirely. A few
young shells of this form were obtained on the ground in the
lowland forests (H, 1, a), but the majority were collected from
the cleared land (H, ii, b) along the railroad track, in sugar-
cane and corn fields, and even in the middle of a road, where
they were observed, coming up out of the ground in consider-
able numbers, during a rain-storm. ‘This is plainly a deep-
burrowing form, that appears to occur in colonies, and which
thrives under conditions of cultivation. Most of the specimens
were quite typical in shape, but others were considerably more
slender. Examples measure:
Altitude Greatest diameter Heightaperture Diameter aperture
15.8 mm. 56 (8.8 mm.) 48 (7.6 mm.) 36 (5.7 mm.)
15.8 mm. 51 (8.0 mm.) 47 (7.2 mm.) 30 (4.8 mm.)
The radula of this form is shown in figure 3. The entocone
is represented by a distinct lamella on most of the inner teeth.
The radular formula may be given as:
I ESO 2 I
C—;L—+—4—+4 —= 24— 1 — 24.
3 2 3 4-3
There is no marked differentiation of marginals, but the teeth
toward the outside of the radula become smaller, tend to turn
inward, and lose the entoconal lamella.
10 : Universily of Michigan
Bulimulus coriaceus, var. b. One shell from the grass on
the savannah (H, iv) is very large and slender. It is buff in
color and lacks the sutural band. If obtained in larger num-
bers, it would seem to be worthy of at least subspecific recog-
nition. It measures:
Altitude Greatest diameter Height aperture Diameter aperture
21.7 mm. 47 (10.1 mm.) 41 (8.8 mm.) 30 (6.4 mm.)
Drymeus dominicus (Reeve) (1850). Nine adults and 5
smaller specimens; from leaves of trees in the lowland jungles
(H, i, b), in savannah forests (H, iti, b) and dead shells from
ground in latter (H, iii, a) ; also one immature specimen from
near Lake Catemaco, and numerous juveniles along Arroyo
Hueyapam (H, ii, a). These shells are very variable in col-
oration; one young specimen has all of the 5 bands present,
but the upper 2 are broken into dots; another has the upper-
most and lowest absent; two shells have bands 2, 3, 4 and 5,
with 2 and 3 broken; while the remainder have only 3, 4 and 5,
with 3 and sometimes 4 broken. An example measures: Alti-
tude, 19 mm.; greater diameter, 55 (10.5 mm.).
The jaw and radula were obtained from two dried speci-
mens. ‘The radular formula (Figure 2) is 121—1—121. In
one radula the rhachidian tooth bears two cusps and is quite
symmetrical, but in the other its symmetry is usually disturbed
by the presence of a third, smaller cusp. In all cases, the basal
portion is long and slender. The remainder of the teeth can-
not be sharply divided into laterals and marginals. Most of
them have 4 cusps, but some of the inner three may have only
3; teeth of both types occur in a single longitudinal row. In
the outer portion of the radula the second cusp from the inside
is larger and more spatulate than the others. The base of all
of these lateral teeth is trapezoidal, and the posterior edge is
almost as broad as the anterior. ‘The cusp-bearing portion
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology II
has a very noticeable thickened prolongation of the outer ante-
rior end. The outermost 2 or 3 teeth are somewhat reduced
and have a larger number of cusps. On either side of the
center the transverse rows extend obliquely forward, but curve
so as to be almost transverse at their outer ends.
Drymeus albostriatus (Strebel) (1882). Twenty-seven
larger specimens and numerous immature ones; from the
leaves of trees and brush (H, i, b; H, ii, a; H, iii, b), and also
(dead shells) from the ground (H, i, a; H, ili, a). These
shells are very similar \in form to the preceding species and
occur with it. The coloration is always distinct. Only two
specimens show, around the third whorl, 3 broad, spiral bands,
broken by lines parallel to the growth-lines. Some of the
shells are quite without brown markings, and even without
distinct, milky-white varices, but the majority have quite dis-
tinct, and rather numerous, chestnut-brown varices. In addi-
tion, my specimens are smaller and somewhat heavier than
those of D. dominicus; and the spiral striations are not as dis-
tinct, above the greatest ventricosity of each whorl, as in that
species. The columellar reflection also appears more extensive,
and the umbilicus is simply a narrow slit. An example meas-
ures: altitude, 14.5 mm.; greater diameter, 52 (7.5 mm.).
The jaws and radulae were examined in two specimens.
The radular formula (Figure 1) is 135—1—135. The rha-
chidian tooth is broader and more recurved than in the pre-
ceding species; the distal end bears 3 cusps, the middle one
of which is larger than the others. The tooth is usually
twisted to one side, so as not to be exactly symmetrical. Most
of the lateral teeth bear 5 cusps, but some in the inner three
rows have only 4, while some of the outer have 6; the varia-
tion in the inner teeth may occur in a single longitudinal row,
12 University of Michigan
but the outer rows are usually more constant throughout their
lengths. The body of each of these teeth is attenuate anteriad,
so that the base is narrow. The cusps of each tooth are more
nearly equal in size than in D. dominicus. Each half of the
transverse rows is quite straight and extends obliquely anteriad
from the center.
For comparison, the radulae from two specimens of Dry-
meus multilineatust were examined. ‘The rhachidian tooth is
stout and short; the symmetrical tip is markedly recurved and
bears three cusps. Most of the lateral teeth bear 4 cusps, but
a reduction to 3 very commonly occurs in some of the inner
three longitudinal rows. The enlargement of the second cusp
from the inside, on each tooth, is even more noticeable than in
D. dominicus. The body is attenuate anteriad somewhat as in
D. albostriatus. ‘The transverse rows are V-shaped; each half
extends obliquely anteriad from the center for a short distance
and then curves slightly outward. The radular formula is
144—I—144.
Oxystyla princeps (Sowerby). ‘Twenty-two adult or nearly
adult and 1 juvenile specimens; mainly from trees in the
thick jungles (H, i, b), but also from the partially cleared
places along Arroyo Hueyapam (H, ii, a) and the savannah
brush (H, iii, b). Dead shells also picked up from the ground
in the jungle (H, i, a) and the burnt-over places (H, ii, b).
This species appears to be purely arboreal, and I have found it
aestivating in cavities in the trees.
These specimens are very variable in color and pattern, but
no relations between these characters and the habitat could be
made out. The variation may be analyzed as follows:
1A.N. S, P. No. 88,779; Sugar Loaf Key, Fla.; J. B. Clark, May
23, Ig2I.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 13
A. Apex coloration: from dark chestnut to practically
colorless.
B. Varices. These dark bands, which appear to corre-
spond to former resting periods in peristomal growth, are not
very prominent in my shells, but as many as 3 occur on some
of the specimens. A break in the color-pattern quite commonly
occurs at the varices. For instance, in one shell the coloration
of the major portion of the spire approaches trifasciata Pilsbry,
although with less prominent color-pattern, but this changes
abruptly, on the last whorl, to a pattern resembling crossei von
Martens.
C. General coloration. Almost white to light brown; usu-
ally this background color becomes darker on the later growth.
D. Flammulations. These may be almost black and quite
sharply marked, or each may be surrounded by a diffusely col-
”
ored border, as if the colors had “run.” In some shells the
coloration is so diffuse that the flammulations are quite indis-
tinct. One shell is so diffusely colored that the axial bands
can only be seen near the varices, while the last whorl shows
four indistinct broad spiral zones of light brown.
FE. Angle-spots. ‘These may not be identifiable; they may
appear simply as three projections of each flammulation on
the side toward the aperture; they may tend to become darker
than the remainder of the color-pattern, so as to give the
appearance of three broken spiral bands (trifracta Pilsbry) ;
or they may join up completely (feriwssaci von Martens).
When the flammulations are very indistinct or practically
absent, but three well-defined spiral bands are present, the col-
oration is like tricincta von Martens. None of my specimens
belong to this last category, but one shell is even more diver-
14 University of Michigan
gent, as it has only the two lower spiral bands on an almost
white background. Young shells (2 to 3 whorls) usually have
flammulations above the angle and a spiral band below, but two
of mine lack the flammulations and I believe correspond to
the tricincta-like form.
E. Shell-shape. One shell has a distinct scalariform ten-
dency. This is the one mentioned above, with only two spiral
bands of color, and the upper of these, which is usually hidden
on all but the last whorl, is visible on all of the whorls, and is
3 mm. above the suture on the penultimate one. This shell
(last series of measurements) is more elongate than most speci-
mens of O. longa (Pfeiffer).
Three of the larger specimens measure:
Altitude Greatest diameter Heightaperture Diameter aperture
62.0 mm, 56 (35 mm.) 54 (33.5 mm.) 34 (21 mm.)
55-5 mm. 59 (33 mm.) 55 (30.5 mm.) 36 (20 mm.)
50.5 mm. 51 (26mm.) 50 (25.5 mm.) 32 (16 mm.)
In two of the radulae examined from adult specimens of
this species the peculiar aculeate tendency of some of the inner
teeth is apparent (compare Pilsbry, 1902). In the youngest
teeth of both specimens the central tooth is of this type. In
one, the second lateral on the left side, and the inner three on
the right are of this type; while in the other the inner three on
the left side and the inner two on the right show this modifica-
tion. On the other hand, all of the older teeth, towards the
anterior edge of the radula, very closely approximate the nor-
mal, rounded form (compare Pilsbry, 1902, for Liguus). In
the very large radulae of O. princeps this can be seen to be due
to wear (Figure 4), and the broken edges of the teeth are
quite apparent in the middle portion of the radula. The outer
teeth tend to lose the point more rapidly than do the inner,
and the rhachidian tooth is the last to be worn down to the
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 15.
normal form, although sometimes evident breaks give excep-
tions to this.
Pilsbry (1895), in his classic on the Helicidz, has pointed
out that modification of the radula tends to take place from the
center out. However, in some groups of snails the radula
tends to be concave, as is also the odontophore. ‘This is espe-
cially noticeable in the Helicinide and Neritide, where there
are two radular cartilages with a slit between. In these it
would seem that the greatest stress would tend to come at two
points some distance out from the center on either side.
Coincident with this stress-tendency, the greatest adaptive
modification in some groups seems to be, not at the very center
of the radula, but at some distance out on either side. ‘Thus,
in the Zonitidz the inner marginals appear to show the greatest
modification along certain lines, while in the Helicinidz the
lateral complexes are certainly the most highly specialized teeth.
In those radula of this type which show progressive modifica-
tion within the transverse row, as, for example, in EKuconulus
and Guppya (Habroconus), the adaptive (7) specialization
seems to become less toward the inside as well as toward the
outside (compare Part III of present paper).
In Oxystyla princeps the radula is concave at the center
and wear appears to be greatest some distance out from the
center on each side. On account of the high degree of modi-
fication of all of the teeth, it is difficult to establish the posi-
tion of greatest adaptive (?) modification, but it perhaps may
be assumed to be near the position of greatest stress. For
this reason, I am inclined to regard these lanceolate teeth as
vestigial or atavistic rather than as nascent modifications.
The variability in the numbers of these peculiar teeth and
their occurrence in some individuals in most of the genera of
16 University of Michigan
Orthalicine appear to substantiate this idea. Vestigial or rever-
sional characters are, as a general rule, more variable than new
ones. In addition, the sporadic occurrence of these teeth in
several genera appears to be most easily explainable by the
hypothesis that they may represent an approximation to the
ancestral laterals of this subfamily. In younger radulae (from
specimens of three whorls) some of the outer teeth are more
pointed than is usual in the older specimens, but the aculeate,
lateral teeth do not appear to be much more common.
VAGINULIDZE
Vaginula moreleti Crosse and Fischer (1872). Occurs
practically everywhere, but noted in greatest abundance in the
grass along the edges of cleared (H, i, c) and partially cleared
(H, ii, a) fields and in the sugar-cane plantings. It is appar-
ently almost noctural in habits, as it was usually collected on
wet mornings; but it was also found moving about on rainy
days. In addition to these artificial habitats, it was collected
from the lowland jungles, mainly on the ground (H, i, a), but
also up on the vegetation (H, i, b); from the grass on the
open savannahs (H, iv); and from the ground (H, ii, a) and
low vegetation (H, iii, b) in the savannah brush.
18 University of Michigan
PLATE!
The magnification of each of the figures is indicated by the hair-
line under it; this represents an actual length of 50 microns (.05 mm.).
Figure 1. Drymeus albostriatus. The central and the tips of the
first laterals. The 1st, 3rd, 28th, 100th and 135th (outermost) teeth
on the right side. The V-line shows the arrangement of a transverse
row.
Figure 2. Drymeus dominicus. Same arrangement as Figure I-
The tip of a tricuspid central (from another radula) is shown between
the central and the first lateral.
Figure 3. Bulimulus coriaceus. Central and Ist, 3rd, 7th, 14th
and 21st teeth on right side.
Figure 4. Oxystyla princeps. Aculeate type of laterals from a
single longitudinal row, to show the effects of wear. The 2nd left
lateral of the 2nd, 7th, 14th, 35th, 49th, 56th and 77th transverse rows,
counting from the anterior end of the radula.
Figure 5. Drymeus multilineatus. Same arrangement as Figure 1.
2] 4 > 5S
Figure 6. Opeas beckianum. The central, the Ist, 7th, 14th, 20th
and 21st (outermost) teeth of the right side.
POODUAQ
NUMBER 136 FEBRUARY 10, 1923
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN Arsor, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF PIPA
FROM VENEZUELA
By ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN AND HELEN T. GAIGE
A collection of reptiles and amphibians made in Venezuela
by M. A. Carriker, Jr., for the Museum of Zoology, in the
spring of 1922, contains several specimens of an apparently
undescribed species of Pipa.
Pipa parva, new species
Diagnosis: The new species is easily distinguished from
Pipa pipa (Lann.) by the narrower and less depressed head, the
rounded snout and shorter fore leg. Thus, a P. pipa 32
mm. in total length has a fore leg 19 mm. long, and the head
at the angle of the mouth is 13 mm. wide, while a Pipa parva
(adult) of the same length has a fore leg 12 mm. long, and
the head is 8 mm. wide at the angle of the mouth. It differs
both from pipa, and, as nearly as one can make out from
2 University of Michigan
the somewhat meager description, from snethlegee@, in the
smaller size (adult pipa 165 mm., snethlegee 75 mm.
parva 39 mm.), and in the absence of metatarsal tubercles and
of tentacles and flaps on the head; and from snethlegee in
having a longer hind leg.
Type: Museum of Zoology No. 57,443; taken in a covered
drain in the village of Sabana de Mendoza, Venezuela, by M.
A, Carriker, jr.; May 5,. 1922.
Description of Type: Head narrow; no trace of dermal
flaps or tentacles on mouth and eyelids; tip of snout rounded,
projecting. Fingers slender, subequal, ending in four appen-
dages. Toes pointed, broadly webbed, no subarticular or meta-
tarsal tubercles. The hind leg being carried forward along the
body, the tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches half way between
eye and tip of snout. Skin evenly tubercular above, more
smooth beneath.
Color (in alcohol) above blackish gray, obscurely spotted
with darker. Grayish white beneath, with a few scattered dark
spots on sides and throat.
Total length, 39 mm.; width of head at angle of mouth, 9
mm.; length of fore leg, 12 mm.
Remarks: The five other specimens in the series were col-
lected in the same village as the type. There is little variation
in color and comparative measurements. They range from 30
to 39 mm. in length, the width of the head is contained in the
total length from 4 to 4% times (2!% to 3 times in adult speci-
mens of pipa, and_ the tarso-metatarsal articulation,
when the hind limb is extended along the side, reaches to the
eye or just beyond it. One of the spectmens (39 mm. long)
is a female with eggs embedded in the skin of the back.
NUMBER 137 JULY 9, 1923
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN Arbor, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
THE MOLLUSCA COLLECTED BY THE UNIVER-
SITY OF MICHIGAN-WILLIAMSON EXPEDITION
IN VENEZUELA
3y H. Burrinctron BAKER
Parr I. Curacao
' Curacac is a small island lying about 50 miles off the coast
of Venezuela, in approximately 69 degrees west longitude by
12 degrees north latitude. It has always been of considera-
ble interest to conchologists, as its molluscan fauna, as far as
known, appears to indicate West Indian, rather than South
American affinities.
As viewed from the steamer, it is a rocky, quite arid island,
with a low cliff along the shore, at least at the northern eid.
Back from the ocean are seen numerous cliffs, broken ridges,
and occasional peaks, which reach an altitude of perhaps 30a
to 400 meters. The north end of the island appears to %ave
considerable brush, covering especially the higher Ailfs, but
the vegetation is predominantly chapparal-like, with frequent
y
2 University of Michigan
organ-pipe cacti. ‘The south-east end, near Willemstad, 1s
lower, less broken, and noticeably more arid. From its color,
much of the rock outcrop at the northern end appears to be
metamorphic or igneous, but the south shore is entirely of a
coral-reef formation.
On March 28, and again on May 6, 1920, a few hours col-
lecting at the east edge of Willemstad netted a considerable
number of shells. The abundance of Cerion was astounding ;
practically every bit of vegetation was almost covered at the
base with estivating individuals. I estimated that there were
about 50 specimens per square meter examined.
The place collected is Schaarlo, just behind the lagoon
east of the harbor. This hill is entirely composed of porous
limestone, somewhat like that around Nassau in the Bahamas.
The vegetation is very scanty and consists mainly of Opuntia-
like cacti and prickly pears, with some of the larger organ-pipe
cacti, mimosa and evergreen thorn-bushes reaching a height
of about 6 meters. Extreme dessication is the predommant
feature of the landscape, and I am told that it rains very
rarely. All of the living shells collected were estivating
either on the lower stems of bushes and cacti (mainly Cerion),
or in crevices between and under the rocks and rock-frag-
ments.
ANNULARIID/®
Tudora megacheilos (Potiez and Michaud).
Quite abundant; mainly under bits of coral rock and in
crevices, but rarely found estivating on the vegetation. This
species is very variable, in color, size and sculpture. The
males are considerably smaller than the females, and tend to
be more brilliantly colored. The coloration may be classified
as follows:
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3
a. Ground-color: white to buff and old rose.
b. Inside of aperture: buff to light chocolate-brown and
scarlet, corresponding to the three extremes of ground-color.
The stripes of the exterior also show through the shell.
c. Tip of spire (embryonic whorls always absent in
adults): purplish-black through dark chocolate-brown to the
same shades as the ground-color. The shells with the pink-
ish general coloration often have salmon or scarlet tips.
d. Spiral bands:
1. Number: the maximum is 5; one near the suture
(only in one specimen); a group of 3 near the
greatest ventricosity; and 2 around the umbilicus
in the region of the parietal wall of the aperture.
Commonly, only one band is present; this may be
the central one of the peripheral group, or, even
more commonly, the upper of the umbilical pair.
2. Color: any shade of the series given for the tips,
except the purplish-black.
3. Continuity: either entire or broken into square dots;
narrow and sharply marked, or wide and diffuse.
Sometimes the central group of 3 fuse into a sin-
gle broad band.
e. Varices: the commonest form of banding consists sim-
ply of diffuse axial varices, which vary in color as do the
stripes. One specimen has yery distinct chocolate-brown vari-
ces, with flammulations corresponding to the position of ihe
spiral ridges; near the aperture band 4 is entire and.very prom-
inent.
Although variable in shape, all of the specimens are quite
typical of T. meyacheilos. No specimens approaching 7. cos-
4 University of Michigan
tata (“Menke” Pfr.) (1846) are present in this lot, although
specimens in the A. N. S. P., from both Curacao and Buen
Ayre (Bland), approach the description of the latter. It will
probably be found to be a local species or subspecies.
The shape of the aperture is very variable. A tendency to
form a broad, angular columellar reflection, and an almost can-
aliculate, free upper angle is quite common.
The apical whorls of young specimens are irregularly and
lightly pitted. The remainder of the whorls have fine, close-
set axial riblets, which are always quite regular. These are
usually crossed by heavy spiral angulations; as many as 17
may be present, or they may be so faint as to be practically
absent. It is quite impossible to use this character to deter-
mine the sectional position of this lot. One shell has only one
spiral thickening, which runs around the greatest ventricosity
and makes all of the whorls quite markedly angular. In addi-
tion, a few shells are malleate.
Representative examples measure:
Greatest Height Diameter
Altitude diameter aperture aperture
male: 128mm. 70 ( 9.0mm.) 52 (67mm.) 45 (5.8mm.)
female: i9. 8mm. 64 (12.7mm.) 50 (10.0mm.) 45 (8.9mm.)
Chondropoma (?) raveni (Crosse) (1872).
Ten dead specimens from rock debris. In some specimens
the aperture is scarcely solute, while in others the entire last
whorl is free. None of my specimens have the operculum
(compare Henderson and Bartsch, 1920), but the shell char-
acters are certainly closest to the group of Annularia lachneri.
The apical whorls (figs. 1-6) are practically smooth, but show
irregular anastamosing wrinkles under high magnification ;
they are always eroded from adult specimens, but the total
number of whorls must be about 9.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5
PUPILLIDA
Pupoides simoni (Jousseaume) (1889) ?
One fresh specimen. The peristomal callus is not well de-
veloped ; the parietal callus is especially weak, in fact, prac-
tically lacking. No angular tubercle nor reddish band shows
on the throat of the aperture. The axial striations are distinct
on the lower whorls. With 5% whorls, the specimen meas-
ures: altitude, 3.9 mm.; greatest diameter, 46 (1.8 mm.). It
appears closest to P. modicus (Gould) (1848), but may pos-
sibly be a youngish specimen of P. marginatus nitidulus (Pfr.)
(1839).
ACHATINID<AE
Leptinaria (Neosubulina) gloynii (Gibbons). Figs. I-1, 2, 3.
Cionella gloynit Gibbons (1879), (gloynei auct.), Curacao.
Neosubulina harterti Smith (1898), Buen Ayre.
L. gloynii minuscula Pilsbry (1907).
Thirty-seven specimens, from crevices of rock and among
rock-fragments. From the variation in the lot before me, I
can see no reason for the specific separation of any of the
forms included in the above synonomy. From the figure,
L. harterti appears less attenuate towards the apex. _E. A.
Smith, from his list of species of Curacao, was apparently not
acquainted with even the description of L. gloynit.
The embryonic whorls of these specimens have close and fine
axial striations, which become somewhat coarser on the later
whorls. The egg is of quite large size, and the slender em-
bryonic shell contains 114 whorls. The spiral lamellze on the
columella extend back 4 whorls from the aperture, and the
parietal one is present in young shells. My specimens show
considerable variation in size, apparently not entirely due to
age. An individual measures:
6 University of Michigan
Greatest Height Diameter
Altitude diameter aperture aperture
934 whorls 11.8 mm. 23 (2.7 mm.) 23 (27 mm;) I3Ges inane
BULIMULIDA&
Drymeus multilineatus (Say). Two dead, bleached specimens.
UROCOPTIDz
Microceramus bonairensis curacoana, new subspecies
Figs. 1-4, 5
Fighty-two specimens, some living, under bits of coral rock
on outskirts of Willemstad, Curacao.
Shell distinctly rimate, turrite to lanceolate; last 4 whorls
almost equal in diameter, but the penultimate slightly the broad-
est; earlier whorls gradually, or quite rapidly increasing in
size. Color: light corneous to dark brown, usually marked
with opaque, milky-white, irregular varices, which may be so
extensive as to obliterate the corneous ground-color on the last
whorls. Whorls: 9 to II, somewhat convex; the first half-
whorl smooth and polished; the next ones with minute, regu-
lar, closely spaced axial riblets, which are also quite well-
marked on the corneous portions of the last whorls, but are
almost obliterated by the thickening of the interstitial spaces
on the opaque, whitish portions; these thickenings on the last
whorls may develop several heavy, irregular, raised, spiral
lines; last whorl with a quite well-marked, basal angulation,
which gives the shell a peculiar subtruncate appearance when
viewed from behind, and which is much more prominent in
young shells. Aperture: nearly circular; peristome whitish,
but slightly thickened and reflexed, incomplete on the parietal
margin, most reflected on the columellar. Columella inside of
whorls; cylindrical and quite slender, showing only a very
vague spiral undulation.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7
I have not seen specimens of typical bonairensis (Ti. A.
Smith, 1898), but it is certainly a smaller shell. The indi-
viduals of curacoana figured show the extremes in variation
of size and shape. They measure:
Greatest Height Diameter
Whorls Altitude diameter aperture aperture
II 9.3 mm. 35 (3.2mm.) 27 (2.5mm.) 26 (2.4mm.)
II 8.9 mm. 31 (2.7mm.) 22 (2.0mm.) 22 (1.9mm.)
9 7.1mm. 41 (2.9mm.) 24 (1.7mm.) 25 (1.7 mm.)
9 6.7 mm. 41 (2.7mm.) 25 (1.7mm.) 27 (1.8mm.)
bonairensis
8% 6.0 mm. 42 (2.5mm.) 25 (1.5 mm.) (E. A. Smith,
1898 )
The radule of two alcoholic specimens were examined
(fig. 5). The formula is C 1/1; I 37/2 + 1/1 = 38 — 1 — 38.
The central has a single heavy cusp. The laterals have a
broad, thin blade (mesocone), and a stout, recurved aculeate,
smaller one (entocone). The edge of the mesoconal blade
from the 7th out is quite, noticeably concave near the tip. The
base of each of the teeth is narrow, elongate and poorly lim-
ited posteriad; that of the laterals is divided longitudinally, ex-
cept near the base, by a groove which runs up to between the
cusps. The outermost teeth are reduced in size; the last is
little more than a mere denticle. This radula appears closest
to that of M. pontificus (Gould), as figured by Pilsbry (1904).
Brachypodella raveni (“Bland” Crosse) (1872).
Thirty-two specimens, some living ; from underside of rocks.
CERIONID/£
Cerion uva (Linn.) (1758).
Very abundant; cemented to the rocks and the lower por-
tions of the vegetation. None of my specimens belong to the
var. desculptum Pilsbry and Vanatta (1896).
8 University of Michigan
Part II. ‘TERRESTRIAI, OPERCULATES OF VENEZUELA.
In order to escape useless repetition, the following habitat
and station symbols (preceded by H) are used throughout this
paper. The last number of these references is that of the
station. Another part will describe the habitats and localities
in greater detail. Many of these places have been describe:
by E. B. Williamson, in number 130 of this series (1923).
My spelling of place-names is mainly copied from the Vene-
zuelan government maps.
Terrestrial Habitats
H, I. Mountain sides; heavy forest.
H, I, a. Rock slopes and faces.
H, 1, b. Talus and leaf mould.
H, Lx... Rootumonuid:
H, I, d. Leaves and stems of trees and shrubbery.
H, Il. Lowland, and stream flats; heavy forest,
(letters as in H, I).
H, III. Cultivated fields.
H, IV. Artificial savannahs.
H, V. Second growth forests, tombas, coffee and cacao plan-
tations (montado),
(letters as in H, I).
Aquatic Habitats
H, VI. Mountain brooks (quebradas).
H, VI, a. Waterfalls and rapids.
Ho V1, bs . Pools.
H, VI, c. Spring swamps, or separate pools on flats.
H, VII. Mountain creeks (rios),
(letters as in H, VI).
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9
H, VII. Lowland or valley brooks (canos and quebradas),
(letters as in H, V1).
H, IX. Lowland or valley creeks (rios),
(letters as in H, VI).
, X. Rivers (trios).
, XI. Large lagoons (lagunas).
, XII. Savannah ponds (lagunas).
, XIII. Forest pools, mainly temporary.
XIV. Brackish water lagoon.
, XV. Breakwater (ocean). .
Stations
La Guaira, Federal District.
(Peers Oo; coast }*
1. Valley of Rio Macuto.
San Esteban, Estado Carabobo.
(L 11, 67; about 100 meters altitude.)
2. Along Rio San Esteban, near the village.
3. Quebrada Grande; opposite and about 2 kilometers above
the town.
4. Ridge east of town.
5. Ravina de las Palmas; opposite and just below the village.
6. Sides of Cumbre Chiquito; above and opposite Las Qui-
guas.
Bejuma, Estado Carabobo.
(L 10, 67; about 600 meters altitude?)
7. Banco Largo.
8. Rio Bejuma Valley.
*Throughout this paper, the numbers in parentheses preceded by
the letter (L) indicate north latitude and west longitude to the near-
est degree. The altitudes in the list of stations are those of the
towns.
IO
16.
17:
18.
TQ.
University of Michigan
Laguna de Ramon Coronel.
Rio Aguirre and Sabanas de Aguirre.
Quebrada west of Banco Largo.
Rio Bejuma at Bejuma.
Rio La Mona (Caserio Silva).
Rio Chirgua (near Caserio Silva).
Cerro Chiriguara.
Miranda, Estado Carabobo.
(120, -68,)
Miranda.
Nirgua, Estado Yaracuy. (L 10, 68; 867 meters altitude).
Wooded ridges of La Chapa (1109 meters altitude).
Rio Pina, above intake (headwaters of Rio Nirgua).
Rio Nirgua and savannahs near town.
San Felipe, Estado Yaracuy.
(1, 11, 68; 226.5 meters altitude).
Palma Sola, Estado Yaracuy.
(L, 11, 68; 226.5 meters altitude).
Around town and towards Canto Minapam.
Along Rio Aroa.
Hills along railroad towards San Felipe.
Aroa, Estado Yaracuy. (L 11, 68; 212 meters).
Quebrada Carampampa (?); west of Aroa.
Mines of Aroa and above. (Quebradas Honda and Las
Minas).
Boquerén, Estado Yaracuy.
(1, 11, 68; about 125 meters altitude.)
Rio Aroa.
Quebrada Vaca (tributary of Quebrada Carabono).
. Quebrada Cobre.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology II
27. Woods around Boqueron.
27a. Rio Yumarito.
28. Near Quebrada Seca, Cerritos de Yumarito.
29. Quebrada Sucremo.
Tucacas, Estado Falcon.
(0.11, 68 3..coast.)
30. Laguna near Tucacas.
31. Around intake on Rio Tuca.
Puerto Cabello, Estado Carabobo.
(L 11, 67; coast.)
32. Breakwater.
Maracaibo, Estado Zulia.
(L 9, 72; coast.)
33. Brackish water lagoon in suburbs.
Rio Catatumbo, Estado Zulia.
(L 9, 72; coast.)
34. Boca Norte del Rio Catatumbo, Laguna de Maracaibo.
Estacion Tachira, Estado Tachira.
(L 8, 72; 364 meters altitude by barometer. )
35. Brook, on opposite side of Rio Lobaterita, just above
town.
36. Quebrada Uraca.
37. Camino Real, near mouth of Quebrada Uraca.
38. Quebrada just west of town, and right side of cafion of
Rio Lobaterita.
La Fria; Estado Tachira-
(L 8, 72; 140 meters altitude.)
39. Cafio de las Brujas, Cerritos de las Brujas.
40. Heavy, lowland forest, between railroad track and Rio
ba Griz:
12 University of Michigan
41. Quebrada La Fria, near Camino Real.
42. Quebrada Santa Aguita, near Camino Real.
43. Between Quebrada Las Pipas and Rio Oropito.
44. The “tombas” at the railroad bridge across Rio La Grita.
El Guayabo, Estado Zulia.
(L 8, 72; 68 meters altitude. )
45. Near Rio Zulia (El Cafio Fraile).
Encontrados, Estado Zulia.
(U0, 72; 42 meters: alitiade,)
46. Ponds and river flats near Rio Catatumbo, northwest of
town.
NERITIDA
Neritina virginea reclivata (Say).
Seventeen specimens from slightly brackish lagoon near
Maracaibo (F. B. Williamson). These specimens resemble
closely those from Florida, although they somewhat approach
N.v. microstoma from Cuba. A few show more widely-spaced
hair-lines than is common in typical N. v. reclivata. The gen-
eral coloration is dark olive-green to olive-brown. ‘The radula
of specimens from this lot have been figured in another paper
(1923, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia). Individuals
measure :*
altitude major diameter
13.7 97 (13.3).
12.2 102° (E25
10.8 99 (10.7)
2 Throughout this paper, the altitude of the shells is given in milli-
meters. The other dimensions are expressed as an index, the dimen-
sion divided by the altitude, in percentages of the latter. The dimen-
sion index is followed by the actual measurement in millimeters (in
parentheses ).
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 13.
Nerita tessellata Gmelin.
The radula of specimens, from the break-water at Puerto
Cabello (H, XV, 32), has been discussed in another paper
cee.).
HELICINIDA
Oligyra (Alcadia Sericea) riparia tachirensis,
new subspecies
‘ighteen specimens; Estacion Tachira and La Fria, from
leaves of trees and shrubs, and on ground in rich humus (aes-
tivating), on mountain sides and in lowland jungle (H, I, bd,
35; II, bd, 40). This species is usually found nearer the ground
than is Helicina concentrica. :
In the A. N. S. P. is a set (no. 14612) of three, bleached
specimens of H. riparia Pfr. (1854), from near Calamar, Co-
lombia (L, 10, 75, the type locality). They still show signs of
the spiral lines and the peculiar indentation of the basal edge
of the peristome, and appear to be quite closely related to O.
sericea (Drouet, 1859), from Cayenne. Other forms of the
latter species are O. sericea paraensis (Pir., 1859), from Para,
Brazil, and O. sericea kuchm (Pfr., 1872), from Surinam.
However, O. riparia is a larger, more depressed shell, with a
tendency towards more definite, spiral lines, and more rapidly
enlarging whorls. Fresh specimens, of a brown color form,
from Aracataca, Colombia (L 11, 74), a few miles northeast
of the type locality (A. N. S. P. no. 46579, Rehn and Hebard,
1920), show the hairy epidermis of the group.
O. r. tachirensis is very similar to the typical form, but is
usually larger, higher, and with a tendency towards less marked.
sp ral lines. Two, quite distinct, color forms occur: dull chest-
nut brown (10 specimens) and pale lemon yellow (8 speci-
14 University of Michigan
mens). All of the shells are unicolor. The growth lines are
markedly definite and regular; in some cases, spiral lines are
also quite prominent, but this character is variable. The short
(.5 mm.), reddish-brown hairs are often removed with the in-
crusting dirt, but, in perfect specimens, are arranged so as to
form spiral rows and also rows parallel to the growth-lines.
The heavy, basal callus has a peripheral thickening, where it
appears as a projection at the base of the columella. In young
specimens, just outside of this projection is a definite, triangu-
lar slit, which is represented by a well-marked indentation in
fully mature shells with slightly reflected and thickened peri-
stome. ‘The heavy and well-developed, calcareous plate of the
operculum is similar to that of O. sericea (Cf. Wagner, 1907,
X-4), but bears a more definite, longitudinal ridge on the inner
surface, running from the nucleus to the basal angle. ‘The an-
gular region is also especially thickened. The very thin, horny
plate is slightly pinkish in color; during removal of the animal,
it is usually separated from the calcareous plate, as it adheres
closely to the foot.
The type belongs to the brown color-form, and was collected
on leaves of trees near La Fria (H, II, d, 4o).
Whorls Height Maj. Diam. Min. Diam.
O. sericea 4 5.0 120 (6.0) 100 (5.0) Wagner, (1907)
O. riparia 5% 5-0 140 (7.0) 125 (6.2) Pfeiffer (1854)
Sat. eeAOn 7 O15 4.8 140 (6.7) 119 (5.7) Aracataca, Col.
O. r. tachirensis 4% 5.6 127 (7.1) 114 (6.4) Female (type).
4% 5.0 128 (6.4) 110 (5.5) Male.
‘The radular formula of O. r. tachirensis is given in another
paper (1922), and characteristic teeth are figured here (fig.
iii-14). ‘The very broad, rachidian plate distinguishes it from
Alcadia s. s.. Other species of Oligyra from northern South
America are: O. (Analcadia) dysoni dysoni (Pfr., 1859),
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 15
from Cumana, Venezuela (L 11, 64); O. dysoni barbata
(Guppy, 1864) from Trinidad; O. (Succincta) cacaguelita
(Pilsbry and Clapp, 1902) from Cacaguelita, Santa Marta
Mts., Colombia (lL, 11, 74); and O. (?) pellucida (Sowerby,
1842) from Surinam, Guiana.
The radular formula of a dried specimen of O. dysoni bar-
' bata (A. N.S. P. 14917, Trinidad, Swift Collection) is given
below and samples of the teeth are figured (fig. iii-12). The
Uncini with
A B Cc D 3-cusps; 4-cusps Total Each row
O. dysont barbata 3-4 5 A. 7-8 8 4 64 139
O. rufa 3-4 5 45 7-8 6 4 75 101
centrals are quite similar to those of Oligyra s. s., but the shell
characters approach those of Alcadia; Analcadia is perhaps
best retained as a subgenus between the two subgenera Oligyra
and Alcadia. The radular formula of two dried specimens of
O. (Analcadia) rufa (Pfr., 1857) from Yuma River, Haiti
(A. N. $. P. 60953), is given for comparison (fig. ili-I1).
The inner marginals have two large cusps and a vestigial, outer
one, very much as in Idesa and Alcadia s. s. Otherwise, this
radula is very similar to that of the South American species.
The radular formula and probable position of O. cacaguelita
have been discussed in a former paper (1922). I have not
seen specimens of O. pellucida, but it also appears to belong
in Succincta. However, other writers have noted its similarity
to H. tamsiana Pfr.
For comparison with the above, the radula of O. (Alcadia
Idesa) rotunda (Orbigny, 1845) from Marianao, Cuba, is fig-
ured (fig. 111-13). The formula is given in another paper (1922).
It agrees with Alcadia s. s. in the shape of the centrals, but the
pointed cusps of the D-plate resemble those of Sericea or Anal-
cadia. ‘The first marginal is practically bicuspid.
16 University of Michigan
Helicina (Tristramia Oxyrhombus) concentrica Pfr. (1849),
and approaching var. pandiensis A. J. Wagner (1905).
Sixty-eight specimens; Estacion Tachira and La Fria, from
leaves of trees, palms and shrubs, and from the ground (aesti-
vating ), mainly in rich humus, but also in the root mould (H,
Tabd 935) 42,433 LI, bd-40; 43).
The type locality of H. concentrica concentrica is near Merida,
Venezuela (L, 8, 71). while that of H. c. pandiensis is Pandi,
Colombia (Ll, 4, 75). These lots, from an intermediate region,
contain specimens that appear to be very close to both of these
subspecies. ‘The growth lines are rather widely spaced; under
the lens, all of my specimens also show fine, anastomosing lines,
which tend to run spirally. In addition, a few obscure, but
quite regular, spiral furrows are usually, but not always pres-
ent, both on the apical and basal sides of the whorls. The
thread carina is usually sharp. The columellar angle of the
peristome is usually rounded, but is often quite sharply angu-
late. The smooth apex is greenish to golden-yellow in color;
the callus, peristome, and the edge of the carina are whitish to
yellowish. The ground-color varies, in the series, from light,
chestnut brown to lemon yellow ; it is often darker towards the
carina and sometimes is broken by obscure, spiral bands or
lines. As shown by the measurements, this species shows con-
siderable variation in size and shape. Some of the specimens
have a slightly scalariform tendency. ‘The specimens from
‘stacion Tachira are small and depressed.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 17
Whorls Height Maj. Diam. Min. Diam.
H. c. concentrica 4% 6.0, . 167 (10:0) « 133. (8.0), Pfr. (1852):
4% 6.5 138 ( 9.0) 123 (8.0) A.J. Wagner, (1905).
6.5 139 (9.0) 115 (7.5) A.J. Wagner, (1905).
5.9 71 (10.1) 149 (88) Estacién Tachira.
6.4 170 (10.9) 140 (9.0)
6.25) 250, C'O.7) Iga °(&s) La Fria:
H. c. pandiensis 5
5
5
5
5 6.6 144 (9.5) 124 (82)
5
5
5
5
H, I, b, 35
El, bd, 40
Fale y EST ((IO:7); \ c126"1(0:0)
734259 (11-6) 238( 10-3)
7.5 144 (10.8) 126 (9.4)
£0), 153 (12:3) + IrCios)
The radular formula of H. concentrica is given in another
paper (1922), and is figured here (fig. iv-15). A surprisingly
large number of forms, apparently belonging to this group,
have been described from the northern Andes.
Helicina (Tristramia Angulata) rhynchostoma ernesti von
Martens (1873), and approaching var. infesta A. J. Wag-
ner (1905).
Twenty-five specimens; San Esteban, Palma Sola, and Bo-
queron, from leaves of vegetation and in rich humus on the
ground (aestivating), in mountain and lowland forests (H, I,
b, 7; II, bd, 20, 27, 28). This species appears to be more
- truly arboreal than is H. tamsiana, and is usually found farther
from the ground.
The shape of these specimens is quite variable. The basal
callus is rather light, and is bounded by a distinct sulcus. The
basal angle of the peristome is either rounded, or thickened so
as to be quite angular. The spiral lines may be deeply im-
pressed and numerous, or almost absent. The color is usually
lemon yellow, with a pinkish purple band above and below the
thread of white on the carina.
18 University of Michigan
Height Maj. Diam. Min. Diam.
H. r. ernesti 10.0 180 (18.0) 140 (14.0) von Martens (1873).
So 175 (aie) | 137 (16.0)
H. r. infesta 11.0 164 (180) 145 (16.0) A.J. Wagner (1905).
A.N.S.P. 14629 89 192 (17.1) 160 (14.2) Puerto Cabello.
9.6 167 (16.0) 147 (14.1) CE. infesta.
Eel aD 27, 7.2 200 (14.4) 165 (11.9) San Esteban.
8:0' “19619 (i157) ” 166 (Cr3a)
HP aE vde20 97.5 200 (15.0) 167 (12.5)
8.5 187 (15.9) 160 (13.6)
eit 25 7.4 185 (13.7) 160 (11.8) Boquer6n.
8.6 107 (16.9) 166 (14.3)
This form has often been confused with H. candeana Sow-
erby (1842), from Honduras. After comparison of the de-
scription and figures with the specimens before me, H. infesta
seems little more than an extreme form-variation of H. r.
ernestt. Other species from northern South America are: H.
rhynchostoma rhynchostoma “Shuttleworth” Pfr. (1865) from
Campanera, Colombia (L ???); H. ocanensis A. J. Wagner
(1905) from Ocana, Colombia (L 8, 73); H. steindachnert
and the cotypical form superstructa A. J. Wagner (1905) from
Frontino, Colombia (L 7, 77); H. colombiae E. A. Smith
(1878) from San Sebastian, New Granada (L 11, 747); and
H. gonochila Pfr. (1849) (+-gonocheila Sowerby, 1874) from
Venezuela (Caracas?). I have seen no authentic specimens of
any of them, but, from descriptions and figures, the second ap-
pears to be quite distinct, the third rather close to H. rhyncho-
stoma; the fourth is unfigured, but seems to differ from the
first by its smaller size and higher spire. H. gonochila closely
resembles H. braziliensis Gray (1824), and its Venezuelan hab-
itat appears open to doubt.
The radular formulae of H. r. ernesti and H. caracolla are
given in another paper (1922); examples of the teeth are fig-
ured here (figs. iv-16, 18).
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 19
Helicina (Tristramia Tamsiana) tamsiana Pir. (1850), and
approaching var. appunt von Martens (1873).
Eighty-two specimens; San Esteban, Palma Sola, Aroa, and
Boqueron, from leaves of vegetation and from ground (aesti-
vating), usually in rich leaf mould, in the mountain and low-
iid torestsaCm, J.-d0, 2, 5.23 lL bd, 20, 22, 28).
The sculpture of this species consists of fine, regular, close-
ly-spaced growth-lines, crossed by numerous, fine, spiral lines,
which are usually very regular in arrangement. ‘The consid-
erable color variation may be analyzed as follows:
a. Apex: golden yellow to creamy white.
b. Peristome: white.
c. Basal callus: whitish.
d. Ground color: (1) fulvous, varying to reddish orange
(typical form); (2) greenish yellow; (3) creamy white.
Stripes are absent with the first class of ground color, present
or absent with the second, and present with the third.
e. Pattern: (1) Darker shading on apical side of whorls;
when brown, this may form a distinct, dark band or be light
and diffuse; when greenish yellow, it is always the latter.
(2) The band of (1) may be narrowed by the presence of
a creamy white band, just below the suture (very common
form).
(3) A slight infuscation may be present on the base, so as
to mark off a narrow, light band around the greatest convexity
of the last whorl.
The relative numbers of the different color forms vary with
the locality. In one or two places, all of the shells collected
were of a single form, but, in other localities, all of the kinds
occurred together.
20 University of Michigan
Height Maj. Diam. Min. Diam.
H. t. tamsiana 6.0 150 (90) 129 (7.7) Pfeiffer (1852).
7-5 120 ( 9.0) 103 (7.7) A.J. Wagner (1907).
H. t. appuni 11.0 127 (14.0) von Martens (1873).
Eek “p43 68 122 ( 83) 102 (6.9) Aroa.
Hy ird: 20 Vfl iz Guenet), 96 (6.8) Palma Sola.
82 213 0:95) “F96.¢7.9)
9.4 I13 (106) 99 (9.3)
BE IE gist, i 79 120.92) #103) (7a) + San Esteban:
8.6 120 (10.3) 103 (8.9)
elapse 9.4 105 ( 90) 94 (88) San Esteban.
While these specimens vary considerably in size, none are
as large as typical H. t. appuni (type locality given as Puerto
Cabello). The undulation of the basal wall of the peristome,
Figure 20. Helicina (Tamsiana) tamsiana. Centrals, laterals and
tip of 3rd uncinus. The scale indicates a length of 50 microns.
which caused Wagner (1907) to include this group in Alcadia,
is seldom distinct, and usually very obscure. I have not seen
specimens of H. columbiana Philippi (1847) from Colombia,
but suspect that the larger H. sanctaemarthae Pilsbry and
Clapp (1902) from Libano, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia (1.
11, 74), is closely related. The last is more nearly conical than
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 21
tamsiana, has spiral rows of punctations instead of solid lines,
and the calcareous plate of its operculum is also much heavier
and more opaque. H. nemoralis Guppy (1866) (+ H. sonata
Guppy, 1868, not Lesson) from Trinidad, also belongs in this
group. The radular formulae of H. tamsiana and H. nemoralis
are given in another paper (1922); teeth of the former are
shown in the text figure (fig. 20).
H. kieneri Pfr. (1849) was originally described without local-
ity; in the Conch. Cab., it was ascribed to Guadeloupe; and, in
1852, to Caracas. From the descriptions and figures, it seems
to be a form of the protean H. rhodostoma Gray (1825) from
Guadeloupe. In this connection, it may be remarked that there
is a group of Caracas Islands off the coast of Cumana (L Io,
65). H. crassilabris Philippi (1847) is undoubtedly a Pacific
species, probably from Sandwich Island, New Hebrides.
Lucidella (Lindsleya?) venezuelensis, new species
Twelve specimens from damp leaf-mould in a hollow left by
a temporary forest pool, near Cafio Minapam, Palma Sola (H,
Xill, 20).
Shell: minute, conic-globose, perforate. Color: whitish horn,
tinged with orange towards the apex. Whorls: 5%, convex;
apical 34 whorl, minutely raised-punctuate; the remainder with
fine, closely-spaced, spiral riblets, which extend on to the base
of the shell; last whorl tapers toward aperture and is free
(solute) for a short distance. Aperture: kidney-shaped, with
oblique, almost straight, parietal wall; upper angle rounded.
Peristome; free, simple, and very slightly expanded. Oper-
culum: concentric, with calcareous plate thicker than the horny
one, and markedly concave externally; spiral nucleus almost
central; horny plate almost flat, so that its edge is markedly
separate from the calcareous one.
22 University of Michigan
The type (fig. ii-7) measures:
_ Altitude Diam. Length Width
Height Maj.Diam. Aperture Aperture Operculum Operculum?®
3.05 93 (2.85) 38 (1.15) 104 (1.20) 46 (1.40) 72 (1.00)
The systematic position of this species has been discussed in
an earlier paper (1922), where a preliminary description of
the radula i8 given. The figure of the teeth, included here
(fig. iv-17), shows its close relationship to Lucidella. The
shell is certainly closest to that of Stoastoma domingensis Van-
atta (1920), but it is slightly larger, more depressed, and has
a larger number of finer, spiral riblets than the species from
Santo Domingo.
Lucidella (Poema) lirata (Pfr., 1847).
Widely distributed, but especially abundant in damp and in
disturbed places: San Esteban, Palma Sola, Aroa, Estacion
Tachira, and La Fria; from damp, rich humus on mountain
slopes, in lowland forests and cacao plantations, in a spring
swamp, and in the damp depressions occupied by forest poois
during the wet seasons (H, Ib, 2, 5, 23, 35; U1, b, 405 Vag
2, 41; VI, c, 38; XIII, 20). These specimens are mainly quite
characteristic of L. lirata lirata, but a few show some approach
to L. lirata lamellosa (Guppy, 1867) from Trinidad.
For comparison, the radular formula (fig. iv-19) of two
dried specimens (A. N. S$. P. 62062, St. Kitts, W. H. Rush,
1891) of L. plicatula christophori Pilsbry (1897) is given:
R; At/1; B1/6-7; C1/§; D1/o; B; M11/3+ 9 (42/44+-)=53; (117).
3 The altitude and diameter of the aperture are measured parallel
to the long and transverse axes of the shell. The length and width
of the operculum are measured along its long axis and at right an-
gles to it. The index of the diameter of the aperture is that dimen-
sion divided by the altitude of the aperture. The index of the width
of the operculum is the width divided by the length.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology a
The radula of this species is quite close to that of Poenia s.s.,
but the shell sculpture consists of axial, instead of spirai rib-
lets. This seems a valid hasis for the separation of a new
section: Poeniella, type H. (plicatula) christophori Pils-
bry (1897) from St. Kitts. L. ignicoma (Guppy, 1868) from
Trinidad, appears to be a member of this group.
In addition to the above Helicininae, Eutrochatella (sub-
genus s.s.) semilirata (Pfr., 1849) has been described from
Venezuela. As it has not been reported since, the presence of
this subgenus in South America still remains very doubtful,
although a member of the subgenus Pyrgodomus might be
expected.
PROSERPINID-=
Proserpina (Linidiella) swifti Bland (1863).
One specimen, without animal, from leaf-mould in corner
of buttressed tree, along Rio San Esteban (H, I, b, 2). It
measures: height 4.6 mm.; maj. diam. 187 (8.6 mm.).
POMATIASID
Tudora plicatula (Pfeiffer).
Cyclostoma plicatulum Pfeiffer (1846). Puerto Cabello, Venezuela.
?’Cyclostoma tamsiana Pfeiffer (1850). Puerto Cabello.
?Cyclostoma cumanense Pfeiffer (1851). Cumana, Venezuela (LL 11, 64).
?Cyclostoma venesuclense Pfeiffer (1853). Venezuela.
Ninety-six specimens; mainly from rather well-drained for-
est (H, II); at Palma Sola (stations 20, 22), and Boqueron
(stations 27, 28); the most abundant large snail, wherever
found. This species aestivates under leaves in rich leaf-
humus (H, II, b), but, during rains, soon travels up into the
vegetation (H, II, d), as high as 3 meters above the ground.
Its jerky movements are more rapid than those of most snails,
24 University of Michigan
and it snaps quickly into its shell when disturbed. It occasion-
ally suspends itself from leaves, by a mucous thread 2 or 3 cen-
timeters in length.
The operculum of T. plicatula has been described as like
that of Chondropoma (Cf. Henderson and Bartsch, 1920),
but fresh specimens have a well-developed, calcareous portion,
parallel to the “‘chondroid” plate, and the outer, calcareous
plate is supported by fine, vertical lamellae parallel to the
growth lines. Each whorl of the calcareous portion is not
quite so wide as the underlying whorl of the horny, basal plate.
On account of its thin, fragile nature, the calcareous plate ts
quite easily crushed and brushed away, so that only the chon-
droid portion is left. Its fragility may be correlated, in part,
with the acidity of the leaf-mould, and the absence of lime-
stone in the region studied. Structurally, this operculum does
not differ greatly from that of T. williamsoni (see below), but
its whorls increase more rapidly in size, so that the nucleus ~
is more eccentric. (See fig. 11-9.)
The shells are very variable in color and texture. Usually,
spiral bands (as many as 10), of chestnut brown to purplish,
are present, but these are almost always broken into dots. The
dots tend to be arranged in vertical rows and, in a few speci-
mens, these are joined together by dark varices, so that the
bands become vertical instead of spiral. The ground-color
varies from light cream to dark fulvous. Most of the speci-
mens from the edge of the hills (stations 22, 28) are dark
colored, and are very commonly quite unicolor.
The sculpture varies from rounded ridges parallel to the
growth lines, to marked, thread-like riblets. Usually some
buttress-like denticulations are present in the sutures, but their
number and size is very variable. The strength of the umbil-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 25
ical spiral is also variable, but, in all of my specimens, at least
two can be detected. In addition, traces of spirals are present
on the sides of the earlier whorls. The aperture of adult spec-
imens is always solute, angulate above, and with the peristome
free and slightly expanded. This expansion is most noticeable
on the lower portion of the palatal wall, but is least extensive
along the base.
The females are considerably larger than the males: repre-
sentative examples of each measure:
Altitude Maj. Diam. Altitude Aperture Diam. Aperture
Female 17.3 53 (9.2) 38 (6.5) 85 (5.5)
Males 14.5 54 (78) 36 (5.2) 87 (4.5)
12.4 55 (6.8) 34 (4.2) gr (3.8)
Pfeiffer also described Cyclostoma tamsiana from Puerto
Cabello. According to his description, the calcareous plate of
the operculum is the only important character that separates it
from C. plicatulum. As detailed above, this character is a
doubtful one. However, he emphasizes the central position
of the nucleus of the operculum of C. tamsiana, and it is just
possible that he had immature specimens (peristome simplex)
of T. williamsont secana (see below) before him. Pfeiffer’s
own figure (Conch. Cab., xxxvii-19, 20) might represent the
latter, but Reeve’s (1863, Conch. Icon.) is certainly T. plica-
tula, and Pfeiffer (1865) recognized it as authentic. All of
the Puerto Cabello specimens in the A. N. S. P. are T. plica-
tula, although some of the lots, with better preserved opercula,
have been labeled tamsiana. In this connection, attention
should be called to the habit of earlier collectors, who very
commonly named, as the locality of their specimens, some
large, well-known town in the general region. Labels such as
Puerto Cabello and Caracas may mean but little more than
labels like Venezuela or New Granada.
26 University of Michigan
I*rom the variation in color and sculpture of my specimens,
I very much question the specific rank of. C. cumanense and
C. venezuelense, but have seen no authentic examples. Ch?
subauriculatum Pfr. (1862) was also described from Cumana
(Bland). Specimens from Bland (original lot?) in the A. N.
S. P., show this to be a heavier form near C. biforme Pfr.
(1858), from Turks Island, Bahamas. Bland’s locality is
probably incorrect.
Tudora williamsoni, new species
Eighty-five specimens from damp, bare, rock faces along
quebradas in Aroa Mountains (H, I, a, 23 (type), 24). The
most abundant shell present in these places, although Brachy-
podella hanleyana is almost as common.
The shape of these shells is very similar to that of T. plica-
tula, but the 614 to 634 whorls are more convex, and the su-
tures more deeply impressed. The shells are heavier; the
growth riblets are high, but compressed, and tend to occur in
pairs, or more rarely in groups of 3 or 4. The buttress-like,
sutural prolongations of the riblets are fine, but prominent.
The spiral, umbilical sculpture is present, but is obscured by
the crowded riblets (fig. 11-8). The last whorl is free (so-
lute) for a very short distance. The aperture is almost circu-
lar. The peristome is quite broadly (.8 mm.) reflected on all
sides, but most prominently on the columellar lip, which is
often undulate. The parietal portion is produced into an an-
gular auriculation, which is adnate to the preceding whorl. In
adult shells, the reflection consists of several layers of varying
extent, so that a polyplex condition is produced. The color-
markings are similar to those of T. plicatula, but the higher
riblets give the shell a duller appearance.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 27
The structure of the operculum (fig. ii-8) is quite similar
to that of T. plicatula (fig. ii-g), but the calcareous plate is
heavier and more extensive, and is less apt to disintegrate in
the dried specimens. ‘The whorls of the operculum increase in
size very gradually, so that the outline is almost circular, and
the nucleus practically central. Its appearance is almost as
close to that of Annularia as to that of Tudora megacheilos
(fig. 11-10).
The general appearance of this species is closest to that of
T. aripensis (Guppy, 1864) from Trinidad. The latter has
more regularly spaced riblets and the shape of its operculum
is more or less intermediate between that of T. plicatula and
that of T. williamsoni.
Specimens measure:
Height inside Diam. inside
Altitude Maj.Diam. of Aperture of Aperture
Largest female 12.1 55 (6.6) 261 (3) 100 (3.2)
Another. female 10.6 57 (6.0) i (PATH) 96 (2.6)
Male; type TRE: 67 (4.8) 33)4(2:4) 100 (2.4)
Tudora williamsoni secana, new subspecies
Eleven specimens; on rocks and bare clay banks of an arroya
in the Cerritos de Yumarito, near Quebrada Seca (H, II, a,
28). With it occurred Brachypodella hanleyana, and, in the
leaf humus nearby, Tudora plicatula.
This subspecies differs, from the typical form, mainly in its
larger size. In addition, it is usually heavier, with darker
ground color and more obscure color pattern. The males of
this lowland form are of about the same size as the females
of the mountain one. Representative specimens measure:
Height inside Diam. inside
Altitude Maj.Diam. of Aperture of Aperture
Female (type) 14.1 54 (7.6) 201 (3:7) 100 (3.7)
Male 10.7 62 (6.6) 25 (2.7) 100 (2.7)
28 University of Michigan
CYCLOPHORIDAE
APEROSTOMATINAE
The synonymy of the major groups of this subfamily has
been reviewed in an earlier paper.* Of the South American
genera, Buckleyia appears to extend only as far north as south-
ern Colombia. Besides the numerous species of Amphicyclotus
from Central America and northwestern South America, A.
cayennensis (Shuttleworth, 1852), from Cayenne, Guiana, ap-
pears to belong to the same group as the species from the Les-
ser Antilles. With the exception of the doubtful Cyclostoma
psilomitum (see below), the subgenus Neocyclotus, of the gen-
us Poteria, is the only group that has been reported from Ven-
ezuela.
A brief synopsis of the mainland species of Neocyclotus will
be presented. All of the species included here, with the ex-
ception of P. corpulenta (Smith), have been figured. The
most recent bibliographies are found in Kobelt (1902, Thier-
reich) and Kobelt-Schwanheim (1912, Conch. Cab.). In the
following synopsis, those species preceded by an exclamation
point (!) are not included in either of these monographs, but
are figured by their authors. Those preceded by an asterisk
(*) are not in the Conch. Cab.
Although Pfeiffer (Conch. Cab.) describes the operculum
as calcareous, I very much doubt the position of Cyclostoma
prominula “Ferussac” Orbigny (1835) (+ Cyclostoma bra-
siliense Sowerby, 184—, + C. planorbulum Sowerby, 1842),
as a member of the subgenus Neocyclotus. The apical whorls
are those of the Lesser Antillean group of Amphicyclotus,
while the solute last whorl is quite distinctive, although it oc-
* “Aperostomatinae,” The Nautilus, xxxv, July, 1922.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 29
curs as an abnormality in other species. ‘The type locality is
Minas Geraes, Brazil. It is just possible that this species is.
related to Cyclostoma disjunctum Moricand (1846), also from
Brazil.*
The opercula of (*) Cyclostoma psilomitum Pfr. (1851)
from Venezuela, Aperostoma connivens H. Adams (1866)
from Eastern Peru, and Cyclostoma distinctum Sowerby
(1843) from the Bay of Montija, Panama, are unknown, but
these Crocidopoma-like species certainly do not belong in Neo-
cyclotus. (*) Cyclotus coopert Tryon (1863) from Mazatlan,
Mexico, is clearly an Amphicyclotus, close to A. lutescens
(Pfr., 1851); while (*) Cyclotus boucardi Angas (1878)
from San Carlos, Costa Rica, not A. boucardi (Pfr., 1856) is
evidently close to A. ponderosus (Pfr., 1851). (!) N. inflatus,
from Santa Marta, and (!) N. solutus, from New Granada,
both “Mousson” Kobelt and Moellendorff (1897, Nach. D.
Malac. Ges.) appear to be nude names, as is also (!) N.
chrysacine “Bartsch” Fluck (1906, Naut.), from Wani, Nic-
aragua. Cyclostoma suturale and C. discoideum, both Sower-
by (1843), are extralimital species, incorrectly cited from
Demerara, Guiana.
The mainland species of the subgenus Neocyclotus may be
divided into four, quite distinct groups, as follows:
1. Group of Cyclostoma translucidum Sowerby (1843).
Shell turbinate, usually unicolor; growth lines very prominent
and often crossed by spiral striations; basal portion of peri-
stome usually slightly emarginate. Mexico to Trinidad and
Peru.
5 C, disjunctum is the type of Cyclopoma Troschel (1847), not Agas-
siz (1833); this preoccupied name was inadvertently omitted from my-
1922 paper. It is a synonym of Amphicyclotus.
30 University of Michigan
2. Group of Cyclostoma stramineum Reeve (1842). Shell
turbinate or depressed, usually unicolor; growth lines crossed
by oblique grooves and plicae, which break the sculpture into
rugae or granulations. Ecuador (?); Panama to Lesser An-
tilles.
3. Group of Cyclostoma inca Orbigny (1835). Shell de-
pressed conoid, or with last whorl descending markedly (Cf.
Poteria confusa); usually with darker, spiral bands; growth-
lines comparatively delicate and regular. Central America to
Brazil.
4. Group of Cyclostoma incomptum Sowerby (1849) from
Brazil. Shell similar to that of group 3, but with siphon-like
development of the upper edge of the peristome. Colombia to
Brazil. N. pergrandis Kobelt-Schwanheim (1912), from
“New Granada,” is a larger shell than the typical species.
In the localities studied, the forms of Poteria were found
to be remarkably limited in their distribution. In only one
place did two species occur together, and there the mixture
occurred only at the junction of two distinct habitats (H, I,
II, 42). In other localities, they showed a distinct tendency
to form small colonies. For instance, in all of the collections
made around Palma Sola, specimens of this genus were found
only in a single locality, and there appeared to be restricted to
an area about 20 meters across. The general appearance of
this area was the same as in many other portions of the sur-
rounding forest, which makes it especially difficult to account
for this peculiar localization. In all places, they were the
only snails that were common in the root humus (H, I, II, c);
- they seemed to favor especially the corners between the radiat-
ing roots and buttresses of the larger trees.
Occasional Papers cf the Museum of Zoology at
Potcria translucida translucida (Sowerby, 1843).
One almost adult shell and 5 young specimens from near
the Rio Oropito, at the edge of the Cerritos de las Brujas
(H, I, be, 39), appear to be quite close to this typical form.
They are light-colored, comparatively fine-textured shells.
Measurements of similar shells from Cucuta, Colombia (I, 8,
73; A. N. S. P. 12963), from Puerto Cabello, Venezuela
Nese n2eor: > Starke) hand ‘from La! Guaira,
Venezuela (A. N. S: P. 12986) are also given (see fig. v-A).
This subspecies appears to be characteristic of the lowlands;
in-the mountains, the species is represented by various, close-
ly related forms. P. translucida trinitensis (Guppy) has sim-
ilar dimensions, but most of the specimens can be separated
by the key (see below). The measurements of a characteristic
example of each sex (see fig. v-B, C) from Cariaquito, Vene-
zuela (L, 10, 63; A. N. S. P. 104631; Bond Expedition, rg1r),
are given. In all of the subspecies, the adults examined have
close to 41% whorls.
Dimensions of Poteria translucida
Height Maj Diam.
P. t. translucida 16.0 127 (20.4) Figure, Thesaurus.
Young shell 12.2 121 (14.8) H,I,c, 39; La Fria, Ven.
Pees. P. 12063 12.5 131 (16.5) Cucuta, Colombia.
12G61 12.8 127 (16.2) Puerto Cabello, Ven.
14.5 130 (18.8)
12986 (Fig. v-A) 16.0 133 (21.2) La Guaira, Ven:
P. t. trinitensis (Figs. v-B,C) 13.8 130 (17.9) Male; Cariaquito, ‘Ven.
Wee: o. PP: 104631 16.9 122 (20.5) Female; ditto.
P. t. bejumensis (Fig. v-D) 17.2 105 (18.1) H,I,b,7; type; Bejuma, Ven.
14.8 nL7 (zee)
(Fig. v-E) 14.3 128 (18.3)
(Fig. v-F) 12.0 118 (14.2)
(Fig.v-G) 17.3 118 (20.4) H,I,c, 15; Cerro Chiriguara.
Means: 34 specimens 14.9 rr7 (ies
Extremes: ditto 12.0-17.3 105-128 (14.2-20.4)
32 Umicrsity of Michigan
Height Maj Diam.
P.t.major; AN.S.P.12990 = 21.3 116 (26.3) Type; Caracas, Ven. (Fig. v-H),
P.t. santaguitensis (Fig. v-J) 12.3 136 (16.7) H,1,b, 42; smallest male.
(Fig. v-I) 178 128 (22.7) Type; largest female.
A.N. S. P. 12993 19.2 126 (24.2) Cucuta, Colombia (Bouquet).
The following artificial key to the mainland forms of this
typical group may assist in their separation, although a com-
parison of authentic specimens, or at least a study of the orig-
inal figures and descriptions, is the only practicable means for
their identification. The localities given are those of the orig-
inal descriptions, except in a few cases where the original
locality was omitted or was later shown to be absolutely incor-
rect. The figures give the altitude in millimeters, the major
diameter index in percentages (followed by the actual dimen-
sion in millimeters), and the number of whorls. As the earlier
writer determined the altitude in a different manner from that
at present customary, many of these measurements are not
those of the author, but are those of his figure. In a very
few cases, the measurements are necessarily taken from later
authors, but such cases were checked up with original data.
The names given are those of the original authorities, and I
do not vouch for the specific separation of many of them. As
will be detailed later, the individual variation is often very
great, even in shells from a single locality.
A. Costa around umbilicus; operculum unknown. Eastern Peru.
TAS MGO(ZE) iS Orc. cis «ee Aperostoma bartletti H. Adams (1860):
AA. Sides of umbilicus evenly rounded.
B. Peristome emarginate above and below; shell large. Costa
Rica. 31; 124(38.5); 5...Cyclotus bisinuatus Martens (1864).
BB. Peristome not emarginate above; shell smaller.
C. Shell with comparatively weak, quite regular, growth lines;
color light greenish to yellowish, translucid.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 33
D. Shell more depressed; sutures distinctly impressed;
whorls convex. Coloras Island, Gulf of Paria, Trin-
adess PIGG AA RIOR OP Oe. eee ao Soe eens Se dene mes
Soph Ee PPR 2 ee Cyclostoma trinitensis Guppy (1864).
DD. Shell medium; sutures less distinct; whorls less round-
eds GC oloni pina TOs T2720 Kt or 3. cn ca aeons
ick Viale Ae Cyclostoma translucidum Sowerby (1843).
DDD. Shell more elevated; heavier.
E. Smaller. Bejuma, Venezuela. 14.9; 117(17.5) 4%.
....(!) P..translucida bejumensis, new subspecies.
EE. Larger. Caracas, Venezuela. 21.3; 116(26.3); 4%.
Cpt she (!) P. translucida, var. major, Bland MSS.
CC. Growth lines prominent, usually undulate; shell heavier;
adults darker in color.
F. Growth lines with epidermal ridgelets, usually simply
undulate; color of adults pronounced.
G. Color of adults dark olive green; lower lip with
slight emargination. La Fria, Venezuela. 17.8; 128
a) POR. ER AMES - ed oe Re oe See ee
..(!) P. translucida santaguitensis, new subspecies.
GG. Color of adults dark reddish; lower lip quite entire.
‘El Libano, 6500 ft., Santa Marta Mts., Col. (L 11,
PAN EARS S TSS CIO: ) Seater eres s,s (!) Aper-
ostoma smithit Pils. and Clapp (1902) Nautilus.
FF. Growth lines usually anastamosing, so as to approach
the next group (P. straminea) in sculpture..........
CS ees ae bas 2 3 Poteria dysoni ( Pfr.)
H. Peristome double, solute. Mirador, Mexico. 16;
THOUS Go. ks. Cyclotus berendti Pfr. (1861).
HH. Peristome simple, but often slightly solute.
Y. Later whorls with spiral stripes of lighter color.
Cave at Tabi, Yucatan. ..(!) C. dysoni (form)
multiiineatus Pils. (1891). Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci., Philadelphia.
II. Unicolor.
J. Smaller. Tabi, Yucatan. Maj. diam. 16 mm.
(!) Cyclotus dysoni, var. minor Mart. (1890).°
® Biol. C, A.; plate 1. This is apparently a description and not a
nhame,
34 University of Michigan
Jj; Larser
K. More depressed; color castaneous. Bugaba, South Panama.
rIsyeryan e323 (7703) IA ae Cyclotus dysoni, var. affinis Mart. (1890).
KK. More depressed; growth lines more regular. Soledad, Mexico.
16; 144(23).....Cyclotus dysoni, var. ambiguus Mart. (1890).
KKK: Everything else. Honduras. 21-3); 125(26:5))s) diZ:6. 45.2522 ee
SOR GER oo ans i. SEs Cyclostoma dysoni Pir. (1851).
Poteria translucida bejumensis, new subspecies
Figs. v-D, E, F, G.
Thirty-three adults and 50 immature specimens from rock-
talus on ledge near top of small, rock wall of cafon-like valley
of Banco Largo, near Bejuma, Venezuela (H, I, b, 7); and 1
adult (the largest) from leached-out, root humus near top of
Cerro” Chirtouata (Hi, 1;c,- 45).
Shell: heavier and more turbinate than P. ¢. translucida;
growth lines prominent, but fine, regular and crowded. Color
of epidermis: unicolor, yellowish horn, apex lighter. Shell
substance: chalky, except near apex (usually eroded), where
it is closer in texture and often tinged with rosaceous. Whorls:
a little less than 41% ; convex, quite rapidly increasing in diam-
eter. Sutures: prominent, but not impressed. Aperture: al-
most vertical; circular except for upper angle; sometimes
briefly solute. Basal lip of peristome: with one or two emar-
ginations. Umbilicus: 1/7 of major diameter.
The young shells, as is quite usual in the genus, are more
depressed than the adults. The females are slightly larger
than the males, and their average major diameter index is
slightly greater (more depressed shell), but the individual vari-
ation is so great that the sexes cannot be separated by their
shape and size.
Pfeiffer’s figure in the Conch. Cab. resembles this subspecies
more than it does the original figure of P. t. translucida, in the
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 35
Thesaurus. A set of specimens (A. N. S. P. 12990), labeled
Caracas, Venezuela (L, 11, 67), are very similar in shape to
P. t. bejumensis, but their considerably larger size seems to
indicate at least racial significance. They are labeled var.
Major in Thomas Bland’s handwriting, so, with the kind
permission of Dr. Pilsbry, that name is published here (see
key, and fig. v-H).
Poteria translucida santaguitensis, new subspecies
Figs. v-I, J.
Four adults and Io younger specimens, from root-humus
around bases of trees on the steep valley sides of Quebrada
Santa Aguita (H, I, c, 42), near La Fria, Venezuela.
Shell: heavier than P. t. translucida, and growth lines ren-
dered more prominent by fine, undulating, epidermal riblets.
Color of adults: olive-green, translucid. Apex: tinged with
rose. Last whorl: impressed just below suture, and often with
a few, weak, spiral striae. Basal lip of peristome: with a def-
inite emargination, as seems characteristic.of P. translucida.
Umbilicus: 1/7 of the major diameter.
The immature specimens of this subspecies are often yel-
lowish in color. In many respects, the adults resemble P.
smithi (Pilsbry and Clapp, Nautilus, 1902), as indicated in
the key. A bleached specimen in the A. N. S. P. (no. 12993),
from Cucuta, Colombia (L. 8, 73), probably also belongs to
P. t. santaguitensts.
Poteria straminea (Reeve, 1843). Figs. v-N, O.
Thirty adults and 48 immature specimens, from root-humus
on the hill-sides and around the bases of trees, in the San
Esteban valley (H, I, c, 2, 3, 4).
36 University of Michigan
The inside of the aperture of these greenish-yellow shells
is pearly, but without dark iridescence. The peristome is often
noticeably thickened, and even flares outward, with several,
heavy varices, so as to be almost campanulate. Its basal lip is
quite even, and the aperture is almost circular. The exterior
surface of the operculum is quite markedly concave, and the
internal boss is prominent. The specimens have between 4%
and 5 whorls, and the umbilicus is a little over 14 the major
diameter.
A set of specimens of Poteria granadensis rugata (Guppy),
from Cariaquito, Venezuela (A. N. S. P. no. 104625; S.
Brown, 1911) show that this Trinidad shell also reaches the
mainland. Measurements of seven males and seven females
are summarized in the accompanying table (cf. figs. v-P, Q).
Dimensions in Group of P. straminea
Altitude Maj. Diam.
P. straminea 057, 142 (22.3) Figure, Thesaurus.
Means; 30 specimens 125 147 (18.3) H, I, c, 2, 3,4; San Esteban.
Extremes; ditto 9.7-15.9 131-158 (14.7-22.6) Figs. v-N, O.
P. granadensis rugata 10.2(sic) (17.8) Guppy, (1864).
A.N.S. P. 104625.
Means: 7 females 8.6 146 (12.5) Cariaquito, ‘Venezuela.
Extremes: ditto 8.3-9.2 138-156 (11.9-13.4) Fig. v-P.
Means: 7 males 7.8 TA24( 17-1)
Extremes: ditto 7.3-8.2 132-148 (10.2-11.4) Fig. v-Q.
P. glaucostema 12.8 142 (11.4) Figure, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
P. g. aulari
Means: 4 specimens 15.5 146 (22.7) H, II, be, 20; Palma Sola.
Extremes: ditto 14.1-16.8 142-154 (20.8-24.6) Fig. v-M.
Means: 6 specimens 14.6 154 (22.6) H, II, be, 28; Quebrada Seca.
Extremes: ditto 13.3-16.2 149-161 (21.3-24.8) Figs. v-K, L.
The following, artificial key, to the members of the group
of P. straminea, is presented. ‘The remarks, which precede the
key to the first group, also apply here. The first species is in-
cluded with considerable doubt.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology a7
A. Shell with irregular granulations; last whorl whitish with dark,
chestnut-brown, spiral band. Ecuador. 18; 139(25); 5™%.......
Cyclotus granulatus Pfr. (1862).
Cle 6 ew 68 ©, 8 si 6's 6.6 0] oS) 6ie) 6 61 6 pj «) «6 ©
AA. Shell with comparatively regular, impressed lines, which cross the
growth lines obliquely in two series, so as to mark off rugae or
diamond-shaped corrugations; without definite color bands.
B. Large species: granulations arranged in quincunx; apex liglit
brown; lower whorls darker; unevenly black-striped. Ale-
inno Colmmeia (1,6 76). ~ 30% 132(46.5) 3 5.035.652 0-2-3
Neocyclotus peilei Gude (1912).
BB. Smaller species; more depressed.
C. Shells medium in size; plicae and striae comparatively reg-
ular and covering practically all of last whorl.
D. Very prominent and quite regular striae meet the suture
at an acute angle, while the short, curved series, that
cross the first at approximately right angles, are pres-
ent only near the suture; color yellowish; interior of
aperture only slightly iridescent. Merida, Venezuela
(Tee Bieri hege Dao Gl EAS (22.9) tale iac isl. x ohhtciat «bth bi ool ale
oor aaiocraceer teres Cyclostoma stramineum Reeve (1843).
DD. Both series of striae comparatively weak, but almost
equally prominent; color olive-brown to castaneous,
lighter below; interior of aperture with bluish to pur-
plish iridescence.
E. Smaller; color castaneous. Venezuela. 12.8; 142
(18.2) ; 4.(*) Cyclostoma glaucostomum Pfr.(1855).
EE. Larger; color olive-brown. Quebrada Seca, Vene-
REI. FAO 554 (2a ie ee ote «als wish arnaie mvs
(!) P. glaucostoma aulari, new subspecies.
CC. Shells smallest; both sets of striae irregular, and obscure
or absent on lower side of last whorl.
F. “Obscure retuse corrugati’; golden unicolor. Chiriqui,
Pagani. A072 TSOCIS) } AVGer amen ow os) vase sane avade
sgh hits At BS ed Neocyclotus panamensis DaCosta (1904).
FF. Sutural side of last whorl with irregular, but promi-
nent, striations and rugae; umbilical side obscurely
granulate or without oblique striations; color yellow-
ish. Northern Hills of Trinidad. (Other similar
forms in Lesser Antilles; compare Cyclostoma grana-
dense Shuttleworth, 1857). Maj. diam. 17.8..........
PPPS CUR vad ea gaces Cyclotus rugatus Guppy (1864).
38 University of Michigan
Poteria glaucostoma aulari, new subspecies
Figs. v-K, L, M.
Six adults and 12 immature specimens from the edge of
the Cerritos de Yumarito, near Quebrada Seca, Estado Yara-
cuy, Venezuela (H, II, be, 28; type locality), and 4 adults
and 3 young from small colony in heavy forest, 2 kilometers
south of Palma Sola (H, II, be, 20).
Shell: large, but thin. Color: above, dark olive-brown with
chestnut tinge; below, olive-green, the line of demarcation
either distinct or obscure; apex, fulvous amber; inside of aper-
ture bluish-purple by reflected light, although no color is visi-
ble by transmitted light. Whorls: 4% to 434; flatter and with
sutures less deeply impressed than in P. straminea. Sculpture:
weak, but with both series of oblique striae equally prominent ;
although, in patches on the apical side, one set may dominate
over the other, while, on the umbilical side, they cross each
other so as to produce a malleate appearance. Aperture: oval;
peristome simply and slightly thickened. Umbilicus: a little
more than 4 the major diameter. Operculum: exterior, flat
to slightly convex; interior with central boss less prominent
than in P. straminea.
The form from Palma Sola (fig. v-M) is considerably more
elevated, shows more prominent corrugations, and is lighter in
color than the typical form (figs. v-K, L). The apex is light
amber, while the later whorls are brownish-amber above and
amber below. ‘The bluish iridescence inside of the aperture is
considerably lighter.
From Pfeiffer’s original description, and Reeve’s figure
(1865, Conch. Icon., vii-35b), which agrees in all particulars
and apparently represents the type, P. g. glaucostoma is a very
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 39
similar shell to this subspecies. However, the typical form is
considerably smaller and the color is more pronounced.
I did not collect this form at Aroa, but a set in the A. N.
S. P. (no. 12965), labeled as from that locality (C. F. Starke,
1872), agrees quite closely with the shells from the Cerritos de
Yumarito.
Poteria dunkeri (Pir.) and approaching var. perezi (Hidalgo).
: Figs. v-S, U.
Four adults and 17 immature specimens; from the brook
flats of a small tributary of Rio Lobaterita, near Estacién Ta-
chira (H, I, b, 35), and from the steep valley-sides of the
larger stream itself (H, I, c, 38).
As will be seen from the table of measurements, these
small lots of specimens show a great deal of variation, both in
size and shape. All of the specimens are more elevated than
either typical dunkeri or perezi. One specimen (fig. v-U) is
much larger than the others, and, in this particular approaches
P. d. dunkeri. The growth lines of all are well-marked, but
regular and closely spaced. The peristome is thickend and often
narrowly reflected, especially on the palatal wall. The number of
whorls varies from 414 to 434; the umbilicus is from 1/3 to
1/4 of the major diameter. The ground color varies from
light olive-green to brownish-olive. The light, peripheral band
is poorly marked, but is bordered below by a broad band of
darker color, which tends to be accentuated at its upper and
lower borders, or even to break up into a number of rather
indefinite bands. In some specimens, an additional dark band
is present on the umbilical side. as is characteristic of P. d.
perezi, while the sutural region also may be darkened.
Four specimens, labeled Venezuela (A. N. S. P. 12971),
connect this series with typical P. d. dunkeri. Their measure-
40 University of Michigan
ments are given in the accompanying table. Besides the us-
ually more depressed form, P. dunkeri differs from P. quiten-
sis (Pfr.) in color (see key). In addition, the growth lines
of the latter are developed into plications in the umbilical re-
gion. However, P. gigantea (“Gray” Sowerby) has both red-
dish and green color-forms, and P. gigantea fischeri (Hidalgo)
shows the umbilical prominence of the growth lines. In real-
ity, no very distinct characters, for the specific separation of
many of the forms in the group of P. inca (Orbigny), have
been found as yet.
Measurements in the Group of P. inca
Altitude Maj. Diam.
P. d. dunkeri 17.8 198 (35.2) Conch. Cab. (1912) ; fig. 140-14.
ASN Ss a0 78
Means: (4specimens) 17.6 077, (3509 Venezuela.
Extremes: ditte 15.7-19.9 170-195 (29.6-34.6)
H, I, b, 35 (fig. v-U) 20.7 168 (34.8) Estacion Tachira, Ven.
12.0 177 (213)
P.d. perezt 13.6 180 (24.5) Figure, Hidalgo (1866).
H,- Pabeese 14.3 17I (24.4) Baeza, Ecuador.
(fig. v-S) 18.0 160 (28.8) Estacion Tachira, Ven.
P.d.cardozi, H, 1, b, 40 133 159 (21.2) La Fria, Venezuela.
10.8 182 (19.7)
(type: fig. v-R) 9.4 181 (17.0)
P. dunkeri var.; H,I,b,40 13.1 163)(21-3')) Quebrada Santa Aguita, Ven.
14.7 159 (23.4)
(fig. v-T ) 16.5 146 (24.1)
P.p..popayana 15 136 (21.0) Figure, Lea (1838).
A.N.S. P. 12980 17.8 122 (21.7) “New Granada.”
A. N:S. P..12073
Means: (3 specimens ) 13.4 146 (19.5) Cucuta, Colombia (Penny).
Extremes : ditto 1I.7-14.9 139-152 (17.8-21.8)
A, NiOAE. 12077
Means: (7 specimens) 16.9 149 (25.1) Mendez, Colombia (T. Bland).
Extremes : ditto 14.5-18.7 125-157 (22.6-27.1)
P. p. fasciata(2 shells)16.5-17.0 141-158 (24.0-26.0)
A. N. §. P. 12972 (12974)
Means: (16 specimens) 17.0
139
(23.1)
Extremes : ditto 14.6-18.7 121-153 (20.7-26.2)
Kobelt (1922) Puerto Cabello.
Puerto Cabello (C. F. Starke).
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 4
The following, very artificial key, to the names in the group
of P. inca, is presented. The remarks, preceding the key to
the group of P. translucida, also apply here. As the earlier
descriptions are very monotonous reading, and often difficul:
of interpretation, the characterization of each fresh lot as a
new species appears to be the customary procedure in this
group.
A. Basal lip of peristome with a marked indentation, corresponding
to subcanaliculate last whorl (teratological?; Cf. von Martens,
1890).
B. With a dark, spiral band just below periphery and another on
base of the last whorl. Province Cauca, Colombia (about
LS ele (OM i Ne POR 6 ol Ge) A Uae d= a
Ey tahgliolatinn isl eiarston Paco Neocyclotus caucaensis DaCosta (1901.)
BB. No bands mentioned in descriptions.
C. Smaller, distinctly flattened, less vaulted. Bay of Salinas,
Costa sled. 9 Tes ON SOAs, ton tebe nin bet naaee is als. owe
rae Ee (!) Cyclotus irregularis, var. pittieri Mart. (1890).
CC. Larger; the oldest name. Costa Rica. 26; 162(42); 5 (von
Martens, 1890).....(*) Cyclostoma irregulare Pfr. (1855).
AA. Basal lip of peristome normally entire.
D. Periphery of last whorl angulate or subangulate.
E. Obscure, cord-like development on periphery of last whorl;
color olive-brown, somewhat lighter below. Ambato,
Ecuador. 13.2; 163(21.6) ; 4%. Cyclotus past Crosse (1866).
EE. Angulation more prominent; last whorl at least subcar-
inate.
F. Shell much depressed; growth-lines very prominent.
G. Most depressed, rapidly increasing whorls; castaneo-
fulvous with blackish carina. Colombia. 18.1; 202
(36.6); 41%4...Cyclostoma laxatum Sowerby (1849).
GG. Depressed; olivaceous with light, peripheral stripe and
darker band below it. Bogota, Colombia. 20; 180(36).
...(!) Cyclotus filoliratus Sowerby (1892, P. Z. 5.).
FF. Less depressed shell; growth lines fine above, but coarse
below (Cf. fischeri).
42 University of Michigan
H. Shell shaped like P. gigantea; blackish fuscous with
vellowish brown, peripheral stripe. Ecuador. 23;
BOOB 3S) FAY she ose Sia aod ope Se, unten axe e oie ee
...N. (giganteus var?) subcingulatus Kobert (1912).
HH. Shell more elevated; olivaceo-castaneous, with light
stripe at periphery and darker band below. Colombia.
20:5 = TAA CAS) A AUS. 0) acces eas eG oe Eee
ah Set hs Seg Cyclostoma cingulatum Sowerby (1843).
DD. Periphery of last whorl rounded.
I. Shells very large; major diameter more than 45 mm.
J. Last whorl descending, with upper angle canaliculate;
dark band below periphery. Vera Paz, Guatemala (?)
BU oT OAS 7 enh cites ous cpakidinis tis oo cee ae ae eee
..(!) Aperostoma confusum Sykes (1901) Jour. Malac.
JJ. More depressed; descent of last whorl less pronounced.
K. Color rich chestnut-brown; lighter at suture and base, but no
spiral bands. Zaragoza, Colombia (L 7, 75). 32; 159(51); 5.
KK. Dark, spiral band below lighter stripe at periphery.
L. Slightly more elevated; growth lines much coarser towards
umbilicus than on sutural side of last whorl. Ecuador.
82. IGECE HO) Ss Staaten Cyclotus fischeri Hidalgo (1867).
LL. Most depressed; growth lines not markedly coarser belcw.
Near Panama City. Panama: 363° 166(50:8))> 532.2 eee
eae AS Cyclostoma giganteum “Gray” Sowerby (1843).
(+ C. cumingti Jay, 1850).
II. Shells smaller; major diameter less than 40 mm.
M. Much depressed, rapidly increasing whorls; color brownish-
olive, with light stripe above periphery, bordered by dark
brown above and below. Peru. 13; 212(27.5); 4. ......-cses
See Sete ee Neocyclotus depressus DaCosta (1906).
MM. Less depressed; not more than twice as broad as high.
N. Color predominantly reddish; usually distinctly larger and
heavier shells, with prominent growth lines, at least
around umbilicus.
O. More depressed; chestnut-brown above, dark-brown be-
low, with narrow, peripheral stripe of light color;
growth lines weak. Pozuzo, Eastern Peru. 20.4; 183
(38) 3) 434: <r Neocyclotus peruvianus DaCosta (1906).
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 43
OO. Less depressed, major index around 160.
P. Rich chestnut in color with yellowish streaks and
darker lines at irregular intervals, but slight trace of
bands; growth lines prominent. Las Nubes, 4000 ft.,
Santa Marta Mts., Colombia (L 11, 74). 203; 157
(CSC) ALG ee hic cadre eater ate sieges si (!) Aperxostoma
sanctaemarthae Pilsbry and Clapp (1902) Nautilus.
PP. Fulvous chestnut, with light, peripheral stripe, usually
bordered below by dark band.
Q. Slightly more depressed; black band above and
below peripheral stripe; apex rose. Near Bogota,
COOMA ee OK MOT (BBS isiuGa, yi - es = clea aie ale! acys ocsers
Neocyclotus colombiensis DaCosta (1901).
€.0) o> eins
QQ. Slightly more elevated; greenish around umbili-
cus; growth lines plicate below. Quito, Ecuador.
BT Ot Tin ORAL) SAL amr pe vata cha belo sy ony Sai ore avis eels
Cyclostoma quitensis Pfeiffer (1851).
i
NN. Color predominantly greenish; usually smaller and thinner shells
(but see dunkeri and corpulentus).
R. Much depressed shells; major diameter index over 180.
S. Large and heavy shells.
T. Last whorl swollen, almost solute; color dark olive
brown with numerous, dark, spiral lines; growth lines
prominent. San Sebastian, Colombia (LI, 11, 74). 10;
184(35). (*) Cyclotus corpulentus E. A. Smith (1878).
TT. Last whorl normal; color olive with light, peripheral
stripe, bordered by dark band below. New Granada;
Riobamba, Ecuador. 17.8; 108(35.2); 434. ......---:
FOA.6 O06 bOI ae eRe Cyclotus dunkeri Pir. (1856).
SS. Smaller and thinner shells; fusco-olivaceous with black
band around periphery and another at base.
i Lareer.. Baeza, Ecuador, Tae isdtes 5) 42 Foot. 2s
OCG Cte OT Te Cyclotus peresi Hidalgo (1866).
UU. Smallest. La Fria, Venezuela. 9.4; 181(17.0); 3%.
more) hoa 5S COO GEOL REO (!) P. dunkeri cardozi new.
RR. More elevated shells; major diameter less than 170(30) ; olive-
brown with light, peripheral stripe usually bordered by dark
band below.
V. Major diameter index around 160.
44 University of Michigan
W. Shell malleate below; brownish green. Bogota, Colombia.
14; 157(22); 4%. ...Cyclostoma bogotensis Pir. (1853).
WW. Growth lines fine and quite regular; olive brown.
X. Aperture normal; shell slightly more (or less) de-
pressed: ‘Boltyvia. 1095-.163(31) ; 5)... 4-Seeeee
Pein st Se ka ME Cyclostoma inca Orbigny (1833).
Fa vise fre See (+ C. colombiensis “Fer.” Orb., 1835).
(+ C. nobile “Fer.” Pot. and Mich., 1838).
XX. Original figure (poorly drawn) shows somewhat so-
lute aperture and slightly more elevated shell. Cox-
oeira. Woods, Bahia; Brazil. 18:3; 155(28.3) -ceeeee
Cyclostoma blanchetianum Moricand (1838).
VV. Major diameter index varies around 140.
Y. Bands more pronounced. Puerto Cabello, Venezuela.
17:0; 137( 23:1) 34-5 (See taple). <t.<5 ooo eee
N. popayana fasciata Kobelt-Schwanheim (1912).
YY. Dark, spiral band. Popayan, Colombia. 15.5: 136(21) ;
17 SaaS Cyclostoma popayana Lea (1838).
YYY. Lwo teddish bands: 11.62°129(4!9)i5) 4-5... eee
Salt ass Ai Cyclostoma inconspicuum Sowerby (1843).
Poteria dunkeri cardozi, new subspecies
Fig. v-R.
Three adults and 10 immature specimens from the lowland
forest around La Fria (H, Il, b, 40). These specimens from
the rich, luxuriant jungles are, peculiarly enough, considera-
bly smaller than the remainder. The description of the type
(fig. v-R) of this form follows:
Shell: depressed, thin, translucid. Growth lines: regular,
compressed. Color: brownish horn, apex tinged with fulvous ;
periphery of last whorl lighter, bordered below by a diffuse,
brownish band, which is somewhat darker at its upper and
lower borders; another, narrower band on the umbilical side.
Whorls: 334; flattened above and rapidly increasing. Umbili-
cus: a little more than ™% the major diameter. Aperture:
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 45
oblique, transversely elliptical. Peristome: thickened and
slightly reflected, especially on the palatal wall.
While this variety seems simply a dwarfed form of P. dun-
keri, it appears to be at least an ecological race. While the
type is clearly an adult shell, the smaller number of whorls
appears to indicate arrested development as well as actual re-
duction in size. The largest adult from this locality is consid-
erably more elevated, and thus approaches the next form in
shape. Both of the larger shells have 414 whorls.
Attention is called to the fact that the type of this form
is less than % as large as P. dunkeri, or the largest shell in
the Estacion Tachira series; while these latter are almost 2/3
as large as P. gigantea (Sowerby). The correspondence of
P. dunkeri and P. quitensis with the forms of P. gigantea and
P. q. fischeri, has already been noted. In addition, the last two
forms usually have a larger number of whorls than do the
smaller shells.
Poteria dunkeri, var. approaching P. popayana (Lea).
Fig. v-T.
Three adults and 8 immature specimens from the creek flats
of Quebrada Santa Aguita, near La Fria (H, I, b, 42). These
shells are quite heavy and are considerably more elevated than
most of the others from the same general region. The ground’
color of the adults is dark brown, so that the spiral banding
is partially obscured. The shell substance at the apex is rosa-
ceous to coral red. The aperture is nearly circular, and the
peristome is thickened but not at all reflected. The umbilicus
is about 4 the major diameter.
As will be seen from the table of dimensions, this form ap-
proaches P. popayana in shape. However, in the specimens.
46. University of Michigan
measured, the umbilicus of the latter is considerably smaller,
around 1/5 the major diameter, although that of a very much
elevated specimen from “New Granada” (A. N. S. P. 12950)
is about 2/9. Von Martens (1873) has called attention to the
intergradation in shape between P. inca and P. popayana. He
has also pointed out that actual specimens of C. blanchetianum,
obtained through Moricand, are more depressed than P. inca,
instead of more elevated, as would appear from Moricand’s
figure (see the preceding key). Specimens in the A. N. 8. P.
(no. 12968, Brazil, from Moricand) agree with Von Martens’
statement. ‘To be perfectly candid, the difference in locality
is about the only remaining excuse for the specific separation
of the forms from the Brazilian region and those from the
Colombian.
Besides those already mentioned, measurements of sets in
the A. N. S. P. from Cucuta, Colombia (L 8, 73), Mendez,
Colombia (L 10, 75), and Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, are in-
cluded in the table of dimensions. The extremes of variation
in the major diameter index are especially noteworthy. Ko-
belt-Schwanheim (1912), in the description of Poteria popay-
ana fasciata, has called attention to the color variation in
“Puerto Cabello” specimens, but apparently his series did not
show as much variation in shape as the set in the Acad. of
Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia. It is interesting, at least, that the
larger forms, of the confusa-belli-fischeri-gigantea series, show
similar differences in shape (see key).
DIPLOM MATININAE
Adclopoma occidentale (Guppy, 1872).
Very abundant; at Quebrada La Fria, in rich leaf mould
on an abandoned cacao plantation, that has returned (‘mon-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 47
tado”) to practically the same conditions as the original forest
(H, V, b, 41). Such isolated occurrence in second-growth
seems to favor the hypothesis that this is an introduced species.
The columellar denticle in these shells is quite low and
rounded, but in no sense vestigial. The first 1% whorls are
lightly and irregularly pitted. In addition to the prominent,
growth ribs, the surface of their interspaces is covered with
microscopic sculpture. The latter consists of rounded spiral
riblets, which are broken, by impressed growth lines, into
series of bead-like prominences.
Figure 21. Adclopoma occidentale. -Teeth of half-row, separated
laterad. At the right is shown a ventral view of another of the outer-
most teeth. The scale indicates a length of 50 microns.
Figure 21 shows a half row from the radula of this species,
with the teeth separated laterad, so as to better show their
form. As usually seen, the first lateral overlaps the central,
while the bases of all of the laterals and marginals are crowd-
ed closely together. The right-hand figure of the marginal
tooth shows the ventral side uppermost. The denticle, near
the center of the base of the rachidian tooth, is very promi-
nent and distinctly reminiscent of the Amnicolidae. As _ will
48 University of Michigan
be seen from the scale (50 microns), some of the cusps ap-
proach the limits of microscopic visibility. This radula ap-
pears to be similar to that of Adelopoma tucma Doehring
(1884); it certainly does not resemble those of the Apero-
stomatinae.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES
All drawings are made with the aid of the camera lucida.
Under the number of each figure, is a hair line, which repre-
sents an actual length of one millimeter in plate II, and 50
microns (.05 mm.) in plates III and IV, and in the text-fig-
ures.
50
University of Michigan
PLATE I.
All drawings were made with the aid of the camera lucida. The
scales in figures I, 2, 3, 4, and 6 represent an actual length of I mm.;
that of figure 5, Io microns (1.01 mm.).
Figure 1. Leptinaria (Neosubulina) gloynii.
Figure 2. L. gloynti. Apical whorls.
Figure 3. L. gloynit. Last whorl, opened to show arrangement
of columnellar and parietal lamellz.
Figure 4. Microcramus bonairensis curacoana. Outline of 4 indi-
viduals of type lot to show extreme variation in shape
and size.
Figure 5. M. b. curacoana. Radula; central and first laterals in
place, 21st and 35th laterals. The curved line below
the scale shows the shape of a single transverse row.
Figure 6. Chondropoma (?) ravent. Apical whorls of young
shell.
A it
Oar 21
N
» LO.
University of Michigan
PEATE UT
The scales indicate a length of one millimeter.
Lucidella venezuelensis. Front view of shell and outer view
of operculum (calcareous plate).
Tudora williamsoni. Outer view of operculum and front
view of last whorl of type specimen (male).
Tudora plicatula. Outer view of operculum.
Tudora megacheilos. Outer view of operculum.
VENEZUELAN SHELLS PEATE II
54 University of Michigan
PLATE At
The scales indicate a length of fifty microns. The relationships of
the centrals and laterals are represented as viewed.
Fig. 11. Oligyra (Analcadia) rufa. Centrals, laterals, and tips of
Ist, 4th, and roth uncini.
Fig. 12. Oligyra (Analcadia) dysoni barbata. Centrals, and tips of
Ist and 4th uncini.
Fig. 13. Oligyra (Idesa) rotunda. Centrals, and top of Ist uncinus.
Fig. 14. Oligyra (Sericea) riparia tachirensis, Centrals, laterals, and
tips of Ist, 4th and 7th uncini.
VENEZUELAN SHELLS PLATE III
56
The
University of Michigan
PLALE, 1V
scales indicate a length of fifty microns. The relationships of
ig. 18.
. 19.
the centrals and laterals are represented as viewed.
Helicina (Oxyrhombus) concentrica. Centrals, laterals, and
tip of 3rd uncinus.
Helicina (Angulata) caracolla. Centrals and laterals.
Lucidella (Lindsleya?) venezuelensis. Centrals, and tips of
Ist and &th uncini.
Helicina (Angulata) rhynchostoma ernesti. Centrals and tip
of 3rd uncinus.
Lucidella (Poeniella) plicatula. Centrals and tip of 3rd
marginal.
BS Ge ee ee
University of Michigan
PLATE V
Reproduced approximately natural size.
Poteria translucida translucida. la Guaira, Venezuela.
Poteria translucida trinitensis. Male; Cariaquito, Venezuela.
Poteria translucida trinitensis. Female; Cariaquito, Venezuela.
Poteria translucida bejumensis. Type; female; station 7.
Poteria translucida bejumensis. Most depressed female; station 7.
Poteria translucida bejumensis. Smallest male; station 7.
Poteria translucida bejumensis. Largest female; station 15.
Poteria translucida major. Type; Caracas, Venezuela. -
Poteria transiucida santaguitensis. Male; station 42.
Poteria translucida santaguitensis. Type; female; station 42.
Poteria glaucostoma aulari. Male; station 28.
Poteria glaucostoma aulari. Type; female; station 28.
Poteria glaucostoma aulari. Female; station 20.
Poteria straminea. Female; station 3.
Poteria straminea. Male; station 3.
Poteria granadensis rugata. Female; Cariaquito, Venezuela.
Poteria granadensis rugata. Male; Cariaquito, Venezuela.
Poteria dunkeri cardozi. Type; male; station 4o.
Poteria dunkeri, near peresi. Station 38.
Poterta dunkeri, approaching P. popayana. Station 42.
Poteria dunkeri dunkert. Largest female; station 35.
VENEZUELAN SHELLS PLATE V
NUMBER 138 JULY 9, 1923
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
THE HABITAT OF APHREDODERUS SAYANUS IN
KALAMAZOO COUNTY, MICHIGAN
By Hersert Ray BECKER
The first published note of the occurrence of the pirate
perch (Aphredoderus sayanus) in Michigan was made by
Bollman,! who recorded “two specimens taken in a small
brook which flows into Howard Lake.” Although the several
small streams (only a few rods in length) which are tributary
to this lake have often been examined by the writer, they
have never yielded Aphredoderus. Eucalia tconstans, in
contrast, lives here in great abundance.
Aphredoderus sayanus is, however, a common fish in two
streams flowing from the north into Black Lake, immediately
north of Howard Lake. The larger (more easterly) of these
two brooks rises little more than two miles from the lake in
a level oak country. Although but a small ditch for most of
its length, in its last third of a mile it expands into a gentle
* Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 8, 1888 (1890), p. 223.
2 University of Michigan
meandering stream six to fifteen feet in width, seldom more
than three feet deep except in high water, and with a current
flowing at the rate of twenty-five feet per minute. In mid-
stream, the water here is practically free from vegetation, but
for a quartér of a mile from the lake both banks show a
profuse growth of water cress, together with small patches of
peppermint (Impatiens biflora), Scutellaria lateriflora, Iris
versicolor and Mimulus jamesti. Close to the lake the banks
become impaszably boggy, with growths of cat-tail (7ypha
latifolia), swamp loosestrife (Decodon verticillata), Spargan-
ium and swamp dock (Rumesx brittanica). The bottom of
the stream remains firm and sandy to its entrance into the
lake.
Aphredoderus is not found in the upper portion of this
brook, where the water dashes over gravel—the habitat of
the rainbow darter (Poecilichthys coeruleus). It is abundant
however, in the lower quieter course of the stream. Here
it is associated with an abundance of aquatic insects, amphi-
pods and snails, and with twenty-four other species of fishes.
These fishes are: Amia calva, Catostomus commersonni,
Erimyzon succeta, Pimephales notatus, Semotilus atromacu-
latus, Notemigonus crysoleucus, Notropis cornutus, Nocomis
kentuckiensis, Ameiurus natalis, Ameiurus melas, Umbra limi,
Esox vermiculatus, Fundulus notatus, Eucalia inconstans,
Labidesthes sicculus, Ambloplites rupestris, Chaenobryttus
gulosus, Lepomis incisor, Eupomotis gibbosus, Micropterus
salmoides, Boleosoma nigrum, Poecilichthys iowae, Poeci-
lichthys coeruleus, Microperca punctulata.
The smaller tributary of Black Lake is three or four feet
deep in its lower course. It has here a miry bottom covered
in many places with a growth of Chara and Elodea,
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3
and large patches of water cress occur on both banks. The
liverwort Riccia fluitans forms a large part of the floating veg-
etation while Marchantia is found along the shore. Here mol-
lusks are more plentiful than in the preceding stream ; the same
profusion of water bugs occurs here, and dragon fly nymphs
are even more numerous.
Aphredoderus is abundant in this lower portion of the
stream, living in the cress in company with Umbra limi,
Eupomotis gibbosus, Ameiurus, sp., Micropterus sa’motdes,
and Eucalia inconstans. It is more loosely associated here
with Notropis cornutus, Notemigonus crysoleucas and
Pimephales notatus, these species holding to the open water
in midstream. ‘Trout have been repeatedly planted in this
brook, but none has been found during these investigations.
Farther upstream, where the surface becomes almost
covered by cress and peppermint, Aphredoderus was not
found.
Not all streams in the immediate vicinity of Black Lake
contain pirate perches. In a large deep ditch near Updegrove
Lake Aphredoderus is rare, but Eupomotis gibbosus, Microp-
terus salmoides, Umbra lint, and Fundulus notatus are
abundant. A stream flowing into Red Lake is too sluggish
for Aphredoderus ; Umbra limi swarms beneath its duckweed
covered surface. A brook tributary to a stream flowing into
Barton Lake abounds with trout (Salvelinus fonttnalis),
Umbra limi and Esox vermiculatus, but Aphredoderus is
absent.
Pirate perches are lowland fishes, in the region studied
never being found far from large streams or lakes. They
inhabit dense vegetation and avoid open water: over ninety
per cent of the many specimens taken in this locality were
4 Umversity of Michigan
found beneath water cress or in masses of Chara. After the
cress has been killed by the cold of winter, they still lurk in
deep holes underneath the bank in company with Umbra lim,
Eupomotis gibbosus, etc. They are distinctively bottom fishes.
The food of the pirate perch was found to consist of
certain of the smaller invertebrates of its vegetation habitat,
namely green midge larvae, small amphipods and sometimes
the larvae of certain dytiscid beetles. Many stomachs have
been found empty.
Pirate perches pass a considerable part of the time at rest:
head upstream, the large dorsal expanded, the caudal partly
closed and the pectorals slowly moving. When frightened
they move swiftly ; liberated in midstream they dive vertically
downward to find a place of concealment.
NUMBER 139 JULY 9, 1923
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN Arzor, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
A NOTE ON THE GENERA COLUBER AND MAS''-
COPHIS, AND A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW
SPECIES OF MASTICOPHIS
By Artuur I. ORTENBURGER
A study of the new world snakes, commonly called racers or
whip snakes, has made it evident that the American species of
the genus recently known as Coluber (L.) form two natural
groups sufficiently distinct to be called genera, as will be
shown in detail in a forthcoming monograph. Masticophis
and Coluber are the names to be applied to these genera.
Since the new form described in this paper must be included
in the genus Masticophis it is advisable to point out the prin-
cipal characters of the two genera, which involve differences
in the dentition, in the method of reducing the scale rows,
and in the structure of the penis.
Genus MastTIcopuHIs
Diagnosis: Maxillary teeth solid, 16-23 in number, longer
and stouter posteriorly, diastema present or absent; dentary
2 University of Michigan
teeth in general longer anteriorly, scaphiodont, but occasion-
ally the last few smaller, hence sometimes kumatodont; head
distinct ; cephalic plates normal; eye large, pupil round; scales
smooth, in 17 or 15 rows, when 17, reduced to 13 or 12 by
the loss of both lateral and dorsal scale rows, when 15, usually
reduced to 12 or 11 by the same method, if reduced only to
13, fifth lateral row lost; anal plate divided; form elongate;
tail very long; caudals in two series; penis bilobed, sulcus
simple, spines 30-75, and in 2-5 longitudinal rows, calyces in
Q-14 rows.
Genus CoLUBER
Diagnosis: Maxillary teeth solid, 13-16 in number, increas-
ing in size posteriorly, diastema usually present; dentary teeth
strong and stout, subequal in general, longer anteriorly, but
last few at each end of series smaller; head distinct; cephalic
plates normal; eye large, pupil round; scales smooth, in 17 or
I5 rows, when 17, always reduced to 15 by the loss of a lat-
eral row on each side of the body, when 15, no reduction;
anal plate divided; form elongate; caudals in two series; penis
bilobed, sulcus simple, spines 90-135, and in 6-9 longitudinal
rows, calyces in 6-8 rows.
AMERICAN SPECIES OF CoLUBER AND MAS‘TICOPHIS
Masticophis (B. & G.) ruthveni Ortenburger
anthonyi (Stej.) schotti B. & G.
aurigulus (Cope) semilineatus (Cope)
barbouri (Van Denburgh) taeniatus girardi (Stej. & Barb.)
flagellum flagellum (Shaw) taeniatus taeniatus ( Hallow.)
flagellum flavigularis (Hallow.)
flagellum frenatus (Stej.) Coluber (L,.)
lateralis (Hallow.) constrictor constrictor (L,.)
lineatus (Bocourt) constrictor flaviventris (Say)
mentovarius (Dumeril & Bibron) constrictor mormon (B. & G.)
piceus (Cope) oaxaca (Jan)
——— se tal
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology a
Masticophis ruthveni, new species
Diagnosis: Characters very similar to those of Masticophis
schotti (B. & G.) from which it differs primarily in possessing
no dark lateral stripes.
Range: Known only from Tamaulipas, Mexico, and ex-
treme southeastern Texas.
; Type Specimen: Cat. no. 57681, Museum of Zoology, Uni-
versity of Michigan. Brownsville, Texas.
Description of Type Specimen: Scales in 15 rows anterior-
ly, reduced to 13, then to 12, and finally on the posterior por-
tion of the body to 11; reductions as follows: 15-13 by loss
of fifth row on each side of the body between scutes ITI-113;
13-12 by loss of dorsal row above scute 131; 12-11 by loss
of dorsal row above scute 142. Ventrals 193, anal divided;
caudals 138 pairs; supralabials 8, the fifth extending up be-
hind the eye; infralabials 9; oculars 2-2; temporals, right,
2+ 3+ 4, left, 2 + 3 + 3; anterior chin shields in contact,
shorter and wider than posterior, the latter separated by 4
small scales; loreal long and narrow; nasals 2, nearly equal in
size, the nostrils between them; cephalic plates very similar
to those of M. schotti.
Body slender and elongate, total length 168 cms.; tail
length 52 cms. ; proportionate tail length 0.310; sex male; head
long and narrow, length 42 mm., width 19 mm., proportionate
width 0.45.
The color and pattern are included in the general descrip-
tion of the form, which follows.
Remarks: This new species is very rare in collections, but
it has been possible to study the coloration in a good series of
4 University of Michigan
living specimens. In the following description the nomencla-
ture is capitalized when it is that of Ridgway.
The general dorsal color is olive gray anteriorly, gradually
changing to a reddish brown posteriorly. The actual variation
in the series is from Olivaceous Black to Grayish Olive. The
sides of the body vary from Deep Slate Olive to Grayish Olive.
A distinct and very constant character of the species is the:
yellow anterior edges of the dorsal scales; this is very evident
if the skin is slightly stretched (Pl. 1). These yellow marks
do not extend more than three or four scaie rows from the
mid-dorsal scale row.
The general color below is a bright yellow, anteriorly vary-
ing from light Chalcedony Yellow to Shaw Yellow. This
yellow changes to a light Blue Gray on the middle third of
the body; on the posterior third, to pinkish; and, finally, near
the tail in most specimens to a bright true Oid Rose—rarely
to a Light Coral Red.
The throat below is dotted with dark orange; the belly has
very numerous minute gray dots. There is a concentration
of the gray dots on the ventral surface toward the lateral one-
fifth or fourth of the scutes, making this portion of the scutes
a general gray color. The tail is immaculate. On some few
specimens there is also a light yellowish lateral stripe occupy-
ing the angle of the scutes and a small portion of row 1;
the gray dotting may also break up so as to leave an un-
dotted yellow stripe in a mid-ventral position on the scutes.
’
The sides of the neck may have one or more light cream
stripes. In one specimen, not fully grown, (M. C. Z. 13951) a
light lateral stripe is present and continues the length of the
body. Another specimen (U. S. N. M. 1974), very young,.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5
shows this light lateral stripe also, and except for the fact that
the typical yellow marks on the dorsal scales are lacking it is
quite similar to schotti. A few specimens after some years’
preservation in alcohol show faint lateral stripes anteriorly in
positions comparable to those of schotti and other species of
the taeniatus group; none show evidence of the distinct dark
stripes found in schotti.
The lateral scales, from a point just posterior to the angle
of the mouth to about scute 10, are blotched with brilliant
Brazil Red. The top of the head is Dark Grayish Olive to
Grayish Olive; labials and chin shields pearl white to Chalce-
dony Yellow; supralabials cream with dark upper edge of the
same color as top of head, sometimes with a narrow lower
border of gray blue; the iris is red-gold to gold-brown,
always with a bright gold inner edge; upper and sometimes
lower preocular with Straw Yellow spot; posterior nasal with
a bright cream spot on anterior edge; chin shields usually
faintly blotched or spotted with dark gray along sides.
The dorsal scale formula is 15-13, 15-13-12, Or I5-13-I2-IT.
Occasionally the last dorsal scale row lost is regained by the
splitting of the row resulting from the fusion of the two dorsal
rows just anterior. In such cases, the scale formula becomes
15-13-12-11-12. The first reduction is always the result of
the loss of lateral rows, the fifth at points about opposite on
the body. The other reductions are due to the loss of one or
more mid-dorsal scale rows. ‘The place of lateral reduction
averages I17 scutes posterior; the first decrease in the dorsal
series takes place 148 scutes posterior, the second, 161 scutes
posterior.
The ventrals vary from 188-197, average male, 193.4, aver-
age female 194.2; the caudals from 131-149, (extremes, male
6 University of Michigan
131-149, female, 131-137), average male, 141.9, average fe-
male, 134. The proportionate tail-lengths are, male, 0.326,
female, 0.290. The supralabials are 8, the fourth and fifth
entering orbit, the fifth being prolonged up and behind the
eye. The infralabials are usually 9, often 10; the oculars
2-2; the temporals usually 2 + 2+ 2 (Pl. I, Fig. 1), except
that there are often 3 in either the first, second, or third series,
and sometimes 4 in the second or third series. The posterior
chin shields are longer than the anterior, the former being sep-
arated by 3-5 small scales; the loreal is longer than high.
(Fi-d1, Fig.2;)
The head is long and narrow, the width (just posterior to
the eye) divided by the length averages 0.43.
The largest specimen examined is 168 cms. in total length,
of which the tail comprises 52 cms.
The penis exhibits the following structure: Strongly bifur-
cate, the length of the forks being about one-seventh the total
length of the organ; sulcus simple, extending to the tip of the
penis on the side of the larger lobe; distal surface smooth,
surrounded by rather deep, strongly-fringed calyces, which
extend proximally in about 9-10 rows, calyces covering between
a third and a half of the entire organ; the fringe of the calyces
at a point about halfway to the base, rapidly changing to dis-
tinct, small spines, which become larger toward the base of
the organ; spines 43-46, in 3-4 (sometimes 5) rows; three
large basal spines proximad of general spined portion; region
along the sulcus, through the spined area, thickly covered with
spinules (Pl. III).
The dentition, as shown by several specimens, is as follows:
maxillary teeth 16-17, coryphodont, dicranterian, the last
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology q
three teeth separated by a diastema; dentary teeth 21-23 in
number, usually 21, scaphiodont, uniformly increasing in size
anteriorly, the first few being nearly twice as long as the last;
palatines 13-16, usually 13 or 14, only slightly longer anterior-
ly; pterygoids 18-25, usually 22-23, scaphiodont.
It should be pointed out here that it is entirely possible that
this new form, here given the status of a species, may later be
found to be a subspecies of schotti. It is impossible to deter-
mine this, however, until specimens from critical localities are
available.
“0
SF
-
Z+ec+€ y e+1+2
et+e+e He+e
e+c+z2
P+E wp ete--e
ete+z 9 €+e+z
Z+z+1 W E+ze
e+e
€+c-be » b-+-ze+z
t+e+1 9H E+e+z2
z+ ye+ze
ze+z+¢
€-+1-++¢ yz7+£+2
co+e+z
e+e+e2ene+e
ete
e+e+z
€+€+z2 » b+e-+2
c+e
E-+€ Wel
€+e+z2yzc+e+2
€+z+z
e+1+e HN e+c+1
t+7+2 ) e-+-£-+2
e+e+1
+e H o-+zZ
@-ZWE-E Ol Qa SOL SIS ARI A [IASUMO.Ig “s “ru OF = IggKO
Z-e Ol LRG Oe Z6r €1=s1 aL = *XaJy ‘vulavypy vj o}og = gh Ze
Z-z Or g Orr O61 Sloot ope] ‘Xa ‘sotowrjy 7Z6r
(Gt A or OL Aol SOr €1-S1 = aye fp As C6925
7-% 6 Se Vel col €1-SI = aye yy me i vO9LS
ZS Or Oe ke OOL Ii-ci-1-S1 a[PIV Fy - £6925
Z-S (6) Be Soe Sor cI-€1-SI re) HEA . ~ z69ZS
o-% O1N6 Aa te POV €1-Sr 8 ayewiay * * 1692S
e-em 6 8 gti S61 @l—c1-S1 PIV F 4 6926
Z-e 6) Q tyI o6oI cI-€1-SI PI is Pf 639025
eZ II NOI Qg OF g6I €1-SI OPV ? 4 gggZS
e-c@Micee 16 Seca SOT c1-S1 eI rs és £9045
c-@ 6 OF LOT €1-SI —- OfEWyT i e gggZs
o-e 6% O1 Dee” | COT eI-€1-S1 aPV he Sg94S
o-f 6X OL @ If€I OOL ZI-LlI-ci-€i-S1 ole IV ¥e - PggZS
c-e 6 Sees HOOT €1-SI eS) aN ” + €QqZS
e-Z 6 Q PPI gQgI €1-SI [PI A zQgZS
c-c 6 Q gtr £61 Il-c1I-€1-SI a[PIV 8 - 1QQZS
CG OL foo 2 See Mit oplt €1-SI eu es Bs IS6E1
c-~ 0 fo OID foun II-ZI-€1-SI © os] eUIDWT . *? q
Z-t 6 8g 6vr 61 cI-€1-SI IVY “ 7 (
C-S ONOIL OQ **: VOI e1—-SI OPIN a % LLOLI
2-o O1LNO he cas COI e1-£1-St PIN es . 94021
c-e 6 See ee OO cI-LI-SI = OyuWMIAY fe - bLoLI
c-~% O1N 6 Q yi 6I cI-€1-SI ae * Fe €ZoL1
(Sate 6 Oo eee Ol [SHeisinh djP IN ‘Xo, ‘oyp[AsuMOIg zZoZI
c-c OI Q Z6I S7—Sy ae IY Pru eye Ont bat wee eee gORe
ee — ———————— eee
OL 1 zte+e iS
uBsiyotypy Jo “AIUZ)
ZOU WN
Peoy “FHLD
‘HN INV
yysue’T [rey
yysue’T [210
sjesoduta T,
sIe[NIO
STPIQe[eITUy
sjerqeyeidgns
s[Te1qu9 A
SMO APIS
xag
Aytye30"]
‘ON
winasnyy
a ory -
¥ : ! | |
a ‘ : |
ey
; ‘
Mat J | | .
: “
- -
#
‘ i
ry > Ps 7
7
AP's Lae |
eo 7 a 7 P
‘ * | |
eS! ee
-_ - lic wl-- 7 Bry -
be ; 4.
a5 J a ;
tie So9e
Io
é
“PLATE I
Masticophis ruthveni Ortenburger. Cat. No. 57682,
.
Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. (7/16x).
s
.
.
&* ¥
. . 2
‘ * s
.
i
PLATE [
MASTICOPHIS RUTHVENI
tidied gsc
~ ad «
*
hy yt, ae a a
np
; = .
ee MY Tee
SO Teese ae
ee
dient et ity sk
¢ © ¢'¢@
Pores
— ar ad 7 [ p
*
-
ee
~~ pe — + y .
f ox. ee
12 University of Michigan —
oo
‘- eure
*% « _. =
“o
F ee
7 ‘ae ‘
* q
*
thd
= we
‘ 2
®
PLATE T°
Masticophis ruthveni Ortenburger. Cat. No. 57687,
Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan.
Fig. 1. Top view of head (2x).
Fig. 2. Side view of head (2x).
PLATE II
MASTICOPHIS RUTHVENI
, — Doe I S = =. s
- z e ey on £ pe
- ; es
os <=," c
a al: * oo
. > Ay e rest =
. fe ae i. y ’ har
s) _ =~ <
ae) -
¥
j a”
ts University of Michigan ss a is
at
fle ei fe
ae
ice are
Masticophis ruthveni Ortenburger. Cat. No. 57683,
Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. Penis (2x).
eins
iy
MASTICOPHIS RUTHVENI PLATE JII
NUMBER 140 JULY 9, 1923
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN Arpor, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
A NEW NORTH AMERICAN SNAKE, OF THE
GENUS NATRIX?
By Frank N. BLANCHARD
No systematic treatment of the North American species of
Natrix akin to the Coluber fasciatus of Linnaeus has been sat-
isfactory, and the present reviewer is under no illusions as to
the permanence of his present views on the subject. It is
time, however, to point out the unity and relatively restricted
range of fasciata and its nearest relatives, and the marked dis-
tinction between the southeastern and the Mississippian phases.
For the latter there is apparently no name available, and it is
therefore proposed that it be called:
Natrix fasciata confluens, new subspecies
1892 Tropidonotus obliquus Garman, S., Bull. Essex Inst., vol. 24,
p. 6.
*Contributions from the Department of Zodlogy, University of
Michigan.
2 University of Michigan
1908 Tropidonotus sipedon fasciatus Strecker, Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash-
" ington, vol. 21, p. 50; same, pp. 69, 76; Baylor Bull., vol. 18,
no. 4, 1915, p. 28.
1911 Natrix fasciata Hurter, Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis, vol. 20,
no. 5. Pp. 154.
Diagnosis: Similar in scutellation and proportions to Na-
trix fasciata fasciata (Linnaeus), but with the dorsal saddles
very much larger and only about half as numerous, and with
average differences as shown in the table, page 5.
Range: Eastern Louisiana north through southern and east-
ern Arkansas to southeastern Missouri, and west in Texas to
about the 98th meridian (See map, page 7).
Type specimen: Museum of Zoology, University of Mich-
igan, number 57707; Butler County, Missouri, April 16, 1905;
3, Thutter, collector,
Description of type specimen: Ventral plates, 135; anal plate
divided; caudal plates 70, all divided; dorsal scale rows, 21 on
the anterior portion of the body, changing to 23 (on the left
side at the level of the 30th ventral plate, by addition, appar-
ently, of a 5th row, and on the right side at the level of the
33rd ventral scute, by addition, apparently, of a 6th row),
then to 21 (on the left side at the level of the 67th ventral,
and on the right side at the level of the 63rd ventral, by loss
of the 5th row, apparently in each case), then to 19, and to-
wards the posterior end to 17, the full formula being, there-
fore, 21-23-21-19-17; upper labials 8 on each side; lower
labials, 10 on each side; 1 preocular; 3 postoculars, the lowest
of which is on each side much the smallest; a single anterior
temporal on each side, followed by 3 posterior temporals ; pos-
terior chin shields a little longer than the anterior, separated
anteriorly by about the width of one small scale and diverging
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3
posteriorly ; other head shields normal for the genus; all of the
dorsal scales keeled, but the first row less strongly than the
others.
Total length, 558 millimeters; tail length, 130 millimeters;
tail, therefore, 0.233 of total length. Sex, male.
The general color above is a very dark brown. Crossing
this, more or less transversely, are about 13 light yellowish
bands, one scale wide. ‘These are more or less mottled with
darker, especially posteriorly, where, also, they are mostly in-
terrupted on the median dorsal line. The belly is rather heav-
ily checked with black, especially posteriorly, and the under
side of the tail is almost uniformly black. The head is dark
brown above, light brown on the sides, and immaculate light
yellow beneath. The labials are almost entirely unmarked, and
the chin shields, gulars, and anterior ventrals are quite so. On
the postoculars, temporals, and last two upper labials are a
few mottlings representing the lower border of the light post-
ocular band of N. fasciata fasciata.
Remarks: ‘Thirty-one specimens have been examined, rep-
resenting the following localities: Butler and Dunklin coun-
ties, Missouri; Miller and Jefferson counties, and Wheatley,
Arkansas; Jefferson County, Mississippi; Jackson County, and
New Orleans, Belair, Prairie Mer Rouge, and Avery Island,
Louisiana; Brazoria, Cook, and Falls counties, Dallas, and
Angelina River, Texas; and “New Orleans to Galveston.”
Published records that appear to refer definitely to this form
name the following additional localities: Victoria, Tehuacana
Bottoms, Laguna Lake, and Demings Bridge (Matagorda
County), Texas; Hot Springs and Texarkana, Arkansas; and
Stoddard County, Missouri, (See references in the
synonomy. )
4 University of Michigan
These specimens indicate a well-marked race, always recog-
nizable at a glance by the peculiar pattern. The latter seems
to have resulted from a fusion by twos of the dorsal blotches
or saddles of fasciata. Furthermore the postocular light band
is very prominent, and its lower dark border may be reduced
to practical absence. Specimens from southeastern Louisiana
show the closest relationship with fasciata. Indeed a few
specimens examined by the writer and labelled “New Orleans”
must be identified as N. fasciata fasciata, and Mr. Percy Vios-
ca informs me that in this region both phases occur in the
same localities in “almost infinite variation, sometimes appar-
ently in the same brood.” New Orleans is therefore within
the region of subspecific intergradation.
Other characteristics of this form are tabulated below.
Discrimination of the subspecies of the fasciata group :—
Perhaps the most constant feature by which the subspecies,
N. fasciata fasciata, N. fasciata confluens, and N. fasciata pic-
tiventris may be distinguished from other species of Natrix
with similar scutellation is the light yellowish or brownish
band extending backwards from the eye to the angle of the
mouth. A specimen is rarely so melanistic that wetting the
head will not reveal traces of this feature, and specimens of
confluens may have it obscured only by its broadening and the
practical disappearance of its lower dark border. But within
the fasciata group it is not always so easy to distinguish N.
fasciata fasciata from N. fasciata pictiventris. Indeed there
is a real temptation to synonomize the latter with the former.
Numerous average differences appear, however, which lead the
writer to believe that more thorough study on large series of
specimens will amply justify the separation here maintained.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5
For purposes of comparison of these three races a table of
extremes and averages has been prepared for certain of the
features which show a significant degree of subspecific con-
stancy.
Summary of certain characteristics of the fasciata group
Ventrals :
Subspecies Males Females
no. extremes average no. extremes average
confluens 13* 129-138 134.0 18 128-138 134.1
fasciata 22 126-137 129.6 26 127-133 130.6
pictiventris 21 123-129 125.7 32 121-131 126.2
Caudals
Subspecies Males Females
no. extremes average no. extremes average
confluens 13 67-81 74.9 13 63-67 Gyes
fasciata 15 70-83 Tea 24 63-76 68.8
pictiventris 13 77-89 82.4 17 65-78 71.9
Tail length divided by total length
Subspecies Males Females
no. extremes average _ no. extremes average
confluens 13 .226-.265 .248 13 .212-.242 22,
fasciata 14 .234-.291 L277 22 .193-.270 .242
pictiventris 13 .260-.298 .279 17 .229-.281 -253
Maximum number
of scale rows
Dorsal blotches on body Males Females
no. extremes average 25 23 ae 23
confluens 29 10-19 13.4 I 12 2 16
fasciata 41 19-33 23.6 2 20 5 15
pictiventris 40 24-35 29.1 4 17 23 9
Fasciata, it will be seen, is strictly intermediate between con-
fluens and pictiventris, except that in proportional tail length
it is much closer to pictiventris. In general appearance also
these two are much more like each other than either is like
confluens.
* Number of specimens examined.
6 University of Michigan
The more useful features for the separation of these races
are embodied in the following synopsis of the fasciata group:
a, Dorsal saddles on*pody about 11 to 9722. +2-<2-+4-% -..6-> ae
RP Se Sethe SA ee PS ope Natrix fasciata confluens Blanchard.
(Eastern Louisiana north to southeastern Missouri, eastern and
southern Arkansas, and west in Texas to about the 98th meri-
dian).
a, Dorsal saddles on body about 20 to 33.
b, Dorsal saddles on body commonly about 24; ventral plates us-
ually more than 128; belly often with dark quadrate spots;
often small lateral spots alternating with the dorsal saddles.
Li tintle ste ncae oe ces ee dees Gia afascigta ‘fascia. tones
(Northern Florida and the coastal regions from North Carolina
to southeastern Louisiana.)
b, Dorsal saddles on body commonly about 29; ventrals usually
“less than 128; belly with dark, sometimes reddish, anterior
borders on the ventral scales; often reddish markings with
black edges particularly on the ends of the ventrals; no small
lateral alternating spots.....Natrix fasciata pictiventris Cope.
(Peninsular Florida.)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The writer’s appreciation for loans of specimens used in
this study, and for other courtesies, is cordially extended to
Professor A. G. Ruthven of the Museum of Zoology of the
University of Michigan, to Dr. Leonhard Stejneger of the
United States National Museum, to Dr. Thomas Barbour of
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, to Dr. John Van Den-
burgh of the California Academy of Sciences, to Mr. KE. Ds
Bunker of the Kansas University Museum, to Mr. H. P. Lod-
ing of Mobile, Alabama, and to Mr. Percy Viosca, Jr., of New
Orleans.
*(SO[IIID ASART) SIN, {UOJ DyDIISD{ “AJ PUB *(So[DATD {[eUs )
stJuaeyIid VjolIsp, “No *(saienbs) vyvlosp{ vivlosv{ LiAjDAY JO} PsOdIL ApLoo] Surmoys duyy
J My
Sy
pulyerely,
NUMBER I4I JULY 9, 1923
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN Arsor, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
A NEW SPECIES OF PHYLLOPOD
By G. S. Dopps
Branchinecta occidentalis, new species
Description: Male-—Length 9 mm. Swimming appendages
eleven pairs; caudal segments without appendages, nine; cau-
dal stylets a little larger than the combined length of the last
two segments. Claspers (2nd antennae) a little longer than
the distance between the outside surface of eyes (Fig. 1a);
first and second segments of about equal length; first segment
stout, its length about twice its thickness, moderately bowed,
with concavity inward; this segment bears on its anterior, me-
sial aspect, near the base, a good sized process, curved like a
blunt horn, and bearing on its mesial (convex) surface a num-
ber of spines; the two processes are placed with their apices
close together, so that the two together make a prominent point
between the bases of the appendages. Second segment much
more slender than the first, slightly curved and gently taper-
ing; the inner (concave) surface bears numerous small corru-
2 University of Michigan
gations. An abrupt offset on outer margin marks the joint
between the first and second segments.
The two penes (Fig. tb) are straight, slightly divergent,
square in cross section, and extend about to end of second
caudal segment. Each bears, on its mesial margin, a stout,
curved spine, bearing three or four small teeth on its convex
(mesial) margin. ‘These two spines are so placed that a near-
ly circular area is enclosed between them and the bases of the
two penes.
Female—Length 10 mm. First segment of second antenna
about as long as in the male, but more slender, its length be-
ing a little more than three times its thickness (Fig. 1c). The
segment is nearly straight and tapered somewhat in distal
third; it bears on its mesial surface, near the middle, a small
thumb-like process extending parallel to the appendage. The
second segment is represented by a slightly curved spine, which
arises from the inner, distal angle of the first segment. This
spine and the thumb-like appendage of the first segment are
of about the same size and proportions.
The ovisac is attached to the ventral surface of the elongated
second caudal segment, and has the form of a compact sac,
extending very little beyond the caudal end of the segment.
In 22 specimens examined, it never contained more than six
eggs.
In other respects the female closely resembles the male.
Type Specimens: Cat. No. 52030, Museum of Zoology,
University of Michigan; Collected on Stanford Campus, Palo
Alto, California, by Professor Harold Heath, April 10, 1922
mame
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3
Fig. 1. FPranchinecta occidentalis: a, front view of head of male;
b, ventral view of penes of male; c, front view of head of female;
d, side view of Ist, 2nd and 3rd caudul segments and ovisac of female.
' cae = jo!
a era ? i 1 ve a Te ae
; ; i y ah a
a % 7 < a a ak
é veoh ip aa bb aaa areas
: a
—" m iw
rm if & x Me nT = hag c
.
&
ge
wa ~ . as
7 . , -
My
Pi
x i
- }
a i () »
«
t
ed ‘
; é
i
«
- &
(
“+ bY -
1
NUMBER 142 JULY 9, 1923
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN Arzsor, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
COMMENTS ON RING-NECK SNAKES (GENUS
DIADOPHIS), WITH DIAGNOSES OF
NEW FORMS?
By Frank N. BLANCHARD
In the course of a study of the ring-neck snakes, genus
Diadophis, it has been found necessary to alter considerably
the present systematic arrangement of the western forms and
to propose several new names for the designation of subspecies
hitherto unrecognized.
Diadophis regalis regalis (Baird and Girard)
1853 Diadophis regalis Baird and Girard, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1,
Serpents, p. II5.
A study of all the specimens and records of ring-neck snakes
from western Texas to Arizona makes it appear highly prob-
able that two races inhabit this territory, an eastern form, es-
sentially without the neck ring, ranging to southeastern Ari-
1 Contribution from the Department of Zoology of the University
of Michigan.
2 University of Michigan
zona, northern Sonora, and probably southern Utah. That the
case is not wholly clear is readily admitted for there is some
evidence that ringed specimens may occur in the eastern range,
but the geographical distribution of the ringed and ringless
specimens is so suggestive of two races that it is deemed ad-
visable to open the question by the proposal of a name to rep-
resent a western form of D. regalis distinguishable from an
eastern form by the presence of a neck ring. This western
race may be known as
~ »
Diadophis regalis arizonae, new subspecies
Diagnosis: Like Diadophis regalis regalis Baird and Girard
except for the possession of a broad ring of lighter color be-.
hind the head.
Type Specimen: United States National Museum, number
625068, collected by G. Hofer.
Type Locality: Sabino Cafion, Arizona.
Range: Central Arizona to northern Sonora.
Description of Type Specimen: ventral plates, 219; anal
plate divided; caudal scutes, 65 pairs; upper labials, 7; lower
labials, 8; preoculars, 2; postoculars, 2; temporals, I+-I+2
(labials, oculars, and temporals the same on each side) ; dor-
sal scale rows, 17, changing near the posterior end of the
body to 15. General color above (in alcohol) a deep glaucous-
gray,” extending on the sides over about half of the lowermost
row of scales; below cream color forward over the chin and
including the lower portions of the upper labials, suffused with
reddish towards the posterior end of the body and under the
2Colors are based on Ridgway’s Color Standards and Color No-
menclature, I912z.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3
tail; neck ring 2% to 3 scales wide, ivory yellow, margined
before and behind with black; head above much darker than
the general dorsal surface; lower labials, chin shields, and ven-
tral scutes prominently spotted with black; caudal plates with
black extensions from their postero-lateral corners. Total
length, 591 millimeters; tail length, 109 millimeters. Sex,
male.
Diadophis amabilis amabilis (Baird and Girard)
1853 Diadophis amabilis Baird and Girard, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1,
Serpents, p. 113.
The specimens from San Jose, California, to which the name
D. amabilis was first given were originally regarded as repre-
senting a form distinct from the only other then known speci-
men of the genus from this state, but later writers have more
often regarded these two as the same, and, indeed, have in-
cluded under this name all specimens subsequently found in
the west coast states. That this was an assemblage of several
distinct but related races was early evident to the writer, and
now, after a study of all the material available, it is evident
that not only must the two forms originally described be re-
garded as distinct but that, in addition to these, four others
must be recognized if we are to attempt an understanding of
the genus in this region.
The subdivisions of this complex are based largely upon the
number of dorsal scale rows, width of neck ring, maculation
of the ventral surface, and the extent of the encroachment of
the ventral color upon the dorsal scale rows.
The name D. amabilis amabilis is here restricted to those
snakes of the genus inhabiting the San Francisco Bay region
and the valleys of the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers.
‘The characteristics of this race are a narrow neck ring that is.
4 University of Michigan
sometimes interrupted, dorsal scales in 15 rows often becom-
ing 13 towards the posterior end of the body, ventral color
usually extending onto the lower part of the second row of
dorsal scales, and numerous small black spots scattered over
the belly.
Diadophis amabilis similis, new subspecies
Diagnosis: Similar to D. amabilis amabilis, but with the
light color of the ventral surface extending over only one-third
to two-thirds of the lowermost row of dorsal scales. Cther
distinctive features are the moderate amount of black spotting
on the belly, the dorsal scales in 15 rows throughout, or drop-
ping to 13 towards the posterior end of the body, and the gen-
erally light olive color of the dorsal surface.
Type Specimen: Museum of Zoology, University of Mich-
igan, number 57897, collected by L. M. Klauber in the spring
of 1923.
Type Locality: Carmel, Monterey County, California.
Range: Yrom southwestern San Bernardino County south
into the San Pedro Martir Mountains in Lower California.
Description of Type Specimen: Ventral plates, 189; anal
plate divided; caudal scutes in 59 pairs; upper labials, 7; low-
er labials, 7; preoculars, 2; postoculars, 2; temporals, 1-+1--2
(labials, oculars, and temporals the same on each side) ; dorsal
scales in 15 rows, becoming 13 near the posterior end of the
body; neck ring 1% scales wide, not interrupted; ventral color
covering about one-half of the lowermost row of dorsal scales
on each side. The colors of the specimen in life were as fol-
lows: Below, orange, fading anteriorly to a Capucine buff on
labials and anterior chin shields, and becoming a little redder
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5
at the posterior end of the body; under the tail, Brazil red;
neck ring about scarlet, bordered posteriorly by a few specks
of black; dorsal color behind neck ring, olive; head olivaceous
black above. Total length, 291 millimeters; tail length, 59 mil-
limeters. Sex, male.
Diadophis amabilis vandenburgii, new subspecies
Diagnosis: The distinctive features are: an uninterrupted,
moderately wide neck ring (1% to 2% scales in width); 17
rows of dorsal scales anteriorly (at least near the head), be-
coming 15 posteriorly; the ventral color extending over from
1% to 2 rows of dorsal scales; and the black spots on the
belly unusually few and small.
Type Specimen: California Academy of Sciences, number
13748; collected by Joseph Slevin; June 20, 1907.
Type Locality: Carmel, Monterey County, California.
Range: Ventura County to Santa Cruz County, California.
Description of Type Specimen: Ventral plates, 201; anal
scute divided; caudal plates, 71; upper labials, 8; lower labials,
8; preoculars, 2; postoculars, 2; temporals, 1+1-+-2 (labials,
oculars, and temporals the same in number on each side) ; dor-
sal scales in 17 rows, changing a little past the middle of the
body to 15; neck ring about 1% scales wide, not interrupted ;
ventral color covering about I 2/3 of the lowermost rows of
dorsal scales. ‘The coloration in alcohol is about as follows:
Above, brownish olive; head a little darker; neck ring, cinna-
mon buff; beneath, pinkish-buff, a little lighter anteriorly, and
a little more reddish posteriorly and under the tail; jower la-
bials and chin spotted with black; on belly only a very few
scattered black spots except for a line of them along each side
6 University of Michigan
on the ends of the ventrals, and one on the posterior end of
most of the dorsal scales of the lowermost row on each side.
Total length, 377 millimeters; tail length, 81 millimeters. Sex,
male.
Diadophis amabilis occidentalis, new subspecies
Diagnosis: ‘The chief characteristics of this form are a rela-
tively broad, uninterrupted neck ring, 1% to 2 scales in width,
ventral color extending over 1% to 2 of the dorsal scale rows,
flecks of black on the first two rows of dorsal scales, belly
lightly spotted with black, and the dorsal scales in not
more than 15 rows. ‘This form is intermediate between D.
amabilis vandenburgti and D. amabilis pulchellus. From the
former it differs in possessing not more than 15 rows of dorsal
scales, in having a neck ring that averages slightly wider, and
in having the ventral color extending on the average a little
higher on the sides. From D. amabilis pulchellus it differs
chiefly in having the light colored dorsal scale rows flecked
with black; it also differs from this form in having on the
average more black spots on the belly, a slightly narrower neck
ring, and a lesser extent of ventral color on the sides.
Type Specimen: Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Univer-
sity of California, number 7260; collected by H. E. Wilder,
May 30, 1919.
Type Locality: Bridgeville, Humboldt County, California.
Range: From Sonoma County northward through Mendo-
cine County, California, and perhaps to the Columbia River.
Description of Type Specimen: Ventral plates, 197; anal
plate divided; caudal scutes, 55; upper labials, 7; lower labials, °
8 on the left side and 7 on the right; preoculars, 2; postocu-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5
lars, 2; temporals, 1+1-++2 (upper labials, oculars, and tem-
porals the same in number on each side); dorsal scales in 15
rows throughout the body length; neck ring, 1% scales wide,
not interrupted, but a slight median projection of its posterior
black border present; ventral color covering about 1% of the
lowermost rows of dorsal scales on each side. The coloration,
as preserved in alcohol, is as follows: Above, about a dark
olive-gray, darker posteriorly; head a little darker above; neck
ring about cream color; ventral color a massicot yellow, be-
coming reddish posteriorly and under the tail; ventral scales
irregularly and rather prominently spotted with black, the
light colored dorsal scales flecked with black, and the tail with
only a very few small black spots. Total length, 442 milli-
meters; tail length, 76 millimeters. Sex, female.
Key TO THE WESTERN ForMs OF DIADOPHIS
The ringneck snakes of the regalis and amabilis groups may
nearly always be distinguished from all other forms of the
genus in the United States by the possession usually of more
than 180 ventral plates, and by the encroachment of the ventral
color upon one or more of the lowermost rows of dorsal scales.
Within these groups most specimens may be identified by
the following key:
a, Ventrals in males more than 206, in females more than 220.
b, Neck ring present, 2 to 4 SEAMEG> iti eiyate Gel crest et ote a 8 oe wot oc
D. regalis arizonae, subsp. nov.
ote 6a wie a6 )e ss Nine @ Be Stare 6.0) @ are & 6
(Central Arizona, south into Sonora.)
b, Neck ring absent, or much reduced... 2... 2-1...) cence eevee eee
Bae oe ee ie ces D. regalis regalis (Baird & Girard).
(Central Texas to southeastern Arizona.)
a, Ventrals in males less than 206, in females less than 220.
c, Scale rows, 17-15 (rarely 15-15).
University of Michigan
d, Ventral color not covering more than 34 of the lowermost
row of dorsal scales; belly usually conspicuously spotted
with black. .D. amabilis modestus (Dumeril and Bocourt).
(San Bernardino Mountains, Los Angeles County, and San-
ta Catalina Island, California.)
d, Ventral color covering from 1% to 2 of the lowermost rows
of dorsal scales; belly usually only lightly spotted with
Diack rere sc: eye D. amabilis vandenburgii, subsp. nov.
(Ventura to Santa Cruz counties, California.)
ce, Scale rows, 15-15 or 15-13 (rarely 17-15 or 15-17-15).
e, Ventral color covering from % to % of the lowermost row
of dorsal scales; neck ring only rarely interrupted; color
above usually olive or bluish slate
Meri aarehs 1S es ys D. amabilis similis, subsp. nov.
(Southwestern San Bernardino County, California, south in-
to the San Pedro Martir Mountains.)
e, Ventral color covering usually more than % of the first
row of dorsal scales.
E Neck ring from 1 to 1% scales in width, often interrupt-
ed; ventral color covering from % to 1% rows of dor-
sal scales; belly well sprinkled with small black spots;
dofsal color asually dark. 5 .-.02..2245.44... =o
ee eee oe D. amabilis amabilis (Baird & Girard).
(San Francisco Bay and the San Joaquin and Sacra-
mento River valleys, California.)
f, Neck ring from 1% to 3 scales wide, not interrupted;
ventral color covering from 11%4 to 2 or more rows of
dorsal scales; belly never heavily spotted with black.
g, Two lowermost rows of dorsal scales flecked with
black; belly rather conspicuously, although sparsely,
marked with small black dots
0 AN |. ae: D. amabilis occidentalis, subsp. nov.
(Sonoma County north through Humboldt County,
California, to the Columbia River.)
g, Two lowermost rows of dorsal scales unicolor (not
flecked with black); belly almost or quite unspotted.
Sey es D, amabilis pulchellus (Baird and Girard).
(Western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, south, perhaps,
to Tejon Pass in California, and north to southern
Oregon.)
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study would have been quite impossible without the
generous cooperation of numerous individuals and institutions
in the loaning of specimens, and the writer herewith takes
pleasure in recording his indebtedness to Dr. Thomas Barbour
of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Mr. D. C. Davies of
the Field Museum of Natural History, Mr. L. M. Klauber of
the San Diego Zoological Garden, Dr. G. K. Noble of the
American Museum of Natural History, Professor A. G. Ruth-
ven of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan,
Professor J. O. Snyder of Stanford University, Dr. Leonhard
Stejneger of the United States National Museum, Mr. Tracy
I. Storer of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Dr. John
Van Denburgh of the California Academy of Sciences (for
whom one of the new forms is named), Professor A. H.
Wright of Cornell University, and Mr. L. EK. Wyman of the
Los Angeles Museum of History, Science, and Art.
al
NUMBER 143 JULY , 1923
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN ARzBor, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
THE REPTILES OF THE DUTCH LEEWARD
ISLANDS
By ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN
The Museum of Zoology has recently received three collec-
tions of reptiles from the Dutch Leeward Islands. In 1920,
the University of Michigan-Williamson Expedition to Vene-
zuela touched at Curacao and collected for a short time on
that island. In 1922, Mr. M. A. Carriker, Jr., collected on
Curacao for a few days and sent the reptiles to this Museum.
The largest: collection was made by Dr. H. Burrington Baker,,.
who was sent to Curacao, Klein-Curacao, Aruba, Bonaire, and
Klein-Bonaire in the summer of 1922 to collect mollusks, rep-
tiles and amphibians.
These collections do not represent the entire fauna of the
five islands, but they contain apparently new records, and
several of the species are represented by large series which
permit a more accurate description of the forms than
has hitherto been possible. As the published lists (see
bibliography) are evidently incomplete, and inaccurate owing
2 University of Michigan
to mistakes in the identification of the forms, the present list
has been made to include the published records, even though
there are many duplications. ‘The writer has had for study,
through the courtesy of the Field Museum of Natural His-
tory, some of the specimens referred to by Meek; but he has
not been able to examine Cope’s specimens.
List oF SPECIES
Gonatodes albogularis (Duméril and Bibron). — Although
Cope records this species both from Aruba and Curacao, and
there are, according to Stejneger (1917), numerous specimens
from Curacao in the United States National Museum, Baker
secured but one specimen on Curacao. This is an old male and
is quite typical of G. albogularis as distinct from G. fuscus
and G. vittatus.
Gonatodes vittatus (Lichtenstein). —Aruba (three specimens
taken at Oranjestad).
Cope lists the species from Aruba; and Boulenger (1885 a,
p. 60) records a Curacao specimen in the British Museum un-
der this name. Although carefully searched for elsewhere
this species was only found in and about the town, where it
was taken under rocks and in a house.
Gymnodactylus antillensis (Van Lidth de Jeude).—Curacao
(Willemstad; El Hato; Valley at Seroe Domi; Schaarlo;
Campo Knip; Ronde Klip; Overzijde; Landhuis Knip; Tafel-
berg of St. Hyronimus, 229.9 m.): Bonaire (hills of Santa
Barbara, back of El] Hato de Bonaire; between Tanki Maraka
and Porta Spafo; near Pos Frances; Seroe Wassau): Klein-
Bonaire: Klein-Curacao. Some of the specimens of Van
Lidth de Jeude were said to have come from Aruba, the others
from Curacao.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3°
Common on all four andes rocks and in houses; a
few were under the loose bark of trees. )
Phyllodactylus pulcher (Gray).—Curacao (Valley at Seroe
Domi; Landhuis Knip; Schaarlo): Aruba (Sero Canashito ;
Baranca Alto; near Malmok; near Oranjestad; near Perkien-
tenboseh) : Bonaire (between Tanka Maraka and Porta Spajfio ;
Santa Barbara beyond FE] Hato; Seroe Wassau): Klein-Bozi-
aire. Recorded from Aruba by Cope, under the name P. ju-
lient, and from Curacao by Werner and Van Lidth de Jeude.
Not infrequent on Aruba, Bonaire and Klein-Bonaire, in the
better wooded places; rare on Curacao; found under rocks
and loose bark of dead trees.
Boulenger (1887) has pointed out that P. martini Van
Lidth de Jeude is synomymous with P. julieni Cope. Werner
has listed a Phyllodactylus from Curacao as P. pulcher (type-
locality tropical America), and Miss Joan Proctor has pro-
nounced one of our specimens from Aruba identical with the
type of P. pulcher. It is evident that the three names apply
to one species which occurs on Aruba, Curacao, Bonaire, and
Klein-Bonaire, and which should be known as Phyllodactylus
pulcher (Gray).
(Thecadactylus rapicaudus (Houttuyn).— Curacao (Campo
Knip; Landhuis Knip): druba (Campo West Punt; Baranca
Alto; Nooi Hundoe; near Perkietenboseh ) : Bonaire (between
Tanki Maraka and Porta Spafio; Santa Barbara beyond El
Hato di Bonaire). Listed from Aruba and Curacao by Van
Lidth de Jeude, from Aruba by Cope, and from Curacao by
Meek.
Under the bark of trees and in buildings; sometimes under
rocks at the base of trees.
4 University of Michigan
Anolis bonairensis, new species
Diagnosis: ‘Tail moderately compressed, with serrated up-
per edge. Dorsal scales small, those of the vertebral region
larger than the laterals, smaller than the ventrals. Occipital
scale large, larger than the ear opening, in contact with the
scales of the supraorbital semicircles or separated from them
by a row of granules, surrounded laterally and posteriorly by
granules scarcely larger than the largest dorsals — at least
much smaller than the scales of the forehead; scales of the
supraorbital semicircles enlarged, separated or last one or two
pairs in contact; supraocular scales enlarged, without keels.
Tibia much shorter than the distance between end of snout
and ear opening.
Habitat: Bonaire and Klein-Bonaire, Dutch Leeward Is-
lands.
Type Specimen: Cat. No. 57221, Museum of Zoology, Uni-
versity of Michigan; Seroe Grandi, 4% km. northeast of Kral-
endijk, Bonaire; August 23, 1922; H. Burrington Baker, col-
lector.
Description of Type Specimen: Head moderate, about once
and a half as long as broad, the length to the posterior border
of the orbit equal to the length of the tibia; the hind limb ex-
tended forward reaches the temporal region. Snout rather
strongly depressed, forehead concave, no frontal ridges. Up-
per head scales smooth, scales of the supraorbital semicircles
large, last two pairs in contact with each other and the occipi-
tal scale; about ten enlarged smooth supraoculars; loreal rows
three ; occipital scale large, surrounded laterally and posterior-
ly by granules scarcely larger than the enlarged dorsals, much
smaller than those of the forehead; dorsal scales small, keeled,
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5
those of the vertebral region larger than those on the sides:
ventral scales larger than the dorsals, smooth. ‘Tail compress-
ed, with serrated upper edge (regenerated). About 26 lam-
ellae under the second and third phalanges of the fourth toe.
Gular pouch rather large. Brown above with black crossbars
bordered with yellow, and somewhat interrupted on the flanks ;
ventral surfaces white, the sides of the abdominal region with
faint spots, the chin mottled with dark brown, the gular pouch
uniformly white (in alcohol).
Heneth of head and body..:....... 66.5 mm.
Bore ore med 0b es eee 19 mm.
Eensth at tind ter 2200.0 232.2 50 =mm.
Notes on Paratypes: The supraorbital semicircles in nine-
teen specimens are entirely separated in six, in contact by one
pair in ten and by two pairs in three. The enlarged supra-
oculars are smooth in all specimens, and the occipital is sepa-
rated from the supraorbitals by small scales in two specimens.
The localities are as follows: Bonaire (Santa Barbara ;
Montagne; Punta Blanco; Seroe \Wassau; Seroe Grandi):
Klein-Bonaire. Usually (found upon trees. | Also recorded
from Bonaire by Meek under the name 4. alligator. { Com-
mon everywhere on trees and cliffs.
Remarks: As is well known, anoles from a number of is-
lands in the Carribean Sea have been referred to Anolis alli-
gator. Barbour (1914, p. 281) has asserted that the Martin-
ique form is distinct from the one on Trinidad, an assertion
that has been supported by a study of specimens from both
localities. A well marked difference is to be found in the size
of the scales about the occipital plate. In a series of specimens
these scales are as large as the scales of the forehead in those
6 University of Michigan
from Trinidad and much smaller, scarcely larger than the ver-
tebral scales, at any rate much smaller than those of the fore-
head, in those from Martinique.
The Bonaire specimens agree with those from Martinique
and differ from Trinidad specimens in having small scales
about the occipital scale, and they differ from the Martinique
form in having smooth supraoculars. and from both in having
the supraorbital semicircles more widely separated. As stated
above, in a series of nineteen specimens the semicircles are
entirely separated in six, in contact by one pair in ten and by
two pairs in three. In Martinique specimens and in some of
those from Trinidad the enlarged supraoculars have a short
keel, sometimes reduced to a low tubercle; and again in the
Martinique and Trinidad specimens examined the semicircles
are broadly in contact by three or four scales, the .forward
point of contact being about on a level with, or a little posterior
to, a line connecting the anterior margin of the first enlarged
supraoculars.
It is very probable that there are also differences in the col-
oration of the three forms, but this cannot be satisfactorily
determined with preserved material.
It may be remarked here that the name* of the Martinique
form is apparently Anolis roquet (Bonnaterre), Enc. Meth.
Erpet., 1789, p. 54, pl. 9, fig. 5. This name is based on Le
Roquet Lacépéde and antedates Merrem’s Anolis cepedii. That
the Trinidad form is to be known as Anolis aeneus Gray (Cat.
Liz., 1845, p. 205), and that this name is not available for the
Bonaire form, seems to be established by the fact that the
41 am indebted to Dr. Leonhard Stejneger for assistance with the
nomenclature of these forms, and to Miss Mina Winslow for the
examination of the type of Anolis aeneus Gray.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7
type of dA. aeneus has smooth supraoculars and large scales
about the occipital plate: both characters distinguish it from
Anolis roquet, and the second separates it from Anolis
bonairensis .
Anolis lineatus(Daudin).—Curacao( Valley at Seroe Domi;
Willemstad; Tafelberg of Santa Barbara; El Hato; Seroe
Salinja Abau; Schaarlo; Seroe Djerimi; Seroe Mansinga;
Valley between Seroe Palomba and Seroe Baha Hoendoe; Hills
south of Sint Willebrordus ; St. Christoffelberg, 500-1200 ft.) :
Aruba (shore cliffs near Oranjestad; Seroe Canashito; Baran-
ca Alto and Isla; near Boedoei; Hudishibana; near Perkieten-
boseh). Listed from Aruba and Curacao by Meek and Van
Lidth de Jeude, from Aruba by Cope, and from Curacao by
Boulenger (1885 b, p. 39). Common everywhere on trees
and bushes.
A study of large series has failed to reveal any constant
differences between the specimens from Curacao and Aruba.
Iguana iguana (Linnaeus). — Curacao (observed, but not
collected, on cliffs along the ocean at Campo Knip; on cliffs
and nearby trees on Sint Christoffelberg, 1200 ft.; on cliffs
south of Sint Willebrordus; and on cliffs and adjacent trees
of the Tafelberg of Santa Barbara): Aruba (on a brush fence
in Rooi Lamoenchi; on trees and in a sink-hole at Campo West
Punt) : Bonaire (observed, but not collected, on cliffs of Seroe
Wassau, and at Fontein of Bonaire). Listed by Cope, Meek,
and Van Lidth de Jeude, from Aruba, and by Meek from
Curacao.
Ameiva bifrontata Cope. — Aruba (Oranjestad; Rooi La-
moenchi; Boedoei; Campo West Punt; between Sint Nicolaas
and Culebra; near Perkietenboseh; Seroe Canashito). Re-
corded from Aruba by Cope.
8 University of Michigan
Common in all parts of the island but not as abundant as
Cnemidophorus arubensis.
Ten specimens are typical in scalation and show no tendency
toward the subspecies divisus. The ground color is more uni-
form and paler than in mainland series, black spots being ab-
sent or very few in number.
Cnemidophorus murinus (Laurenti)—Curacao (Schaarlo;
Sint Willebrordus; Ronde Klip): Bonaire (Seroe Grandi,
near Playa Makosji; Seroe Grandi, 414 km. northeast of Kral-
endijk; Santa Barbara; Pos Frances; Seroe Wassau): Klein-
Bonaire: Klein-Curacao. Listed from Curacao by Van Lidth
de Jeude, Meek, and Cope, and from Bonaire by Meek. Cope’s
C. murinus from Aruba is probably C. arubensis. .
Abundant, according to Baker’s notes.
Cnemidophorus arubensis (Van Lidth de Jeude). — Aruba
(Oranjestad; Rooi Lamoenchi; Boedoei; Campo West Punt;
near Perkietenboseh).
Described from Aruba by Van de Lidth de Jeude.
Abundant in all localities.
This is Meek’s Cnemidophorus nigricolor, from Aruba; and
it is probably Cope’s C. murinus from the same island. Al-
though resembling C. murinus in coloration, C. arubensis is ap- —
parently most closely related to C. lemmiscatus. It has eight
rows of ventrals, as pointed out by Van Lidth de Jeude, and
the subcaudal scales at the base of the tail are keeled as in
C 1. lemniscatus and C. 1. gaigei. It differs from C. lemnis-
catus in having smaller brachial and collar scales, and in color-
ation. The pale spots are much larger and fewer in number
in C. arubensis and the pale lines disappear, or are only faint-
ly indicated, in old specimens. C. nigricolor from Los Roques
is easily distinguished from C. arubensis by the color, by the
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9
smooth scales beneath the base of the tail, and by the smaller
brachial scales.
Gymnophthalmus quadrilineatus (Linnaeus).—Curacao (1
km. from Landhuis towards St. Christoffelberg ; St. Christoffel-
berg, 1200 ft.; Landhuis Knip). Also listed by Van Lidth de
Jeude from Curacao.
Taken in grassy areas in thickets of acacias, and in humus
among rocks.
Tretioscincus bifasciatus (Duméril).—Aruba (one specimen
in ant nest under rocks on hill between Rooi Spoki and Rooi
Hundoe). Also recorded from Aruba by Cope.
Dromicus antillensis (Schlegel). Recorded from Curacao
by Van Lidth de Jeude.
Leimadophis triscalis (Linnaeus ).—Curacao (a small spec-
imen taken at Landhuis Knip). Also recorded from Curacao
by Boulenger (1894, p. 129).
Leptodeira annulata (Linnaeus).—Aruba (Campo Bubali;
Mon Plaisir). Recorded from Aruba by Van Lidth de Jeude.
The dorsal scale rows are 19-17-15 in six specimens.
Found only in the matted clumps of branches of the older
divi-divi trees.
Crotalus terrificus (Laurenti). According to Baker, rattle-
snakes are still to be found on Aruba. Meek has recorded a
specimen, and Van Lidth de Jeude lists several under the name
Crotalus horridus unicolor.
IO
IQI4.
University of Michigan
BIvLioCRAPHY
Barsour, Tuomas. A Contribution to the Zoogeography of the
West Indies, with especial Reference to Amphibians and
Reptiles. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLIV, pp. 209-346.
1885 (a) BouLeNcrr, G. A. Catalogue of the Lizards in the British
Museum, I.
1885 (b) Boutencer, G. A. Catalogue of the Lizards in the British
1887.
1894.
IQI0.
1917.
1913.
Museum, II.
BouLeNncerR, G. A. The Zoological Record, XXIV, Rept. p. 9.
Bovutencer, G. A. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Mu-
seum, II.
Corr, E. D. Twelfth Contribution to the Herpetology of Trop-
ical America. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XXII, pp. 167-1094.
LiptH DE JEupE, T. W. van. On a Collection of Reptiles and
Fishes from the West Indies. Notes from the Leyden Mu-
seum, IX, pp 120-139.
Merk, S. E. Notes on Batrachians and Reptiles from the Is-
lands north of Venezuela. Field Museum of Nat. Hist.,.
Zool. Ser. VII, pp. 415-418.
STEJNEGER, LEONHARD. Cuban Amphibians and Reptiles col-
lected for the United States National Museum from 18909
to 1902. Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, LIII, pp. 2509-201.
WERNER, FRANz. Neue oder Seltene Reptilien und Frésche
des Naturhistorischen Museums in Hamburg. Mitt. Nat-
urhist. Museum, XXX.
“
NUMBER 144 DECEMBER 21, 1923
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN Arzor, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
A NOTE ON THE SPECIES OF EVERMANNICHTHYS,
A GENUS OF SPONGE-INHABITING GOBIES
By Cart, L. Hupss
In 1917 Radcliffe* described a new species of sponge-inhab-
iting goby from off the coast of North Carolina and from the
west side of Florida. He named the species spongicola and
referred it to the genus Garmannia.
In 1921 Hubbs? based a new genus, Radcliffella, on Garman-
nia spongicola, ‘There is no reason to doubt the propriety of
generically distinguishing the species spongicola from Gobius
paradoxus Gunther, which is the type of Garmannia Jordan
and Evermann.
In the meantime, however, Metzelaar (1919), in a paper only
recently received by us, had named a very similar goby from
Curacao Evermannichthys spongicola, new genus and species.’
* Radcliffe, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 52, 1917, p. 423, fig.
* Hubbs, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., No. 99, 1921, p. 2.
*Metzelaar, Report on the fishes, collected by Dr. J. Boeke in the
Dutch West-Indies 1904-1905, with comparative notes on the marine
fishes of tropical West Africa, The Hague, 1919, p. 139, figs. 30, 40;
Bijd. Dierk., 22, 1919, p. 141.
2 University of Michigan
Evermannichthys spongicola and Garmannia spongicola can-
not be separated generically. Evermannichthys therefore
replaces Radcliffella as the generic name for these gobies. The
two species, however, appear from the original descriptions to
be different, the spongicola of Metzelaar differing from the
spongicola of Radcliffe in having a more slender body, shorter
maxillary, and more rays in the second dorsal fin.
The two species may therefore stand as follows.—
1. Evermannichthys spongicola Radcliffe.
2. Evermannichthys metzelaari Hubbs (new specific name).
NUMBER 145 DECEMBER 21, 1923
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN Arsor,. MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
TWO NEW FRESHWATER SNAILS FROM
MICHIGAN
By Mina L. WENSLOW
The forms described below were found in the course of
field work for the Museum of Zoology of the University of
Michigan. Both were submitted to Dr. Bryant Walker, to
whom grateful acknowledgment is made for helpful criticism.
Tor a discussion of the subspecies of Planorbis antrosus
reference may be made to Dr. Walker's “Notes on Planorbis
II: P. bicarinatus,” in The Nautilus, Vol. XXIII, pp. 1-10,
1909. It is interesting to find still another distinct form of
P. antrosus in the same general northern region from which
the varieties percarinatus, royalensis and portagensis have al-
ready been listed.
Planorbis antrosus jordanensis, new subspecies
Figs. 1-5
Shell with four and a, half closely coiled whorls, upper sur-
ace decidedly flattened, concave, apical whorls deeply im-
2 University of Michigan
mersed, funicular; umbilicus narrow, deeply funicular; su-
perior and basal carinae each forming a distinct, prominent,
rounded cord; whorls flat, almost straight-sided; lines of
growth strong, revolving sculpture distinct; aperture large,
somewhat descending, auriculate, higher than wide, angled at
the carinae; lip thickened within, edge sharp, somewhat ex-
panded at the outer edge. Altitude, 6.5 mm.; diameter, 11.5
mm. ; height of body whorl in front of aperture, 4.8 mm.
Type Locality: South Arm of Pine Lake, about two miles
north of East Jordan, Charlevoix County, Michigan.
Type Specimen: Museum of Zoology, University of Mich-
igan, No. 27440. Cotypes in the collection of Bryant Walker.
This form combines features of at least two other varieties
of Planorbis antrosus, but is typical of none of them. It is
perhaps nearer to portagensis in size and general appearance,
but differs from that form in having pronounced cords accent-
ing the carinae, in flatter whorls, and in the wider angle
which the upper edge of the aperture makes with the super-
ior carina. It resembles royalensis, but differs from that sub-
species in its smaller size, in the relatively smaller size and
auriculate shape of the aperture, the two corded carinae, flat-
ter whorls, and finer, more regular lines of growth.
The series shows some variation in the degree of descent
of the aperture, resulting in some specimens in the aperture
being applied to the lower half only of the body whorl. In
twenty adult specimens the altitude varies from 7.5 to 5.8 mm.,
diameter from 13.1 to 11.5 mm., and altitude of the body whorl
in front of the aperture from 5.0 to 4.3 mm.
Ferrissia michiganensis, new species
Figs. 6, 7, 8
Shell depressed, oval, slightly wider anteriorly, anterior and
posterior margins broadly rounded, the latter slightly oblique
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3
on the right side; right lateral margin slightly curved, left
lateral margin more convex; the dorsal outline is flattened
above posteriorly and slightly curved anteriorly, the greatest
height being about in the centre of the shell, from which point
it slopes slightly towards the apex and more rapidly towards
the anterior margin, left lateral slope somewhat convex; the
right lateral slope a little concave; apex blunt, slightly de-
pressed, excentric, turned toward the right side, situated at
about the posterior fourth of the length and about halfway
between the median line and the right margin, radially striate ;
lines of growth rather strong and irregular, the anterior slope
is obsoletely radially rippled; light horn color.
Length 4.25 mm., width 2.75 mm., altitude 1 mm.
Type Locality: Willow Brook, west of Harbert, Chickaming
Township, Berrien County, Michigan.
Tvpe Specimen: Museum of Zoology, University of Mich-
igan, No. 13057. Cotypes in the collection of Bryant Walker.
This well marked species is the largest yet described from
the Northern States of the depressed group of Ferrissias.
While nearly as large as many examples of F. rivularis and
F, tarda, the depressed form and apex readily differentiate it
from either.
Numerous examples were collected from dead leaves and
sticks in a small pond above a dam in the brook, in 1917, and
again in 1918 and 1922. In the same pond numerous other
species of freshwater snails were found, among them the small
Planorbis buchanensis Lea, Planorbis rubellus Sterki, Lym-
naea columella Say, Lymnaea humilis modicella Say, and
others.
Figs.
Fig.
Fig.
Figs.
University of Michigan
PLATE 1
I, 2, 3. Planorbis antrosus jordanensis. Type. x 3.
4.
on
Planorbis antrosus jordanensis. ‘Cotype, Mus. Zool.,
Univ. of Mich., No. 27442. Most inflated specimen. x 3.
Planorbis antrosus jordanensis. Cotype, Mus. Zool.,
Univ. of Mich., No. 27441. Example of abruptly descend-
ing aperture. x 3.
6, 7, 8.. Ferrissia michiganensis. ‘Type. x 10.
Piatr I
New FRESHWATER SNAILS
NUMBER 146 MAarcH 22, 1924
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN ArRBorR, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
TWO NEW SPECIES OF CISCO FROM THE
GREAT LAKES?
By WALTER KokELz
Leucichthys alpenae, new species
Argyrosomus prognathus Evermann and Smith, Rept. U. S. Comm. Fish.
1894 (1806), p. 314-317 (in part).
Leucichthys johannae Jordan and Evermann, Bull. Bur. Fish., 29, 1909
(1911), p. 24-25 (in part).
This form, currently known as the “longjaw”’, is one of the
largest species of Leucichthys found in the Great Lakes. Indi-
viduals not infrequently attain a length of 38 cm. (15 inches)
and a weight of two pounds. The longjaws are well-flavored
and moderately fat and are in demand by fish-smokers. The
species occurs most abundantly at depths of less than 60 fath-
oms and is generally distributed throughout Lake Michigan and
Lake Huron, including Georgian Bay, where suitable condi-
tions obtain.
1These descriptions are published with the permission of the U. S.
Commissioner of Fisheries.
2 University of Michigan
The type is a female specimen, to be deposited in the United
States National Museum, 269 mm. in length to the base of the
caudal, collected in Lake Michigan on June 15, 1923, 22 miles
NNE of Charlevoix, Michigan, off Ie aux Galets, in 25-47
fathoms of water. Paratypes, deposited in the Museum of
Zoology of the University of Michigan, were obtained in Lake
Michigan off the Michigan shore on August I1, 1920,
i4 mi. SE 34°58, “and .on August” 12; “1920; ~15 sme
SE x S % S of Manistique; on June 209, 1920,
5 mi oN x H, on June 15, 1923, 22° mi;) NINE ace
on August II, 1923, 3 mi. NW ¥% W of Charlevoix; on August
10, 1923, 8 mi. NNW of Big Rock Point, and on August 21,
1923, from an unknown location off Charlevoix; on June 22,
1920, 5 mi. NNW, and on July 31, 1923, 5 mi. NW of Cat
Head Light; on July 30, 1923, off the South Manitou Island;
on October 4, 1920, 9 mi. north of Point Betsie; and on March
20, 1919, I2 mi. west of Grand Haven. Other paratypes were
taken off the Indiana shore on September 3, 1920, 22 mi. NW x
N %N, on October 11, 1920, 20 mi. N x W 34 W, on Novem-
ber 8, 1920, 18 mi. NNW and on November 19, 1920, 17 mi.
NNW and 17% mi. NW x N 34 N of Michigan City ; and off
the Wisconsin shore on September 23, 1920, 27 mi. ESE, of
Milwaukee; on September 25, 1920, 18 mi. and also 5 mi. E %
S of Port Washington ; on October 1, 1920, 11 mi. SE of Shey-
boygan; on August 24, 1920, 10 mi. KE x N of Algoma; on
August 23, 1920, 12 mi. EF, x S of the Sturgeon Bay Ship Chan-
nel mouth; on August 18, 1920, 4 mi. west of Boyer ‘Bluff;
and on August 19, 1920, 20 mi. EK % N of Rock Island. Speci-
mens have also been taken in Lake Huron in Michigan waters
off Cheyboygan, Rogers City, Alpena and Harbor Beach and in
Canadian waters in Georgian Bay, off Lion’s Head and Wiar-
ton; these are not designated as paratypes, and are not involved
in the following description.
Occasional Papers cf the Museum of Zoology 3
The body is fusiform, somewhat compressed and elongate.
The greatest depth through a point just in front of the dorsal
comprises in the type 23% of the total length; in other adult
specimens about 23-27%. The width is about 55% of the
depth; in other specimens 50-55%. ‘The anterior dorsal profile
of the body usually rises gradually from the occiput to the
insertion of the dorsal, but it is sometimes somewhat steeper
over its anterior half, particularly in the largest specimens. Be-
hind the dorsal the line continues in a very faint curve to the
caudal peduncle. ‘The ventral profile is rather strongly and
uniformly curved from the tip of the snout to the caudal pe-
duncle. The head, which is relatively short and deep, is con-
tained 4.4 [(3.8) 4.1—4.4 (4.6) ]? times in the total length.
In side view it is broadly triangular. Its dorsal profile is us-
ually more or less faintly convex and forms a smooth arc
continuous with that of the first half of the predorsal body
contour. The premaxillaries are usually more or less pig-
mented and are directed forward, ordinarily making an angle
of 45°-60° with the horizontal axis of the head. The snout,
seen from the side, is broad and rounded. The maxillary is non-
pigmented and extends beyond the anterior edge of the pupil but
seldom to its center. The eye is moderate in size, contained 4.6
[ (3.8) 4.2—4.5 (5.2)] times in the head-length. The mandible
is well developed and is usually longer than the upper jaw,
though sometimes shorter. ‘The scales in the lateral line num-
ber 75 [(71) 74—85 (96)]. The gill-rakers on the first
branchial arch number 14+-25 [(11) 13 — 15 (17) + (20) 22
—28 (30) = (33) 36—43 (46)]. The dorsal edge of the pec-
toral is usually nearly straight. ‘The paired fins are relatively
2These and succeeding figures in brackets are based on an examination
of 289 paratypes ranging in length from 200 to 386 mm.; the usual as
well as the extreme range in variation is given, the latter in parentheses.
4 University of Michigan
short. The pectorals are contained 2.2 [(1.6) 1.9—2.2 (2.5) ]
times in the distance from their insertion to that of the ventrals ;
the ventrals are contained 1.8 [(1.2) 1.4—1.7 (1.9)] times in
the distance from their origin to that of the anal.
In life the general appearance of the fish is silvery with a
faint pink to purplish iridescence suffusing the sides. This
reflection is strongest above the lateral line, becoming faint on
the back and paling gradually toward the colorless belly. The
color lying below the superficial iridescence is on the back a
more or less intense pea-green to blue-green which loses its
brightness toward the lateral line and becomes bright blue-
green below it. On the back the color is obscured by a slaty
cast due to fat in the epidermis and to the moderate, rather
uniform pigmentation over the scales on the entire dorsal sur-
face. The pigmentation is continued over the top of the head
and extends also onto the preorbital area. It is likewise present
but in diminished abundance on the sides of the body, chiefly
above the lateral line. Four patches of green lie below the sur-
face on each side of the mid-dorsal line of the head—three, the
largest of which is rounded triangular, nearly contiguous, are
located posterior to the center of the eye and extend backward
to the occiput and the other, which is clubshaped, is located on
the side of the mid-line, with its narrow end extending back-
ward and inward to meet its companion of the other half of
the head. A small patch of green also lies in the cartilage in
front of the eye. The maxillaries, premaxillaries and mandible
are whitish, all but the first usually showing at least some pig-
ment. The cheeks and iris ‘are silvery with a trace of iridescence
on the former and of bronze on the latter. The proximal one-
third of the fins is often pale pinkish. The distal two-thirds is
whitish except on the dorsal and caudal, on which it is more or
less suffused with blackish. ‘The anterior border of the dorsal
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5
and the lateral borders of the caudal are usually lined with
black. The dorsal margin of the pectoral is often faintly
sprinkled with black. Pigment dots are often present on the
membranes connecting the longest rays of the anal and the
ventrals occasionally also show pigment, but are usually im-
maculate.
Leucichthys reighardi,* new species
L. reighardi is one of the smallest species of Leucichthys oc-
curring in Lake Michigan, ranking in respect to size with kryi
and hoyi. No specimens have been collected over 27 cm. in
length and most of the specimens seen have been too small to
gill in 234 inch nets. Like alpenae this species frequents depths
of less than 60 fathoms and is taken with alpenae and the other
deep-water species of Leucichthys for the smoked fish trade.
The type is a female specimen, to be deposited in the
United States National Museum, 210 mm. in length to the
base of the caudal, collected in Lake Michigan on
April 1, 1921, 18 miles N x W of Michigan City,
Indiana, at a depth of 30-35 fathoms. Paratypes, de-
posited in the Museum of Zoology, were obtained in
Lake Michigan off the Michigan shore on March 20, 1919, 12
mi. west of Grand Haven; off the Indiana shore on September
3, 1920, 22 mi. NW x N % N, on October 11, 1920, 20 mi.
N x W 3% W, on November 8, 1920, 18 mi. NNW, on No-
vember 19, 1920, 17 mi. NNW, on March 2, 1921, 14 mi.
NNW, on March 4, 1921, 15 mi. NNW, and on April 1, 1921,
18 mi. N x W of Michigan City. Other paratypes were
’ taken off the Wisconsin shore on March 24, 1919,
m an unknown location off Milwaukee, and on Sep-
tember 23, 1920, 27 mi. ESE, of Milwaukee; on September 25,
3Named in honor of Professor Jacob Reighard, Department of
Zoology, University of Michigan.
6 University of Michigan
1920, 18 mi. EF % S and on May 26, 1922, 8 mi. NE of Port
Washington; on September 28, 1920, 5 mi. and 40 mi. SE x E
and on October 1, 1920, 11 mi. SE of Sheyboygan; on August
24, 1920, 10 mi. E x N of Algoma; on August 23, 1920, 12 mi.
Ex S of the Sturgeon Bay Ship Channel mouth; on August 18,
1920, 3 to 5 mi. WNW of Boyer Bluff, and on August
19, 1920, 20 mi. F % N of Rock Island. Other specimens, not
designated as paratypes, and not involved in the description of
the species, were collected in Lake Michigan off the Michigan
shore on August 12, 1920, 15 mi. SE x S % S of Manistique;
on June 29, 1920, 5 mi. N x E, on June 30, 1920, 3 mi. NW, on
June 15, 1923, 22 mi. NNE.and on August 11, 1923, 3 mi. NW
% W of Charlevoix ; on August 10, 1923, 8 mi. NNW of Big
Rock Point, and on August 21, 1923, from an unknown loca-
tion off Charlevoix; on June 22, 1920, 5 mi. NNW and on
July 31, 1923, 5 mi. NW of Cat Head Point; on June 23, 1920,
off Northport Point; on October 4, 1920, 9 mi. north of Point
Betsie ; on August 27, 1920, 4 mi. west, and on August 28, 1920,
g mi. NW of Manistee. Still others were collected in Lake
Ontario, in New York waters off Wilson, Sodus Point, Os-
wego, Selkirk and Sandy Pond, and in Canadian waters off
Brighton; in Lake Superior off Grand Marais, Minnesota, and
at several locations on the Ontario shore between Fort William
and Rossport, and also in Lake Nipigon.
The body is little compressed, much less than in any other
member of the genus, excepting artedi, and as seen from the
side, tapers smoothly and regularly to the head and tail from
the deepest portion of the body which is through a point at the
front of the dorsal. This dimension is in the type 23%, in most
of the other adult specimens at hand 22-26%, of the length.
Occasionally an individual is taken in which this figure rises to
29% and in such specimens the predorsal body profile is steeper
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7
over its anterior half. The width of the type specimen is 62%
of the depth; in other specimens 55-65%. ‘The head is short
and is contained 4.4 [(3.9) 4.2—4.4 (4.8) ]* times in the total
length. It is of moderate depth, bluntly triangular in side view;
its dorsal contour, not including the premaxillaries, straight or
faintly convex. ‘The snout is likewise short, truncated in side
view on account of the nearly vertical direction of the premaxil-
laries, and is contained 3.8 [(3.5) 3.6—4.0 (4.4) ] times in the
head. The premaxillaries are always heavily pigmented, and
usually make an angle of 60°—70° with the horizontal axis of
the head, so that their tip is usually at or below the lower edge
of the pupil. The maxillary is always more or less pigmented,
the cutting edge usually rimmed with black halfway to its distal
end; it is short, being contained 2.7 [(2.5) 2.6—2.8 (3.0)]
times in the head. The eye is large, is contained 3.8 [(3.6) 3.9
—4.2 (4.4)] times in the head and is situated in the second
quarter of the head-length, encroaching more or less on the
third. The lower jaw is always shorter than the upper and is
usually heavily tipped with black. The lateral line scales num-
ber 72 [(67) 72—81 (96)]. ‘The gill-rakers on the first
branchial arch number 14-++-23 [(11) 12—14 (16) + (20) 21
—24 (27) = (31) 34-38 (43)]. The paired fins are rela-
tively short. The pectoral length divided into the interval be-
tween the pectoral and ventral insertions equals 2.1 [ (1.8) 2.0—
2.5 (2.8)]; the ventral length into the distance from its origin
to the anal equals 1.4 [(1.2) 1.4—1.7 (1.8) ].
The color of living paratypes has not been recorded but it is
probably not different from that of the race of reighardi oc-
curring in the northern basin of Lake Michigan. As in other
4These and succeeding figures given in brackets are based on an ex-
amination of 145 paratypes ranging in length from 200-257 mm.; the
usual as well as the extreme range in variation is given, the latter in
parentheses.
8 University of Michigan
species of Leucichthys the general tone is silvery and individuals
are taken whose color differs in no material way, excepting
heavier pigmentation, from specimens of alpenae just described.
Many examples, however, show very little greenish color on
the back. In such individuals the cranial patches are faint pea-
green and the cranial cartilages and the fin bases have a sepia
tone. The back is of a very pale blue-grey tint with traces of
pea-green beneath. The iridescence of the sides is pinkish.
NUMBER 147 Aprin 26, 1924
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
A NEW LEPOSOMA FROM PANAMA
By A. G. RuTHVEN AND HELEN T. GAIGE
A number of specimens of a Leposoma which seems to differ
widely from the hitherto known species, were collected by the
Bryant Walker Expedition to Panama (1923). We take great
pleasure in dedicating this form to Dr. John Grant South,
United States Minister to the Republic of Panama.
Leposoma southi, new species
Diagnosis: Head scales very rough, longitudinally striated;
two frontonasals; praefrontals half the length of the frontal
and smaller than the frontoparietals; three pairs of chin
shields, the two anterior pairs in contact; scales from the eye
to shoulder very rough (smoother in dispar and taeniata) .*
Type Specimen: Cat. No. 48065, Museum of Zoology, Uni-
versity of Michigan. Progreso (90 ft. elev.), Chiriqui Prov-
ince, Panama; April 19, 1923; H. T. Gaige, collector.
Description of Type Specimen: Form of head and body as
in L. dispar; head scales very rugose, strongly striated; two
frontonasals, each slightly concave behind; a pair of prae-
1 We are indebted to Dr. G. K. Noble, American Museum, for the
opportunity of examining a paratype of L. taeniata.
2 University of Michigan
frontals, each half the length of the frontal, smaller than the
frontoparietals; parietals almost as wide as the interparietal ;
four supraorbitals; two frenoorbitals; six upper, five lower
labials; one anterior chin shield, followed by three pairs, the
sides of the anterior two pairs in contact, the posterior pair
much smaller, separated by a group of three small scales, and
bordered behind by a row of enlarged scales which are sepa-
rated by several smaller scales; a series of granules across the
throat from ear to ear; scales from eye to shoulder very rough,
almost tubercular; scales on the throat narrower and more
pointed than the ventrals; ventrals strongly keeled, mucro-
nate; anal plates five; scales around the middle of body 23;
scales from occiput to base of tail 31; scales from chin granules
to vent 33.
Snout to vent 32 mm.; snout to ear 7 mm.; snout to eye
3 mm.; greatest width of head 5 mm.
Color in life: head and tail deep brown, almost black; a
stripe of reddish brown from occiput to tail, becoming lighter
on the sides, where it is bordered by a dark brown stripe;
below reddish yellow; three light spots on upper lip and five
black spots on lower lip.
Remarks: There are nine paratypes of the new species in
the collection which vary little in color and scalation. It
should be noted that the smallest specimen has a deep groove
down the center of the frontonasal, but it is not actually
divided. The scale counts of eight specimens average: around
the middle of the body 2414, from occiput to base of tail 32,
and from the chin granules to vent 34. The main variation
is in the arrangement of the chin shields. The third pair
may be separated by one, or as in the type, by three small
scales bordered behind by scales of equal size, or by a larger
scale which may be bordered behind by two scales of the same
size with still smaller ones behind, or the smaller, irregular
scales may be in direct contact with the larger scale.
The Museum of Comparative Zoology has sent us for com-
parison a Leposoma (collected at Suretka, Sixaola River,
Costa Rica, by E. R. Dunn) that corresponds fairly well with
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3
LL. southi with the exception of the chin shields. The shields
of the third pair are small, separated by two scales almost as
large, and behind them is a row of subequal enlarged scales.
Our specimens were all collected in the ground litter on the
forest floor in the District of Alanje.
- cy > as
ee ey
pe >
P , ‘oT Le,
Py : . te 7
1B.
j i= H
2. Ae
“ \ ai
'
‘
d
.
i
Hy
“_
ie
;
a
Sp ft
NuMBER 148 ApRIL 26, 1924
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
STUDIES OF THE FISHES OF THE ORDER
CYPRINODONTES
V. Nores on SPECIES OF GOODEA AND SKIFFIA
By Cari L. Husss
i
The species of Goodea and Skiffia belong to a peculiar group
of viviparous eyprinodonts, the family Goodeidae, which has
been discussed in the first paper of this series. The fishes of
this family form a large element in the highly distinctive
Lerma River fauna of Mexico.*
II
GENUS GOODEA JORDAN
Goodea Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 2, 1879, p. 299; Jordan and
Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 47, pt. 1, 1896, p. 685; Meek, Publ.
Field Mus., Zool., 3, 1902, p. 100; ibid., 5, 1904, p. 136; Regan, Biol.
Cent.-Am., Pisces, 1908, p. 90; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8)7, 1911,
p. 325.—Haplotype, Goodea atripinnis Jordan.
Xenendum Jordan and Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 19, 1899
(1900), p. 127.—Orthotype, Xenendum caliente Jordan and Snyder =
Goodea atripinnis Jordan.
1See Meek, Publ. Field Mus., Zool., 5, 1904, pp. xxxvii-lii, 109-124,
136-144.
LO
University of Michigan
The identity of Xenendum with Goodea has already been
indicated by Meek.
It may be of some historic interest to mention here that
the viviparity of Goodea was noted as early as 1896, by Dr.
Herrera.”
1. Goodea luitpoldi Steindachner
Characodon luitpoldi Steindachner, Denk. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 42, 1895,
p. 528, pl. 2, fig. 3; Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 47,
pt. 3, 1898, p. 2832; Pellegrin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 7, 1901, p. 205.
Goodea luitpoldi Meek, Publ. Field Mus., Zool., 3, 1902, p. 101, pls.
22-24; ibid., 5, 1904, p. 139, fig. 42, pl. 1-2.
Characodon (Goodea) atripinnis Herrera, Cat. Col. Peces, Mus. Nae.,
Mexico, 1896, p. 31 (not of Jordan).
Goodea atripinnis Regan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Pisces, 1908, p. 91; Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., (8)7, 1911, p. 235, pl. 8 (not of Jordan).
(2) Goodea atripinnis Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 68, 1916,
p. 432 (?not of Jordan).
Xenendum «xaliscone Jordan and Snyder, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 19,
1899 (1900), p. 128, fig. 9; Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.,
47, pt. 4, 1900, p. 3153. :
Specimens from Lake Chapala (‘‘Xenendum saliscone’’)
have a band of fine teeth behind the main row, as in topotypes
of luitpoldi from Lago de Patzcuaro, and agree also in other
respects.
Goodea luwitpoldi is a species of the larger lakes. It is not
known from the smaller streams, which are inhabited by
Goodea atripinnis. Specimens of the latter form from Lake
Cuitzeo, in fact, show an approach, in some respects, toward
luitpoldi.
The present species is a larger fish than atripinnis, and
usually differs from it in the more anterior position of the
dorsal fin, and constantly in the smaller size of the seales.
The young of lwitpoldi are blotched like those of atripinnis.
The blotches soon become obsolete, however, the color pattern
of the adult of both sexes consisting of longitudinal streaks
between the scale rows.
2 Cat. Col. Peces, Mus. Nac., Mexico, 1896, p. 31.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3
2. Goodea atripinnis Jordan
Goodea atripinnis Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 2, 1879, p. 299;
Bean, ibid., 21, 1898, p. 541; Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
47, pt. 1, 1896, p. 685; Meek, Publ. Field Mus., Zool., 3, 1902, p. 100;
ibid., 5, 1904, p. 140, fig. 48; ibid., 7, 1907, p. 156 (in part: specimens
from San Miguel only).
Characodon variatus Woolman, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 14, 1894, p.
62 (in part).
Xenendum caliente Jordan and Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 19,
1899 (1900), p. 127, fig. 8; Jordan and Evermann, Bull, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 47, pt. 4, 1900, p. 3152.
Goodea calientis Meek, Publ. Field Mus., Zool., 3, 1902, p. 100; Regan,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Pisces, 1908, p. 91.
The material described and recorded by Jordan, Woolman,
Jordan and Snyder, and by Meek, has been re-examined. The
specimens recorded by Woolman from Salamanca as Chara-
codon variatus represent the females of both that species and
of Goodea atripinnis. Having identified specimens of the
present species with Characodon variatus, it is not surprising
that he was unable to satisfy himself of the identity of Chara-
codon variatus (male) with C. ferrugineus (female, of
variatus ).
Goodea atripinnis is essentially a stream species. It is not
represented in the collections from lakes Chapala, Patzcuaro
and Zirahuen which have been examined. All of the speci-
mens from these three lakes represent the larger, finer scaled
species, Goodea luitpoldi. It is highly probable that all
records of this species from Lake Patzcuaro refer to lwitpoldi.
The only lake specimens of atripinnis seen are from the
small Lake Cuitzeo.2 In addition to their lighter color, they
have the dorsal fin farther forward than usual. The distance
from the origin of the dorsal to the end of the caudal when
measured forward extends nearly to the eye, instead of little
beyond the opercular margin, as usual in the several series of
3In recording these specimens Meek (1900) mentioned that ‘‘the
specimens from Lake Cuitzeo are very light in color, a feature character-
istic of all the fishes taken from this and P&tzcuaro Lake.’’ Regan
(1908) erroneously construed this sentence to mean that specimens of
atripinnis were being recorded from Patzcuaro.
4 University of Michigan
atripinnis at hand (for example, the topotypes of X. caliente).
In other lots, however, for instance that from San Miguel, the
dorsal may occupy either position, or an intermediate one.
Provisionally these differences are interpreted as of only
racial, not subspecific, value.
As noted by Dr. Meek (1902), the young are blotched, in
coloration resembling Zoogoneticus robustus and the young of
Characodon variatus, species of other genera (but of the same
family). These brown blotches are usually retained more or
less distinctly by the female, but soon become obsolete in the
male, which is the more deeply colored. In the adult the
color pattern, exclusive of the brown blotches on the female,
consists of dark marks, one on each seale. Each of these is
usually wedge-shaped, but not infrequently becomes narrowed
dorsoventrally and bordered with a very fine lighter streak.
In other specimens the dark pigment is mostly concentrated
toward the base and upper and lower angles of the scales,
leaving the center whitish, as in G. lwitpoldi. The vertical
fins are often black in either sex.
3. Goodea captiva Hubbs, new species
Goodea atripinnis Meek, Publ. Field Mus., Zool., 7, 1907, p. 156 (in
part: specimens from Jesus Maria only).
This species is closely related to Goodea atripinnis, from
which it has doubtless been derived by isolation following
stream capture. The type-specimens come from one of those
tributaries of the Rio Panuco which are known to have ex-
tended their course backward until they have drained what
was formerly a part of the Lerma System. Another set of
specimens from the Panuco Basin, namely that from San Juan
del Rio, remains typical of G. atripinnis. Goodea toweri, also -
from the tributaries of the Rio Panuco, is a very different
species.
Goodea captiva differs from G. atripinnis in the form of the
body, the contours being more arched, the caudal peduncle
more slender; in the more anterior position of the dorsal fin,
the origin of which is equidistant from end of caudal and a
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5
point near the front margin of the eye, rather than some point
in the postorbital part of the head; in coloration; on the
average in the larger scales, these being in 32 to 36 instead of
34 to 38 transverse series; and in the shorter gill-rakers, few
more than half as numerous as in atripinnis.
Holotype—Taken by Dr. 8. E. Meek, together with the
numerous paratypes, in an upper tributary of the Rio Panuco,
at Jesus Maria, Mexico; an adult male 46 mm. long to caudal
base ; Cat. No. 5557, Field Museum. Regarding this collection,
Dr. Meek (I. c., p. 153) remarks: ‘‘There is a small stream at
Jesus Maria which belongs to the Rio Panuco system. It is
almost without water during the dry season. At the Hacienda
a dam is built across the narrow valley forming above it a
small lake. In this 4 species of fishes were taken,’’ including
the types of G. captiva. The following description is based
upon the type, 46 mm. long to caudal. base, and is supple-
mented by measurements and counts of five males 40 to 45 mm.
long, and of five females, 45 to 49 mm. long.
The body is deeper and with more arched contours than in
G. atripinnis; the dorsal contour is slightly elevated at the
occiput and gradually curved thence to the origin of the
dorsal; the ventral contour is deeply curved—more deeply in
the female than in the male—from the mouth to the anus, the
deepest point in the curve being before the front of ventrals;
greatest depth, 2.55 (2.5 to 2.7 in adult male paratypes; 2.6 to
2.8 in adult female paratypes; in young specimens of equal
size, the males are a little deeper than the females). From
the origins of the dorsal and anal fins the contours of the male
converge to the slender caudal peduncle so abruptly that if
produced they would meet at an angle of nearly ninety degrees
(the contours converge less rapidly in the female, as in that
sex the greatest depth is farther forward than in the male;
the distance between the origin of the dorsal and of the anal
fins is about the diameter of the eye greater in the adult male
than in the adult female). Least depth of the caudal
peduncle, a little more than half its length behind anal fin; its
length about equal to length of head.
6 University of Michigan
Head deep and heavy, the contour straight from occiput to
tip of snout. Length of head, 3.35 (3.35 to 3.5, in male para-
types; 3.65 to 3.85 in females) ; length of snout, 3.4 (3.4 to
3.6, males; 3.3 to 3.5, females) ; length of eye, 3.6 (5.4 to 3.7,
males; 3.6 to 4.0, females); width of slightly convex inter-
orbital, 2.3 (2.2 to 2.4, each sex). Mouth wide, transverse,
the width of the cleft about equal to length of snout; mandible
heavy, but flexible; broadly projecting beyond the premaxil-
laries. Teeth of two kinds, an outer row of incisors and an
inner series of small villiform teeth. The incisors are dilated
and bifid distally, and are movable; as in atripinnis, the teeth
of the outer row are crowded into a biserial arrangement,
alternating in their insertion. Gill-rakers short and flat, the
longest only one-third as long as the eye; 24 to 26 gill-rakers
on the first arch (40 to 45 in atripinnis). Intestines long and
much convoluted. Viviparous, the largest females containing
small embryos.
Fins all of decidedly greater expanse in the male than in
the female. The dorsal especially broad and elevated in the
male, reaching when depressed to the first of the procurrent
caudal rays; in the female reaching little more than two-thirds
as far. Height of anal more than half length of head in male,
less than half head in female; length of pectoral 1.4 in head
in male, 1.6 in female; pelvic reaching anus in male; not so
far in female. Fin-rays: dorsal, 13; anal, 14 or 15 (in each
sex) ; the first 6 anal rays unbranched and shortened in the
male.
Seales large, in 35 (32 to 36, numerous paratypes) series
from above branchial aperture to caudal base (34 to 38, in
atripinnis ; 39 or more in luitpoldi) ; in 14 (13 to 16) rows
from pelvic base up to mid-dorsal line.
Color of type (adult male) : very dark; sides of body black-
ish brown, the dark color extending farthest downward above
anus; the caudal peduncle, black; scale margins everywhere
light; back of trunk lighter; belly and edges of caudal
peduncle, light ; top of head black ; upper half of opercle black,
lower half silvery. Dorsal fin blackish at base, grading to
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7
clear distally; caudal fin dusky at base, shading to black
posteriorly, but with an abrupt, clear margin; lower fins clear.
The development of the color pattern in the two sexes offers
some points of interest. Young males 23 to 26 mm. long are
colored very much like the young females. The body is
marked with rather small black spots of various shapes, mostly
absent along light streaks just above and just below an irregu-
lar axial dark stripe. In males of 30 mm., the spots have
become obsolete, or rendered indistinct by the deepening of
the ground color. Even in the half grown, however, the
widened and deepened axial band remains; there is also fre-
quently evident a dark blotch between this streak and the
anus. Females less than 30 mm. long have the rather faint
axial streak intensified by the concentration along it, and the
partial absence just above and below it, of the small black
irregular spots which seatteringly cover the body. In the
females over 30 mm. long the spots are smaller, and in those
over 35 mm. long they have become indistinct. In females
over 45 mm. long the lateral band is also very indistinet or
not evident, the pattern consisting of the cross-hatching caused
by the disposition of pigment about the margins of the scales.
The coloration of the adult female has thus come to resemble
that of the adult male, but by a slower rate of change. The
color of the body is less intense in the female than in the
male, however, in all specimens over 28 mm. long. The dorsal
and caudal fins become dusky, but not blackish as in the male.
Et
GENUS SKIFFIA MEEK
Skiffia Meek, Publ. Field Mus., Zool., 3, 1902, p. 102; ibid., 5, 1904,
p. 141.
The species referred to Skiffia differ from those of Goodea
chiefly in the more advanced location of the dorsal fin.
4. Skiffia bilineata Bean
Characodon bilineatus Bean, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1887, p. 371,
pl. 20, fig. 2; Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 47, pt. 1,
1896, p. 668; pt. 4, 1900, pl. 119, fig. 293.
§ University of Michigan
Skiffia bilineatus Meek, Publ. Field Mus., Zool., 3, 1902, p. 105.
Skiffia bilineata Meek, Pub. Field Mus., Zool., 5, 1904, p. 144, fig. 45.
Goodea bilineata Regan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Pisces, 1908, p. 92.
Sexual dimorphism has been carried to an extreme in this
well-marked species. Four males, 19 to 22 mm. long to the
caudal fin, collected by Meek at Huingo, Lake Cuitzeo, Mexico,
have been examined. In these the body is more slender than
in the female, and the vertical fins are much larger. The black
dorsal fin reaches to the base of the upper caudal rays. The
highly characteristic color pattern of the female is not devel-
oped in the male, only the anterior portion of the main median
streak being apparent. In contrast the male has 12 to 20
spindle-shaped vertical bars, of greatly varying height, dis-
tributed along a line occupied by the lateral band in the
female. In both sexes the edges of the caudal peduncle are
black.
5. Skiffia lermae Meek
Skiffia lermae Meek, Pub. Field Mus., Zool., 3, 1902, p. 102, pl. 25;
ibid., 5, 1904, p. 142. pl. 8.
Goodea lermae Regan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Pisces, 1908, p. 92.
(?)Skiffia variegata Meek, Publ. Field Mus., Zool., 3, 1902, p. 104,
pl. 25; ibid., 5, 1904, p. 143, fig. 44.
The types of Skiffia variegata, from Lake Zirahuen, are
similar in form to specimens of like size from Lake Patzeuaro
(lermae). They have the same number of fin rays (usually
13 in both dorsal and anal fins) and the same number of seales
(usually 35 or 36 rows).
The differences which are apparent involve only the colora-
tion. The spots are larger in those from Zirahuen (variegata)
than in those from Patzeuaro (lermae), but the spot on the
base of the caudal rays is not vertically elongate as in those
from Patzcuaro. Those from Chaleo resemble ‘‘variegata’’ in
coloration, while those from Celaya are like typical lermae.
It remains to be determined, however, whether these color
differences are of taxonomic significance.
NuMBER 149 AprIL 26, 1924
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
DESCRIPTION OF AN AMEIVA FROM TESTIGOS
ISLAND, VENEZUELA
By ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN
A specimen of Ameiva, collected on Testigos Island, was
recently sent to the writer for study from the Museum of
Comparative Zoology. The specimen differs in several char-
acters from its nearest relative—A. bifrontata Cope. The
differences are not great, and only one specimen is at hand,
but, since the characters are distinct and the genus has ap-
parently not been recorded from the island, it seems proper
to describe the form as new.
Ameiva insulana, new species
Diagnosis: Ten longitudinal rows of ventral plates ; arrange-
ment of head scales as in Ameiva bifrontata; caudal scales
straight keeled; enlarged gulars in a band across the throat,
last three supraoculars together surrounded by granules;
outer toe reaching nearly as far as inner; brachials and ante-
brachials not continuous; postbrachials slightly enlarged;
hind leg reaching to the anterior border of the ear.
Type Specimen: No. 14025, Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy ; Testigos Island.
2 Unversity of Michigan
Description. of Type Specimen: Nostril between the nasals;
five occipitals, the anterior margin of the middle one as wide
as or wider than the adjacent ones; frontal divided trans-
versely, with low longitudinal keels; second and third supra-
oculars large, the first small, the fourth very small, the last
three entirely surrounded by granules; six superciliaries;
loreal undivided; five and six supralabials to below middle of
eye; two pairs of chin shields in contact on the median line;
mesoptychial scales about the size of the largest granules.
Dorsal seales small; ventrals in ten longitudinal rows; trans-
verse rows about thirty-four; preanal plates small, four sub-
equal scutes in a row posteriorly. One row of large brachial
plates not continuous with the antebrachials, which are in one
row. <A group of slightly enlarged rhomboidal postbrachials.
Femoral plates numerous; tibial plates in three rows. Femoral
pores fifteen. Tip of longest toe reaching the anterior margin
of the ear.
The color is faded but evidently the ground color was oliva-
ceous, and the pattern consisted of light stripes and dark spots
arranged as follows: A pale median stripe obsolete on the
neck; an upper narrow lateral stripe continuous from the
head and extending on the tail; a lower narrow lateral stripe
continuous from the ear to the shoulder, broken up into spots
behind the shoulder for half the body length, and again con-
tinuous from the middle of the body and on the tail; a series
of irregular dark spots between the lateral stripes; two rows
of regularly triangular and alternately placed spots on the
back, separated by the median pale stripe; an irregular yellow
stripe on the posterior side of the thighs.
mm. mm
otal length oy.ce csc 205 Length of hind leg ........... 47
Length of head ................. 18 ‘Lieneth oftath c.cs)22 144
Remarks: This species is evidently very close to Ameiva
bifrontata Cope as it exists on Aruba. If the specimen is
typical, the principal differences are in the wider median
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3
occipital plate, the smaller postbrachials, the discontinuity be-
tween the enlarged brachials and antebrachials, the smaller
preanals, and the longer hind leg in the Testigos form.
Slight as are the differences, it seems best to give the Testigos
Ameiva specific rather than subspecific rank because of its
isolation.
NuMBER 150 AprIL 26, 1924
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
A NEW SNAKE OF THE GENUS ARIZONA?
By FRANK N. BLANCHARD
It has been apparent to the writer for some time that the
snakes long referred to Arizona elegans comprise two races
sufficiently well-marked in appearance and distribution to be
designated by separate names. Kennicott’s type of A. elegans?
came from the lower Rio Grande, Texas, and belongs to the
race occurring from about the ninety-eighth meridian in Texas
west through northeastern Mexico and New Mexico into south-
eastern Arizona. For the other race I propose the name
Arizona elegans occidentalis, new subspecies
Diagnosis: Similar to A. elegans elegans (Kennicott), but
with fewer dorsal scale rows, more numerous and narrower
dorsal blotches, with the lateral spots narrow or indistinct, and
with relatively shorter tail.
Type Specimen: United States National Museum No. 54372;
La Jolla, California; collected by J. C. Thompson, May, 1916.
1 Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of the University of
Michigan.
? United States National Museum No. 1722, Mexican Boundary Survey,
Reptiles, p. 18, pl. 13.
2 University of Michigan
Description of Type Specimen: Ventral plates, 214; anal
plate entire; caudal plates, 51, all divided; dorsal scale rows,
27-25-23-21-19; upper labials, 8 on each side; lower labials,
13 on the left side and 12 on the right; on each side a single
preocular and 2 postoculars; temporals, on each side, 2, fol-
lowed by 4; posterior chin-shields about half as large as the —
anterior, parallel, and separated by two to three lines of
small scales; rostral prominent, projecting about half way
between the internasals; other head shields normal for the
genus; dorsal scales all smooth, and similar in size and pro-
portions.
Total length, 992 mm.; tail length, 136 mm.; tail, therefore,
0.137 of the total length. Sex, male.
The general color above (as preserved) is light brownish
marked by about 72 narrow, ill-defined transverse blotches of
darker brown. Small lateral alternating spots are faintly
defined on the anterior half of the body. On the second and
third, occasionally first and fourth, rows of dorsal scales are
frequent small black spots, which are rather conspicuous in a
general view of the specimen. The brown of the upper sur-
faces changes gradually at about the third or fourth row of
dorsal scales to the cream color of the lower surfaces. The
latter are without markings of any kind. The top of the head
is nearly uniformly hght brown. From the lower postocular
to the last upper labial is a dark streak, and the labial suture
under the middle of each eye is dark along its upper portion.
The under side of the head is unmarked.
_ Remarks: Specimens from Texas, and from western Arizona
and California, are referable on sight to their respective sub-
species, but individuals from the intermediate region are gen-
erally intermediate in pattern or sealation. A larger series of
specimens will undoubtedly make possible a closer definition
of the characters and ranges of these races. Until then a
specimen must be identified as belonging to the race it most
nearly resembles in characters and locality.
The intermediates among the specimens examined are as
follows: U. S. N. M. 8408 from ‘‘southeastern Arizona’’ has
the pattern of elegans and the seale rows of occidentalis; U.S.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Z oology 3
N. M. 8002, from Camp Grant, Arizona, has a pattern some-
what similar to elegans; U. 8. N. M. 14298 from Chihuahua,
Mexico, has the pattern of elegans and the dorsal scale formula
of occidentalis ; the specimen from Mesilla Valley, New Mexico,
is intermediate, as well as four others of indefinite locality
(A. M. N. H. 4268, 4269, and U.S. N. M. 44904, 48696).
The two subspecies may be distinguished as follows:
Seale rows usually 29 or 31; dorsal blotches on body about 55 (40 to
57) large and squarish, covering about 12 or 13 lateral rows of scales
and 2 to 3 longitudinal rows, and separated by 1 to 1% scales; lateral
spots conspicuous and roundish; tail 0.138 to 0.159 of total length.
A. elegans elegans (Kennicott).
(From about the 98th meridian in Texas, west through northeastern
Mexico and New Mexico into southeastern Arizona.
Seale rows 27, only occasionally 29; dorsal blotches on body about 60
(54 to 77), narrow, covering about 7 to 10 lateral rows and 1% to 2
longitudinal rows of scales, and separated. by about 2 scale lengths;
lateral spots narrow or indistinct; tail 0.100 to 0.148 of total length.
A. elegans occidentalis, new subspecies.
(Southeastern Arizona west through southern California and northern
Lower California. )
Seale features may be compared in the accompanying lists
of specimens.
pue ‘pvoy oy} JO opts Foy oY} 0} Stozoa Taqunu sty oy} oovds oULLS OY} UI IMdd0 SLoqUMU OM} d1OYM ‘o[GLY oY} UT
soyvyg po}tuy puv CH ‘N ‘We ‘V) Weotteury oy} FO SUOLzo9T[09 dy} UT Juasotd ye vUOZIIY SNUS oY} JO Suouttoeds oY} [[V SUILJUOD FxouU oy} puL
‘OPIS JUSLL IY} O} PUODIS OY}
‘sumnesnul (‘JT "N ‘S “)) [vuonjeyN
ST STULL ¢
SEL’ 8ST OFIT 6G P+SOVE+S B'S EL VFL 8 FS 613 6I-Té-L6 = PTV suxay, ‘Ajyuno) Ivxeq L6C9¢ ”
GPL’ 6FL TSO SF F+6 3'T I "8 EG G0Z 61-66-13 = PVN BoLIOULY Y}LON 9698F ”
FST CF 363 eo €+0VE+T BT ae 8 6G L8T GI-L3-G3-L3 ~—s OTVIN(3.) “XIN MON ‘(gj ) SuUTVjUNOT ULpdeD FOGFF ”
GFL S9L OGOT 0g 7+ 3°T ra 8 &¢ 96 GI-Té-64 9e[vulaT Svxa], ‘OlMojUy UNG TCEsE »
SEL Se Fs 09 P+3 3'T 1 8 9F G03 GI-LE-s al BULA, ‘XO MON ‘AOTTVA UVITISEW TLESs ”
LG P+ 3S SLVGL 8 O1z Té-1€-66 9[vwuaT “RIYO “OAT
WO.LIBUITY) pus SVSUBYIY Usd MI 9Q9GF ”
EST’ SFL 9F6 odéy, cG F+ERVF4+6 BT SLVFI 8 LE 80z 6I-T&-63 1" apuBIyH ON IOMO'T GZLT :
ST 8h sTE 9g P+S 3‘T PLVST 8 SG 66 61-63 = A VIN_ SUXay, “opuvay ong Y sovvg waaajog 90LT ‘“N‘N‘S‘D
GEL FFL $96 Tg €+09F.4+6 2'T r1 8 6G ITZ 61-08-46 = PTV Svxay, ‘OTUOJUY UUG 1896 Hie
6EL’ 9ST 616 cP P+ 3°T 1 8 6F 61 6I-LE-8G ol vuoi Svxey, “OruojUY Ug GOFL
SI[v}UaptyV0
CT 19 F8E ONT U19}}Vq CO ¥+3 3'T ra 8 SCG 66L 61-68-16 = PIV vuLoyrpyO “diayg [e4ynaN 69GF
SI[v}UNpta00
9ST 06 9LG ONT Uto}Vd F9 P+ 3°T €T 8 &¢ SIG T3-LE-66 e[vUay vuLoyLTyO “dug [viynaN gost “HN ‘NV
Ses er eg 5 a8 = 3 Se ee
2 oe a 5 ea 5 = = ate ae
o4 5 £5 g Lap qe BS ue o sean SMOY [VIG XG ART ‘ON = winesnyy
So ¢ Pm } = 5 =
Big © ct Fh joer ps)
Rag? oe m2 i. oD
Ez (em hd be He ko}
| =] 5 a)
nm
suvbaja sunbaja
puozZiip FO SNAWIOGAG dO SIT
a“
LET 9O€L 366 Oddy, BL P+ 3‘T SL VEL 8 [TS FIZ 61-L3 oC VIULLO FIRS) OTOL 7T GLEFG ”
Col IPL SEIT 89 €+ 3 3‘T SLY PFI 8 9F TEs 8I-L6 Oo eutogy VILLOFITV “VOL VT TLLepe ”
FEL 98 FO 09 F+039C9+8 Z‘T €T 8 8h 606 LI-L6 O[CIN “FEO “Op odoIqg, uvg ‘vunne wry, PLOES ”
GEL 6L 869 09 €+2 3‘T FL 8 SP 806 61-63-L36 oo) ET VIULOFI[V) ‘OUSOLT GREPP ”
8cL° LOL F€8 9G C+2 3‘T FL XEL 8 LP 903 8I-L3 se) VUOZzILYy Saget: OSGPP ”
OOLT Z4ZL OLT PS 2+09E4+8 2S SLPSZL L LE 983 61-16 o[eutagy VIULO FILL) LoMory ‘upden® UGS 66918 ”
Apes JO UNG 09 F+39E+2 BT ELPAI 8 0S 8I1G 8I-L3 OCA be darted 142) 1oMO'TT ‘SUUOT, ULG 6GIGLE ”
Gol Tb 9&8 99 F+E89E+2 3‘L SLVPFIT 8 LP PIG LI-L36 ov vuoztty ‘oavloyw yao JO i led VSO SLILé ”
9EL° OF F638 LL ¢+é& 3‘T €&T 698 FS 813 61-63-L3-62 9[vUWO,T BOREEY, ‘vUInK LC96Z ”
TEL FIL 698 69 €+09¢69+4+2 ZT SL 8 €P 913 6I-LB o[euoagy BIUAOFITRD “VaAQuEBYyLy TLOPLT oe)
Ost Ib 9Te 69 F+398+6 3‘T &I 8 LP IIS LI-L6— OTP. “FTV “OD oSorqe weg ‘qoved MV POL ”
LST’ #6 86 Tg €+23 3°T 6L 8 €S €6T 61-L3-G3E se) TN OorxXoW “VnyenyIyy S6sPr ”
Sol F6 6FL 09 €+397+32 3'‘T €L 8 FP SIG 61-16 9[ VU IT VIULOFITUY Gtosog oavlowW OLTFTL ”
SOL 0€ 83s g9 €+3 3'‘T €L 8 OF FG 6I-LE 9[ VU VIULOFIVHY ‘OSI uvg GERET ”
68L° 8¢ OLS 09 > + G rar: EL 8 6P FOG 6[- Ga OVUM BUOZLIW ULOJSCIYINOG SOPS ”
FEL OF 663 ; 89 €+399+86 3‘T SL PFI 8 6G TI3é 61-LE oo) vuozy Quniy due 2008 ‘W'N ‘$0
810 8 joury
SFL’ 63L OL8 -Stpur. “[peug €+3 3‘T €L 8 6G GIG 61-23 oo) TAN VIULOFTE) ‘OULpvudog URg ECOOg ”
9° GPL FOL tS P-+3R-+2 3‘T CLY— GB OG O16 61I-LE 0) ET BUOZLLY ‘xIMI0Uq [B06 ”
PRL 16 &E9 LG ¢+E39E84+3 BT SLYPI 6 LP 813 61-16 9 vue BuoZIIy *xIuI0y BGER ”
Worljtp
-u0d peg ur
woutbedg "Tua ,
LOU PE OLB -td44 w10944eg ol Rud iT vuoziiy ‘uosenT, Lose ir
SPL’ GIT 6S OL P+ 3‘T SIT ¥PFI 6 BG B33 61-LE o[VuUlAy vuoziiy 6098 “H'N‘W'V
YH HA by A Wy OO 4 Ra <4
Pereee * 8 es a a
Bebe eo yO ogo a 2s F
ws Bo Bo ae Q4 cine ee BG FF sMod o[vog xog £ytpeaory ‘ON whosnyy
BE Se Say ' Ge a ey e
er — a i
Bo 2B a ae Z
&q =) S
SyPUapVove suDbaja DUOZAY JO SNAWIOGAY MO LSIT
a4
‘ meal
-
ed :
: »
>! ae 4
ri
‘
"
;
‘
°
‘
r
+
NuMBER 151 JuLy 1, 1924
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN ArBoR, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
SOME PANAMANIAN FROGS!
By E. R. DuNN
While Mr. C. B. Duryea and I were collecting for the Mu-
seum of Comparative Zoology in Panama and Costa Rica in
the summer of 1923 we were so fortunate as to observe the
eggs and tadpoles of two species of Hyla, and to collect and
make observations on the habits of four species of Phyllobates,
one of them new. The latter was also one of the species col-
lected by Mr. and Mrs. Gaige for the University of Michigan
in Panama in the spring of 1923. They worked from the
Pacific side and we from the Atlantic, but we both collected
in the cloud forest at about 4,500 feet altitude near the vol-
eano of Chiriqui and I am under obligations to them for their
courtesy in allowing me to examine their material and to de-
seribe the form. I have taken this opportunity to examine all
available specimens of Phyllobates from Panama and Costa
Rica. No species of this genus from Central America was
known to Barbour and Noble when they revised it (Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., LXIIT, 8, 1920).
1 Contributions from the Department of Zoology, Smith College, No.
120.
bo
University of Michigan
Unfortunately, Mr. Duryea and I did not discriminate be-
tween P. talamancae and P. latinasus while in the field, but
the fact remains that contrary to the general experience oi
herpetologists all the frog calls we heard were so nearly iden-
tical that we could not certainly tell which of several forms
was calling, and this identity of calls included Hyla albomar-
gyinata, Hyla uranochroa, Phyllobates latinasus and Phyllo-
bates talamancae at one locality, and the new form from the
nearby cloud forest. The call of these five forms was a rather
metallie ‘‘cheep,’’ a single, brief note, repeated at intervals.
There were unquestionably slight differences, appreciable
when one watched a calling specimen. Thus Hyla wranochroa
had a less metallic note than Hyla albomarginata and both
were louder than the Phyllobates, yet the general impression
was much the same.
The two Hylas and two of the Phyllobates were observed
most carefully at a place called La Loma where we camped
for a little over a week. This was in rain forest.near the
trail from Chiriquicito to Boquete, and at an altitude of about
2.000 feet. Here, in a little brook, we found four sorts of tad-
poles. Two of these we traced to two Hylas which we had
previously caught; the other two later proved to be Phyllo-
bates. Two lots of eggs were found, and as the Phyllobates
males carried their tadpoles to the stream, it seems fair to
assume that the eggs were those of the two Hylids. The four
tadpoles from La Loma were all traced to their respective
adults by complete series of transforming young.
Hyla uranochroa Cope
Eggs assumed to be those of this species were found at-
tached to a leaf overhanging the stream. The eggs when
found contained well developed tadpoles. This form of egg-
_ laying has been reported for Agalychnis and for Phyllome-
dusa. Hyla uranochroa has much the appearance of an Aga-
lychnis, as it is uniform green, with very prominent red eyes.
The technical characters are those of Hyla. The species was
never seen on the ground or in the water, and the calling indi-
viduals were always on leaves; even the transforming speci-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3
mens were caught in such situations. It would seem that Hyla
uranochroa might well be an approach towards the two more
specialized genera in eye color and in habits, while in form of
pupil and character of hand still a technical Hyla.
The tadpoles of this species were the first to be assigned
correctly to their adults, on account of the red eyes, which
were a prominent feature of both stages. They were very
common in the stream and possessed well developed power of
suction. We often lifted them from the water clinging to our
hands in this way. They were occasionally observed clinging
to rocks or to the surface film.
Diagnostic characters of mature tadpole: Spiracle sinistral,
anus dextral, eyes visible from ventral surface, upper fin crest
not extending to anus, spiracle halfway between snout and
base of hind limb, labial teeth 2/3, uniform brown, eyes red,
greatest length 45 mm., smallest seen 16 mm.
Description of mature tadpole: Length of body contained
three times in total length; width of body 1.75 times in its
own length; nostril nearer to eye than to snout; eye dorso-
lateral, visible from ventral surface, equidistant from snout
and from spiracle; distance between nostrils — interorbital
width = width of mouth; spiracle sinistral, equidistant from
snout and from base of hind legs; anus dextral; depth of the
muscular portion of tail at base 1.2 in greatest depth of tail.
Upper labium with two equal uninterrupted rows of teeth;
lower labium with three continuous rows, inner two equal,
outer about 14 as long as median; a complete lip around the
mouth.
General color, uniform brown; crests of tail unpigmented
save for a few spots on the dorsal portion. Total length 43
mm., tail 30 mm.
Hyla albomarginata Spix
A foamy mass of eggs was found under a rock in the small
stream. As this was the situation from which Hylt albomar-
ginata was ealling, it is quite possible, by association and by
elimination of the other three species whose tadpoles inhabited
the stream, that these were the eggs of this animal.
4 University of Michigan
The dark brownish green adults were all taken under rocks
in the water, whence they were calling. One transforming
specimen was on a leaf. This was bright green with tiny dark
dots, and a white line from the eye over the tympanum.
Diagnostic characters of mature tadpole: Spiracle sinistral,
anus dextral, eye not visible from ventral surface, upper fin
crest not extending beyond hind curve of body, distance from
spiracle to base of hind limb contained 1.5 times in its dis-
tance from the snout, labial teeth (6-7/8), brown above, light
cross bars on dorsum of tail, crests unpigmented, greatest
length of tadpole 60 mm.
Description of mature tadpole: Length of body contained
2.9 times in total length; width of body 1.5 in its own length;
nostril nearer to eye than to snout; eye dorsal, nearer to snout
than to spiracle; distance between nostrils greater than inter-
orbital width, less than width of mouth; spiracle sinistral, its
distance from the base of the hind limb contained 1.5 times
in its distance from the snout; anus dextral; depth of the mus-
eular part of tail at base contained 1.5 times in greatest
depth of tail. Upper labium with 7 equal rows of teeth, the
outer three somewhat fragmented, the innermost narrowly
broken in the middle; lower labium with eight rows of teeth,
of nearly equal length, the outer four somewhat fragmented ;
a complete circlet of papillae around mouth; in repose this
contracts into a triangle, apex forwards, lateral angles curved
in and back. The general color was brown, with three lighter
reddish brown cross bars on the muscular part of the tail, the
erests unpigmented, and the belly pale; total length 53 mm.,
head and body 18 mm., tail 35 mm.
These tadpoles were most frequently seen in numbers cling-
ing to the rocks over which a swift current of water was
streaming. They had by far the best developed sucking disks
of the four forms in the stream.
Phyllobates
Barbour and I (Proce. Biol. Soe. Washington, 34, p. 159,
1921) redeseribed Phyllobates talamancae (Cope) from two
specimens from Santa Cecilia, Costa Rica, and described
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5
Phyllobates beatriciae as new with a single specimen from
Zent, Costa Rica. On the basis of more extensive material and
re-examination of these specimens the opinions we then ex-
pressed require modification.
Phyllobates beatriciae, of which five additional specimens
were taken at Almirante, Panama, and four in the Talamanca
Valley, Costa Rica, by Duryea and myself, seems to be iden-
tical with the frog described as Dendrobates lugubris by
Schmidt (Denksch. Acad. Wien, 14, 1858, p. 250, pl. 2, fig.
14). In the specimen we described the yellow dorso-lateral
lines had disappeared, and so had the line from the arm to
under the eye. These are quite apparent in the series at hand.
Schmidt’s specimens are well described and figured, and while
his are said to have come from the cloud forest at 5,000-7,000
feet, and ours all came from low rain forest, there seems to be
no doubt that the two are identical and the animal must be
known as Phyllobates lugubris (Schmidt). We did not take
it at La Loma nor in the cloud forest. It was observed to
have the tadpole-carrying habit. Its very different coloration,
dense black with narrow yellow lines, precludes any confusion
with the other forms.
The redeseription of Phyllobates talamancae by Barbour
and myself was based on a male of this species and a female
of what seems to be Phyllobates latinasus (Cope). This speci-
men of latinasus was assumed to be a female at the time of
describing. The male of talamancae has a black throat and
this specimen was carrying tadpoles; the very similar speci-
men of datinasus, taken in the same stream, with a light throat,
and without tadpoles, was assumed to be the female, an as-
sumption which dissection has shown to be erroneous.
The two species were found in both Costa Rica and Panama
last summer, and were supposed to be the same. Two very
different sorts of tadpoles at La Loma, which both seemed to
us in the field to turn into the same frog, caused a critical
examination of all the available material upon our return.
Specimens of Phyllobates latinasus have been seen from Santa
Cecilia, Costa Rica; Almirante and La Loma in western Pan-
ama; Cerro Azul near the Canal Zone (U.S. N. M., 54174-5) ;
6 University of Michigan
Cana (U.S. N. M., 54231, 63005) and Rio Esnape in extreme
eastern Panama. The last two lots are so near the type loeal-
ity, the Truando region of Colombia, as to be virtually topo-
types.
P. talamancae has been seen from Santa Cecilia and from
Suretka, Costa Rica, and from La Loma in Panama. It was
described from Old Harbor on the coast between Limon and
Almirante.
The most obvious difference between the two is the marking
of the sides. In both species the dorsal region is gray and the
sides are an intense black. There is an ill-defined light line
where the gray and black meet. In both species a white streak
starts from the groin and passes obliquely forward and up-
ward toward the upper eyelid. In latinasus it dies out about
halfway between leg and arm, but in talamancae it reaches the
eye, and rather supersedes the ill-defined line which separates
the black from the gray. The result is that talamancae ap-
parently has a single white streak on the side and that latina-
sus has one and a half.
The marking of the thigh in talamancae is a hooked or
‘‘anvil-shaped’’ affair, owing to the dark line along the dorsal
surface of the thigh running into a black area in the knee-pit
which extends along the posterior aspect of the thigh. In lati-
nasus this latter is absent and there is merely a dark streak
on the dorsal surface.
The legs of latinasus are barred, while the legs of tala-
mancae are not barred.
There are various differences in the length of toes and size
of disks. These differences are essentially that the inner and
outer toes of talamancae are reduced. Thus the tip of toe I
reaches the penultimate joint of II in latinasus but not in tala-
mancae and beyond it in latinasus. Two phalanges of IV are
in latinasus but only the antepenultimate in talamancae. The
tip of IIIT reaches the antepenultimate joint of IV in tala-
mancae and beyond it in latinasus. Two phalanges of IV are
beyond the tip of V in latinasus and 214 in talamancae. The
tip of V reaches the penultimate joint of III in talamancae
and beyond it in Jatinasus. The disk of V is equal to half the
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology r’
disk of IV in talamancae, but in latinasus they are the same
size.
There is marked sexual dimorphism in talamancae. The
throat of the male is black and the third finger of the male is
so swollen that the disk is no larger than the rest of the finger.
These characters are not apparent in latinasus.
Finally, while Jatinasus has the normal tadpole of the genus,
with labial teeth 2/3, as described for subpunctatus, sylvatica,
and trinitatis, the tadpole of talamancae has no labial teeth,
but a highly developed labial disk, like that of Microhyla
achatina and Megalophrys montana and entirely different
from anything hitherto described from America.
Phyllobates kingsburyi Boulenger, a large species with gray-
ish mottling on throat and chest, seems to occur east of the
Canal Zone. Specimens considered to be this form have been
seen from Rio Calobre about south of the Gulf of San Blas
(U. S. N. M., 53737-8), and from Cana (U. S. N. M., 50177,
50197-50200).
In the cloud forest above the Chiriqui lagoon, on the slopes
of Chiriqui and Horqueta, and in the drier forest down as far
as Boquete lives another species allied to talamancae and hav-
ing the same sort of tadpole. It may be called
Phyllobates nubicola, new species
Diagnosis: Closely related to P. talamancae (Cope) from
which it may be distinguished by the following characters:
the black line on the dorsal surface of the thigh is not hooked,
the thigh is red in life and the belly yellow, the tip of toe
V reaches past penultimate joint of toe III, two phalanges of
toe IV reach beyond the tip of toe V, the tip of toe I reaches
the penultimate joint of toe IT.
From P. latinasus it may be distinguished by the white line
from the groin reaching the eye, and by the disk of toe V being
half the size of the disk of toe IV, as well as by the black
throat and swollen third finger of the male, in which charac-
ters it agrees with talamancae.
Type specimen: Cat. No. 58292, Museum of Zoology, Univer-
sity of Michigan. Adult male, collected in rain forest above
8 University of Michigan
Boquete on the trail to Chiriqui Grande, 4,500 feet, by F. M.
Gaige, May 15, 1923.
Description of type specimen: Snout moderate, as long as
orbit ; loreal region vertical, somewhat concave; nostril nearer
tip of snout than eye; interorbital space much broader than
upper eyelid; tympanum indistinct, 1/3 the size of eye; disks
well developed, smaller than tympanum; third finger swollen,
as wide as disk; disk of toe I half as large as that of toe II;
yj Ry,
Right forefoot of male of Phyllobates nubicola, ventral surface, x74.
disk of toe V half as large as that of toe IV; tip of toe I
reaches penultimate joint of toe II; tip of toe II reaches ante-
penultimate joint of toe III; tip of toe III reaches antepen-
ultimate joint of toe IV; two phalanges of toe IV beyond tip
of toe V; tip of toe V reaches past penultimate joint of toe
III; two small metatarsal tubercles; a tubercle in the middle
of the tarsus; tibiotarsal articulation reaching eye; skin
smooth. Head and body black above and on sides; a light line
from above eye to groin; a light line under eye above insertion
of arm to groin; chin and throat black, belly mottled black and
white; a dark line on anterior edge of thigh; a dark line on
dorsal surface of thigh; a dark triangle, apex at vent, corners
along thigh; light portions of thigh red, legs and arms uni-
form dusky; snout to vent 21 mm.; head width 7 mm.; head
length 7 mm.; arm 13 mm.; leg 28 mm.
Variations: Females are white below. Many males have
only the throat dark. Many specimens have the lower light line
continuous around upper lip. Specimens seen: 30, as follows:
Cloud forest above Gutierrez, 6,000 feet on trail from Chiri-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9
quicito to Boquete, Atlantic slope, 6; Pacific slope, same trail,
under stones and debris along edge of stream 2 miles above
Boquete, 3,900 feet, 11 (U. Mich., 58286) ; same trail, wet for-
est 4,500-5,500 feet, 8 (U. Mich., 58289, 58291) ; rain forest
by last creek on trail on Pacific slope, 4,500 feet, 5.
Key to Central American forms of Phyllobates
A. Dorso-lateral line yellow, throat of both sexes black, belly black
with fine yellow lineg................ P. lugubris (Schmidt), (Costa Rica
and western Panama).
AA. Dorso-lateral line white.
B. Throat and chest of both sexes mottled with gray, disk of toe
disk s0 f. GOS? Woe eens: P. kingsburyi Boulenger (eastern
Panama to Ecuador).
BB. Throat and chest of female always immaculate, disk of toe I= %
disk of toe II.
C. White line from groin not reaching eye, disk of toe V = disk of
toe IV, throat of male white............... P. latinasus (Cope) (Costa
Rica to Colombia).
CC. White line from groin reaching eye, disk of toe V—=% disk of
toe IV, throat of male black.
D. Anvil-shaped black marking on thigh, thigh not red in life, tip
of toe V not reaching penultimate joint of toe IV.....P. talamancae
(Cope) (Costa Rica, western Panama).
DD. Linear black marking on thigh, thigh red in life, tip of toe V
reaching penultimate joint of toe IV.........0.. P. nubicola Dunn
(western Panama at high altitudes).
Save for P. kingsburyi we saw all these carrying their
tiny tadpoles. Tadpoles of latinasus, talamancae, and nubi-
cola are at hand. Similar habits have been described for
trinitatis and for swbpunctatus. Apparently the male carries
the very young tadpoles to the stream and leaves them there.
There is no evidence that the male of Phyllobates gets the tad-
poles from the water. The stream at La Loma contained all
stages from the tiny young ones 10-12 mm. long to the trans-
forming specimens. Males carrying tadpoles were put into
water and the tadpoles left the parent and swam away. Noth-
ing was seen of the eggs or the mating. The tadpoles of latt-
nasus are similar in all respects to the described tadpoles of
sylvatica, trinitatis and subpunctatus. The tadpoles of tala-
mancae and of nubicola are very different.
10 University of Michigan
Diagnosis of the mature tadpole of P. latinasus: Spiracle
sinistral, anus dextral, eye invisible from the ventral surface,
upper fin crest extending to end of body, distance from spir-
acle to base of hind limb contained 1.2 times in its distance
from the snout, labial teeth 2/3, light grayish brown, fine dots
on tail and on crests, greatest length 36 mm.
Description of mature tadpole of P. latinasus: Length of
body contained 2.9 times in total length; width of body 1.4 in
its own length; nostril equidistant between eye and snout;
eye dorsal, not visible from below, nearer to snout than to
spiracle; distance between nostrils —interorbital width=
width of mouth; spiracle sinistral, its distance from the base
of the hind legs 1.2 times in its distance from the snout; anus
dextral; depth of the muscular portion of the tail contained
twice in greatest depth of tail. Upper labium with two series
of teeth equal in length, inner divided in the middle for a dis-
tance equal to 14 the length of either half; lower labium with
three equal series of teeth; papillate border of mouth broadly
absent anteriorly, upper row of teeth forming border; light
grayish brown above, darker spots on base of tail and on
crests. Total length 32 mm., head and body 11 mm, tail
21 mm.
Diagnosis of mature tadpole of P. talamancae: Spiracle sin-
istral, anus dextral, eye invisible from the ventral surface,
upper fin crest well developed only on distal 2/3 of tail, spir-
acle equidistant between snout and base of hind limb, no labial
teeth, brownish with a black streak on upper edge of muscular
part of tail, greatest length 33 mm.
Description of mature tadpole of P. talamancae: Length of
body contained 3.4 times in total length; width of body 1.3 in
its own length; nostril equidistant between eye and snout; eye
dorsal, not visible from below, nearer to snout than to spir-
acle; distance between nostrils less than interorbital width,
less than width of mouth; spiracle sinistral, equidistant be-
tween snout and base of hind legs; anus dextral; depth of
muscular portion of tail at base contained 11, times in great-
est depth of tail; no labial teeth; a broad labial disk, the pos-
terior portion of which is twice as deep as the anterior, papil-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 11
late throughout; brown, posterior half of tail with black line
on upper edge of muscle, some mottlings on other parts of
muscle and a few dots on erests; total 31 mm., head and body
9, tail 22. Many of the tadpoles are lighter in color than the
described one but in all the dark line on the tail can be made
out.
These two sorts of tadpoles were common in the stream at
La Loma. Those of latinasus were similar to Rana tadpoles in
appearance and in actions. The tadpoles of talamancae seemed
to remain in the depest parts of the pools and were very active
and darter-like in their movements.
Three tadpoles from near Boquete: ‘‘under low stones in
washed out cavity at edge of small stream, 4,100 feet,’’ col-
lected by the Gaiges, February 26, 1923, are much like the
tadpoles of talamancae, but with quite obvious differences.
They are probably the larvae of nubicola.
Diagnosis of mature tadpole of P. nubicola: Spiracie sinis-
tral, anus dextral, eye invisible from the ventral surface,
upper fin crest well developed only on distal 2/3 of tail, dis-
tance from spiracle to base of hind limb contained 1.2 times
in its distance from the snout, labial teeth 1/0, uniform
brown, largest of the three 32 mm. long.
Description of mature tadpole of P. nubicola: Length of
body contained 3.2 times in total length; nostril nearer snout
than to eye; eye dorsal, not visible from below; eye nearer
snout than to spiracle; distance between nostrils = interor-
bital width, less than width of mouth; spiracle sinistral, its
distance from the base of the hind limb contained 1.2 times
in its distance from the snout; anus dextral; depth of mus-
cular portion of tail at base is the greatest depth of tail; labial
teeth 1/0; the row of teeth not as long as width of beak; a few
teeth between tooth row and beak perhaps represent a rudi-
mentary inner upper row; a broad labial disk, posterior part
twice as deep as anterior, papillate throughout; brown, prac-
tically uniform, crests pale; total length 32 mm., head and
body 10 mm., tail 22 mm.
In both adult and tadpole nubicola is intermediate between
latinasus and talamancae.
12 University of Michigan
Matters of considerable general biological interest are sug-
gested by the forms described above. A Hyla with the habits
but not the structure of an Agalychnis; Phyllobates whose
adults are so similar as to have been considered conspecific by
three observers but whose tadpoles differ in the most extra-
ordinary fashion; these support the precedence in time of
function over form, and the possibility of apparent reversal of
the biogenetic law, owing to different larval habits and similar
adult habits.
The case of Megalophrys seems much like that of Phyllo-
bates. Adult and larva live in two different worlds, and while
the general environment and habits of most species are more
alike as larvae than as adults, the reverse may be, and in these
eases undoubtedly is, true.
The much more profound changes which attend metamor-
phosis in frogs than in salamanders lead one to marvel why
neoteny is unknown in the former while fairly common in the
latter.
i c
a eh wt th i ae \ BORG) 41 \) : ’ .
ee ms :
: .
.
a .
id :
; - Pe)
—
ZA .
i
i
heh ‘
i
- Boek
*
ie
‘ i.
.
t
3%
-)
.
RS
1 ar
'
,
C)
- ¥
.
re
’ .
'
; ’
, *
. .
,
{
4
’
= .
.
i
’
-
— o-
2 .
-
ua
.
.
.
14
University of Michigan
PLATE I
Tadpole of Hyla uranochroa, side view, x2.
Mouth of tadpole of Hyla uranochroa, x6.
Tadpole of Hyla albomarginata, side view, x2.
Mouth of tadpole of Hyla albomarginata, x6.
PANAMANIAN F'Rocs
PLATE
16
One
University of Michigan
PLATE II
Tadpole of Phyllobates talamancae, side view, x2%.
Mouth of tadpole of Phyllobates talamancae, x7.
Tadpole of Phyllobates nubicola, side view, x2%.
. Mouth of tadpole of Phyllobates nubicola, x7.
Tadpole of Phyllobates latinasus, side view, x24.
Mouth of tadpole of Phyllobates latinasus, x7.
PANAMANIAN F'RoGs PLATE II
a _ i‘
: . + o”
i
heat eo
Pr, A 4
a - i
= .
is
: a
J Es
pS : a
.
i
.
>
-
x
7
.
N -
‘
?
j
’
7 i.
.
. *
-
® Ti
7 ne pe cor A el Se
NUMBER 152 Avucust 12, 1924
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF
ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCS OF THE
DUTCH LEEWARD ISLANDS
By H. Burrincton BAKER
INTRODUCTION
In 1920, while on the University of Michigan-Williiamson
Expedition to Venezuela, a small collection of land shells was
obtained from the Schaarlo, back of Willemstad, Curacao.*
In 1922, the University of Michigan Museum of Zodlogy sent
me back to the Dutch Leeward Islands to collect molluses,
reptiles, amphibians and ants. With the assistance of an addi-
tional grant from the Zodlogical Laboratory of the University
of Pennsylvania, for the collection of grasshopper testes as
cytological material, I was able to spend the summer, from
June 11th to September 17th, 1922, in a study of all five of
the islands of the group. The reptiles collected have been
listed already, in a paper by Dr. A. G. Ruthven.?
From June 11th to 28th, Overzijde (Otrabanda), Curacao,
was the base for collecting trips. From June 29th to July
11923; Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 137; pp. 1-7, pl. I.
21923; Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 143.
2 University of Michigan
12th, I was guest of Mr. Richard Muskus at his Landhuis
Knip, near the northern end of the same island. On July 19th,
the schooner ‘‘Albertina’’ took me to Oranjestad (Plaja
Aruba), from which town a study was made of the island of
Aruba, until August 10th, when I sailed, on the packet
schooner ‘‘ Ligia,’’ back to Willemstad (Punta), Curacao, and
then to Kralendijk (Plaja Bonaire), Bonaire. From August
13th to September Ist, collections were made on this island,
with a visit to Klein-Bonaire (Bonaire Chikitoe) on August
24th. By arrangement, the sloop ‘‘America’’ put me ashore
for two hours, on September Ist, at the island of Klein-
Curacao (Curacao Chikitoe). September 2nd to 17th were
spent at Overzijde, Curacao, from where trips were made to
Sint Willebrordus and New Port, on the same island.
A note in regard to the locality names may not be out of
place. The language of the Dutch Leeward Islands is
Papiamento, which seems to have started as a dialect of
Portuguese, but which has acquired words from all of the
languages spoken in the West Indies. Written Papiamento
was invented by Dutch orthographers, with the result that
the combinations of letters, used to express certain sounds,
are very different from those in the Romance languages. The
larger towns and the more conspicuous topographic features
have Dutch names, but the official language is infrequently
heard in the islands, and the Papiamento synonyms are much
more commonly used. The former are preferred throughout
this paper, but the latter are occasionally added in paren-
theses. The spellings used here are taken from the Dutch
Government 1/20000 topographic maps, but, even in these,
variations occur.
My thanks are due the Government officials of the islands,
especially the Procureur-General and the Government seecre-
taries of Curacao and the Subgovernors of Aruba and Bonaire,
and also to the United States Consul, Mr. B. S. Rairden, for
assistance in many ways. In addition, I found all of the
people of the islands extremely hospitable and always willing
to direct me to favorable localities for study. In particular,
Occasional Papers of the Musewm of Zoology 3
I wish to express my indebtedness to Mr. Richard Muskus, of
Campo Knip, Curacao, whose hospitality I enjoyed for two
weeks, to Mr. Gravenhorst, of Kralendijk, Bonaire, who helped
me to find quarters on that island, and to Mr. and Mrs. de
Veer, of Oranjestad, Aruba. I also wish to thank the firm of
S. E. L. Maduro and Sons for their many courtesies, and that
of John Godden and Co., for permission to visit the Tafelberg
of Santa Barbara.
I am deeply indebted to Ir. G. J. H. Molengraaff, M.I., for
the meteorological data which are collated in Tables I, II and
III, and to Dr. N. L. Britton, who, through the kind mediation
of Mr. J. M. Fogg, identified some specimens of characteristic
plants. The identification and comparison of the molluses col-
lected were made possible by the library and collections of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where Dr. H.
A. Pilsbry and Mr. E. G. Vanatta were, as always, very help-
ful. Drawings, photographs, and preparations of radulae, ete.,
were made at the Zodlogical Laboratory of the University of
Pennsylvania.
ENVIRONMENT
The Dutch West Indies, or the Netherlands Colony of
Curacao, consist of islands in the northern Lesser Antilles, and
the ones studied in the Leeward Group. The island of
Curacao, from which the entire colony takes its name, is the
largest of the latter, and lies in the Caribbean Sea, 47 miles
north on the 69th west meridian from the coast of Venezuela,
and just north of 12° north latitude. The island of Aruba
is about 60 miles to the northwest; it lies on the 70th west
meridian, approximately -20 miles north of the Paraguana
Peninsula, and around 12° 30’ north latitude. Bonaire and
the closely associated island of Klein-Bonaire are about 30
miles east of Curacao, just northwest of 12° north latitude and
68° west longitude. Klein-Curacao is a small coral island
about 8 miles southeast of the southeastern end of Curacao,
at 12° north latitude and 68° 39.5’ west longitude.
The ocean bottom has not been mapped thoroughly in all
parts adjacent to the islands, but it seems quite certain that
4 University of Michigan
738 fathoms of water lie between Curacao and the mainland.
Such a depth of water would mean that a constant negative
movement of the strand line would connect the Lesser Antilles,
and even the Greater Antilles, to the South American main-
land, before the 40 mile strait between Curacao and Venezuela
would be drained. On the other hand, the passage between
Aruba and the Paraguana Peninsula is less than 40 fathoms
deep in the shallowest place. The United States Hydro-
graphie Office chart, number 964, shows one sounding of 830
fathoms between Curacao and Aruba, but the depths between
Curacao and Bonaire, and between the last island and the
groups to the east, are not mapped. Nevertheless, it seems
probable that the isolation of Curacao, Klein-Curacao, Bonaire
and Klein-Bonaire is at least directly comparable to that of
the northern Lesser Antilles. As will be discussed later, this
geographic separation is intensified by the ecological differ-
ences between all of the Dutch Leeward Islands and most parts
of the South American mainland.
Ir. G. J. H. Molengraaff, M.I., Chief of the Weather
Bureau of Curacao, very generously sent me the meteorological
data which are compiled into the following tables. As will be
seen from the first of these, the climate of the Dutch Leeward
Islands is influenced by an almost constant, east trade wind
of considerable strength. As will be discussed later, this pro-
duces a marked difference between the eastern and western
slopes on the islands. All of the records given are from points
on the western side of the islands, with the exception of those
from Rincon, Bonaire, which is also partially protected from
the east winds.
The usual ocean currents follow quite closely the direction
of the trade winds, but are deflected somewhat to the north-
ward by the South American coast line and those of the
islands. For instance, the trip from Willemstad to Oranjestad
was accomplished in about 12 hours, although the schooner’s
sails were flapping most of the time. On the other hand, the
return trip, which was said to be a fast one, required 34 hours.
However, this general trend is occasionally reversed. ‘‘South
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5
Table I. Winds at Fort Amsterdam, Willemstad, Curacao
from August, 1910, to December, 1921, inclusive
Wind Velocity
Wind Direction in Percentages Beaufort Scale (0-12)
8:00 2:00 6:00
N. N.E. E. S.E. S. S.W. W. N.W. A.M. P.M. P.M.
J AMUATY eens. 0.2 14.8 84.0 0.7 0.0 0.1 02 0.0 2 2
September ...... 0.1 62 87.8 5.0 04 0.2 0.2 0.0
October .....w...... Ose erSto moO e Weal a0 ales Ole. OSE
November ...... Ose lo 4aere:0) (6:00 120) lp 0227 20.0
December .......... (O40), aBRBy cB er SP a Kone COM) Ces Oe
Mean Annual 0.2 10.3 85.7 29 04 04 0.1 0.0
February ......... 06 16.0, 642° 1.9 G:0 0.0 00 O1 3 3
March 13.9 84.2 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3 3
April 98 869 13 0.2 1.2 0.0 0.0 3 3
May b=... , 8.8 88.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3 3
June ........ : 6.7 92.6 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4 3
Sul? ee as l ta ote. 1 Os OF OL G0: 0.0 3 3
August 74 88.2 3.4 01 05 0.1 0.0 3 3
3 3
2 2
2 2
3 3
3 3
Ww bd dD Ww Ww Ow Co Ww OO DO DO
of Curacao the surface current is generally to the westward,
but an easterly sub-current exists and this is of such volume
that it is liable entirely to overcome the surface set.’’*
The temperatures (Table II) are remarkably uniform, with -
a total extreme fluctuation of 23 degrees Fahrenheit, during
the period measured. The mean annual temperature (81° F.)
places the islands in Calvert’s zone II. It is also noteworthy
that the mean daily variation (8° F.), although small, is twice
as great as the fluctuation in the mean monthly temperature
ca” Ey).
The rainfall (Table III) is as variable as the temperature is
uniform. The mean annual rainfall of the four localities
measured (17 to 22 inches) immediately establishes the islands
as tropical semi-deserts. It will be noted that a distinct rainy
season occurs in the months October to January, although the
3 Observations missing between Nov. 2nd and 7th, 1918. The table of
wind directions is reduced from one containing intermediate points; most
of the N.E. and S.E. winds listed were actually observed as E.N.E. and
E.S.E. winds, respectively.
4 United States Hydrographic Office chart, number 1290.
51908; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia; Plate xxvi.
6 University of Michigan
Table II. Temperatures at Fort Amsterdam, Willemstad, Curacao
from January, 1903, to June, 1921, inclusive’
Mean Monthly Mean Daily Range Extremes
Cent. Fahr. Centigrade Fahr. Centigrade Fahr.
January ............. 25.9 79 23.6-28.2 74-83 21.0-30.5 70-87
February ............ 25.9 79 23.7-28.2 75-83 21.0-30.5 70-87
79 23.7-28.7 75-84 20.5-31.0 69-88
80 24.5-28.7 76-84 21.0-31.5 70-89
82 25.4-30.1 78-86 23.0-32.8 73-91
82 25.6-29.9 78-86 22.4-32.0 72-90
82 25.3-29.9 78-86 22.0-32.2 72-90
PAUSE ences 26.7 80 25.7-30.3 78-87 21.0-32.5 70-90
September ......... 28.3 83 25.9-30.8 79-87 20.0-33.0 68-91
Getoper, =... % 28.0 82 25.6-30.4 78-87 21.0-33.0 70-91
November ........... 27.5 81 25.1-29.8 77-86 21.0-32.0 70-90
December ............ 26.5 80 24.2-28.8 76-84 21.5-32.3 71-90
ATINUAL, Leese 27.0 81 24.9-29.5 77-85 20.0-33.0 68-91
usual rainy period of the higher West Indian islands and the
Venezuelan mainland comes between June and November.
But extreme variation is the most conspicuous feature; less
rain may fall in one of the wet months than the mean precipi-
tation of the driest month. The rainfall of a single month
may be much greater than that of an extremely dry year; in
fact, it may be practically as great as the mean annual precipi-
tation. In addition, my own experience, and conversation
with the inhabitants, lead me to believe that the greater pro-
portion of the downfall comes in a few torrential deluges.
Attention also should be called to the fact that my study of
the islands was made during the dry season, but that the pre-
ceding year and the one of my visit (1921 and 1922) were wet
years (875 and 810 mm. rainfall, respectively, at Cas Chikitoe,
near Willemstad, Curacao).
All of the recorded data come from near the towns. From
the vegetation, and the rainfall while I was on the islands, I
suspect that the vicinity of the higher hills receives a consider-
ably greater amount of precipitation, especially during the
6 Not recorded from Feb. 11-17, 1905; Nov. 3-7, 1918; Sept. 1-23,
1904; Oct. 5-31, 1904; June and Sept., 1906; July and Sept. to Dec.,
1919; Jan., 1920.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7
drier months. In fact, it seems probable that the differences
between the stations recorded are quite largely due to such
local factors as the height of the hills in their vicinity. How-
ever, none of the ‘‘seroes’’ is high or large enough to produce
anything like a rain forest. Sint Christoffelberg (1,229 feet),
on its western side near the summit, is the only place where
bromeliads and other epiphytes are at all conspicuous.
Table III. Rainfall in Millimeters?
Fort Amster- Oranjestad, Kralendijk, Rincon,
dam, Curacao Aruba Bonaire Bonaire
Mean Extremes Mean Extremes Mean Extremes Mean Extremes
January ...... 54 899-115 50 = 0-151 50 3-111 63 0-167
February .. 30 1-102 14 0-64 32 0-95 32 1-79
March ......... Py sel | 15 0-56 24 0-74 18 Tr.—50
J. yal le Sea 24 0-173 23 ~=0-168 24 0-104 28 Tr—185
Matye 222 ll = 0-54 8 0-51 13 0-48 21 Tr—136
ere ht 19 1-72 13 (0-54 10 0-30 14 Tr-53
Jjil) 30 2-89 21 2-45 27 4—62 27 Tr—60
August ........ 38 3-142 ao atl—139 28 3-88 29 Tr—98
September 27 4-89 24 2-59 15 1-38 23 0-70
October ...... 99 1-472 74 6-252 100° Tr—494 88 8-342
November 118 12-325 96 4358 114 31-241 123 35-214
December 83 10-262 65 11-228 80 21-265 79 25-269
Annual... 561 435 86-941 516 164-982 545 133-883
The data sent me by Ir. Molengraaff show a rather high and
constant humidity, during the daytime, at Fort Amsterdam,
Willemstad, Curacao. The mean annual (August, 1910, to
December, 1920) and the variations in the mean monthly rela-
tive humidity are: at 8 A. M., 74 and 73~—75, respectively ; at
2 P. M., 71 and 68-72; at 6 P. M., 73 and 71-74 per cent.
Although I have no data to present, I believe that dew is a
comparatively rare and inconspicuous phenomenon on the
7 The records from Fort Amsterdam, Willemstad, Curacao, cover a
period of from 28 to 29 years, dependent on the month (Jan. and Feb.,
1895-1923; Mar. to May, 1895-1922; June to Sept., 1894-1922; Oct. to
Dec., 1894-1921). From Oranjestad, Aruba, they cover a period of 16
years (1901-1916). From the two localities on Bonaire, they cover a
period of 12 years (1905-1916).
a University of Michigan
highlands and along the western sides of the islands, at least
during the dry months. On the other hand, along the exces-
sively arid eastern shores and northern and southern tips of
the islands, a rather heavy dew formation seems to be the
usual thing.
LAND HABITATS
Sometime after the Miocene,® the Dutch Leeward Islands
must have been almost entirely submerged; so that they were
largely covered with a thick coral formation. Three or four
prominent beach-lines, around the hills (fig. ii-5), were
formed at different stages of the emergence, and the limestone
was eroded away from the central portions, so that the older
rocks were extensively exposed. Recently, another period of
partial submergence must have taken place, as the peculiar
shape of such bays as the Schottegat (Plate I, 5-R) and
Spaansch Water (2—-E) on Curacao, certainly indicate that
these are sunken valleys. As the central dome was eroded
away, the stream channels formed narrow outlets through the
tilted limestone at the edges, and most of the present valleys
have a similar shape to these submerged ones.
Fundamentally, on the basis of their igneous intrusions, the
Dutch Leeward Islands have been considered a portion of a
complex which includes the Goajira Peninsula and the Sierra
Nevada de Santa Marta (perhaps also the Paraguana Penin-
sula) of the South American mainland.’ Superficially, each
island is a canoe-anticline, the long axis of which extends
approximately northwest southeast. The central portion of
each island is composed largely of highly metamorphosed and
crumpled, Cretaceous conglomerate-schists, and of igneous
8 Compare J. Lorié; 1887-9; Samml. Geol. Reichsmus. Leiden, 2 ser.,
Bd. I, pp. 111-149; and K. Martin; 1887, 1888; Bericht iiber eine Reise
nach Niederlindisch West-Indien, I and II. ~The latter contains a de-
tailed discussion of the geology of the three main islands, with rather
inelaborate maps of the formations.
9 W. Sievers; 1896; Petermanns Mitteilungen, Vol. XLII, p. 129, and
pl. X.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9
rocks, such as diabase, quartz-diorite (northern Aruba) and
mica-porphyrite (northern Bonaire). These older rocks may
resist erosion so as to form the highest hills in the islands (figs.
ili-6, and vi-14), or they may be peneplainized (especially
the diabase) to rolling plains (fig. vii-17), inside of the lime-
stone ramparts (fig. iii-5) along the seashore. Most of the soil
of the islands is derived from these more ancient rocks, but the
rapid erosion prevents the retention of much residue, except
on the more nearly level portions. As a result, almost all of
the agricultural development (hofjes), except the aloe plan-
tations, is in the valleys of these central basins.
The calcareous strata are markedly unconformable on the
older rocks. The earlier limestone layers are very hard and
are darker in color; the more recent ones (fig. iii-7) are simply
exposed coral reefs and are quite soft and chalky in texture.
Where exposed, the older limestone (fig. vi-14) erodes into
characteristic jagged points, separated by irregularly rounded
holes, which may be several feet in depth; thin slabs of this
material ring like steel when struck. The central dome has
been largely removed, but in the middle of Curacao and on
the southern ends of Aruba and Bonaire, the caleareous rocks
still practically bridge each island, while capped monadnocks,
such as the Tafelberg of Sint Hyronimus (Pl. I, Curagao,
20-N) and Ronde Klip (12-P) on Curacao, show its former
extent and altitude. Usually the southwestern rim is more
markedly tilted than the northeastern; the latter is often
eroded almost to the shore (northern Curacao and Aruba), or
may remain as flat-topped ridges and mesas of the older lime-
stone (for example, the coast of Hato, Curacao; fig. v—13),
while the former is carved by the canyon-like valley outlets
into bold, angular hills (fig. iii-5).2° Almost invariably, the
northeastern escarpments of all of the older remnants form
vertical, or even overhanging cliffs, which are commonly exca-
vated into more or less extensive caves, and decorated with
10 K. Martin, I, Plate IX, shows the inland side of the limestone rim
from Seroe Domi to Seroe Salinja Abau, with the Tafelberg of Santa
Barbara in the background.
10 University of Michigan
stalactites, stalagmites and other seepage deposits (figs. iv—8,
v-13). In addition, less prominent cliffs may occur above the
fossil beaches on the leeward side of the hills, and the more
recent coral layers quite commonly form lower ridges, which
are separated from the more prominent monadnocks of older
limestone by valleys parallel to the shore. The true mesas,
like the Ronde Klip and the Tafelberg of Santa Barbara, are
almost entirely surrounded by steep cliffs.
The flora of the islands is discussed in detail by Dr. I.
Boldingh.? ‘‘The general impression of the vegetation of the
islarfds Curacao, Aruba and Bonaire is that of a dry country,
where thorny shrubs and cactuses predominate . . . the vege-
tation has everywhere a rather uniform aspect. . . . Except-
ing a few less exposed parts and the higher tops of Curacao
and Bonaire, the whole vegetation may be said to have a more
or less xerophile character; in many places where the soil is
covered by hardly any humus, as on the numerous limestone
table-lands, it becomes a poor vegetable cover... ; nearly
everywhere the soil is clearly visible and not covered by a con-
nected vegetation. . . . The type of vegetation might be gen-
erally described as a Croton vegetation, . . . determined by
plants like Croton, Acacia, Lantana, Melochia, Opuntia, Melo-
cactus. .. . Capparis Breynia is characteristic for the vege-
tation outside the lime and Rhacoma crossopetalum and
Antirrhoea acutata for the lime.’’ (Excerpts from pages
149 and 150.)
Commonly the omnipresent thorn trees are dwarfed and dis-
torted by the dry trade winds; the foliage of the divi-divi
(Caesalpinia coriaria) usually consists of a flat, matted fan,
which only spreads out to the leeward of the trunk (fig. v-12).
The giant organ-pipe cacti (Cereus) are among the most con-
spicuous features of the landscape; planted closely in rows,
they form many of the fences (fig. vi-14), although the dead
branches of Acacia tortuosa are as commonly used on Curacao.
The flat-jointed cacti (Opuntia) are almost everywhere, and
111914; The Flora of Curacao, Aruba and Bonaire; Leiden.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 11
may form quite impassable thickets, while the large ‘‘nigger-
heads’’ of Melocactus and the spiked rosettes of Agave may
be about the only vegetation near the summits of the larger
monadnocks of older limestone.
Nowhere can the vegetation truly be called a forest,
although, in protected places, especially on the leeward slopes
of the higher hills, larger trees, such as various species of
Bursera, Casearia bonairensis, Bumelia obovata, Capparis
jamaicensis, Machaonia Ottonis, and Guaiacum officinale, do
form small, or even quite extensive, open groves. However,
the largest masses of natural foliage are furnished by the
poisonous ‘‘manzalienja’’ (Hippomane mancinella), which
forms quite dense and high tree-growths along the dry water-
courses of the inland region, especially on Curacao. Quite a
’ few of the shrubs and trees, such as Bursera semiruba, shed
their leaves during the dry periods, while others, like Guaia-
cum officinale, are evergreen.
The native species of molluscs are quite largely confined to
the limestone outcrops, although certain of them extensively
penetrate the more heavily wooded valleys of the higher hills,
especially of those in the Cretaceous rocks (fig. vii-19). At
the inner borders of the limestone rim (fig. vii-18), the soil
of the inland region is impregnated with the reddish deposit
that appears to be the principal residuum from the decomposi-
tion of coral rocks. Apparently enough calcareous material
remains in some of these places to support the limestone-loving
species.1* However, the extensive grass and brush covered
plains of the central region (fig. vii-17) are practically with-
out mollusean life.
The limestone rim is broken by numerous ‘‘roois’’ and, more
rarely, by deep salt water channels that connect with the
broad, shallow lagoons behind the shore ramparts. Especially
on the island of Curacao, the molluscs of each of these lime-
stone remnants form a quite isolated colony. The result of
this separation is most noticeable among the forms of the
12 Included in the ‘‘caleareous soil’’ of Boldingh’s maps. For the
vegetation of the non-calcareous soils, see page 158, 1. c.
12 University of Michigan
genus Tudora on the island of Curacao, where the prominent
breaks in the limestone rim are accompanied by changes in
the shells themselves. On Curacao, the main station numbers
indicate those areas of the limestone which are most markedly
isolated by such natural boundaries, but, on Aruba and
Bonaire, sharp lines of demarcation can rarely be drawn.1%
Curacao
Although Curacao (Plate I, fig. 1) is only about 35 miles
long, it can readily be divided into three, quite distinct areas,
on the basis of the distribution of land molluses. The first
of these centers about the Tafelberg of Santa Barbara (fig.
1, 2-B) ; the second includes the remainder of the southwestern
shore between Spaansche Baai (2—E) and Boca Sint Marie
(9-G), and the coast of Hato (10, 11, 12) on the northeastern
side; while the third is composed of the western shore north
of Bullen Baai (9-F) and the higher hills in the older rocks
(20). As already discussed, the many breaks in the limestone
rim of Curacao quite markedly isolate the various stations.
The more recent limestone is mainly limited to the shore
region southeast of Piscadera Baai (5-W).
Station C1. Northwest of New Port (fig. I, 1—-A; L68° 50.72’,
12° 3.52’).1* New Port is the harbor of the phosphate com-
pany ; it is situated on a rather broad shelf of recent limestone
along Fuik Baai. As this locality is on the leeward side of the
13 Throughout this paper, the stations are designated by letters and
figures, as follows: C, A, B, and K stand for the islands of Curacao,
Aruba, Bonaire and Klein-Bonaire, respectively; these, followed by
b, e, or d indicate (b) the localities on the older deposits, and (c) the
freshwater and (d) marine habitats, as opposed to the stations on the
limestone. The figures give the station numbers; these are followed by
letters for the substations.
14 After each station is given a reference to the map of the island con-
cerned (plates I and II), followed by the west longitude and north lati-
tude of the place mainly collected (indicated by the letter L). These
are measured to 1/100 of a minute on the Netherlands Government
1/20000 topographic maps, and thus locate the type localities within ap-
proximately 20 meters.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 13
Tafelberg, it is more heavily wooded than are most of the
stations near the shore. The adjacent slope of the Tafelberg
is not precipitous and probably similar conditions occur for
some distance up this side. Near the top, on one of the fossil
beach levels, occur the rich phosphate deposits that produce
most of the export from Curagao.
Station C2. Base of escarpments of the Tafelberg of Santa
Barbara (2-B; L68° 50.78’, 12° 4.31’ and 68° 51.07’, 12° 4.35’
‘for substations C2a and C2b, respectively). This Tafelberg is
the highest hill (193.8 meters) on the southern portion of
Curacao, and undoubtedly was a separate island at several
of the ancient beach levels. The escarpments of the older
limestone, below the summit of its northern and western sides,
form almost vertical cliffs which are 200 feet high in places.
As erosion appears to take place most rapidly at the uncom-
formity over the underlying, older rocks, these cliffs often
overhang, and the limestone tends to break off in enormous,
angular blocks, which slump down the steep slopes below the
escarpments (compare fig. iv-8). Most of the shells occur in
the talus from these cliffs; the Tudorae do not extend any
great distance down the slopes, which are covered with a thin
soil from the older rocks, but Cerion occurs to the base and
some distance beyond. These slopes are held by thickets of
brush, but the larger trees are usually near the base of the
cliffs. Two localities were collected: the central portion of
the northern side (C2a) and the base of the western escarp-
ment (C2b).
Station Cb2. Manzalienja Rooi, Campo Santa Barbara (2-C;
L68° 50.63’, 12° 4.94’). A few shells were collected near one
of the dry water-courses (roois) of the diabasic central region.
These are commonly bordered by luxuriant groves of large
trees (Hippomane mancinella), but are usually devoid of
molluscan life.
Station C3. Hill north of Fort Beekenberg (3-F; L68°
52.54’, 12° 4.55’).25 This rather barren block of limestone
15 For vegetation of nearby crest, see Boldingh, p. 155, ‘‘ Kabrieten-
berg near Beekenberg.’’
14 University of Michigan
(25.1 meters) just north of the old fort near the Quarantine
Station, is the type locality of Tudora megacheilos kabrietensis.
Station C4. Seroe Mansinga (4-H; L68° 53.22’, 12° 4.81’).
The older limestone remnants between Caracas Baai (3-G)
and Lagoen Jan Tiel (4-I) reach an altitude of 49.2 meters.
The brush on the hills themselves is rather dwarfed, but larger
trees are quite numerous on the northern slopes, just inside of
the limestone ramparts. In these places, Drymaeus virgulatus
is especially numerous and occurs even on the lower crotons.
Station C5. The limestone rim between Lagoen Jan Tiel and
Sint Anna Baai (5—P) is included in this station. The fol-
lowing substations represent the main localities collected.
C5a. Seroe Spanjo (5-K; L68° 54.21’, 12° 5.11’). Very
similar to the preceding, but most of the collection comes
from the more recent limestone.
C5b. Seroe Salinja Abau (5-L; L68° 55.38’, 12° 6.31’).
Practically a continuation of the Schaarlo.
C5c. Schaarlo (5—M; L68° 56.55’ 12° 6.81’). Back of Wil-
lemstad (5—O) is a low ridge (41 meters) of recent limestone.
It is rather barren, although quite densely covered with
Croton flavens, ete. Along the northern side, acacias and
other small thorn trees are more abundant (fig. 11-7). As
Willemstad is the principal port of the islands, it is probable
that most of the species described from Curacao by the earlier
writers came from its near vicinity; and I am regarding the
Schaarlo as the type locality of all of them that occur there.
Cid. Fort Nassau (5—N; L68° 56.41’, 12° 7.03’). The old
fort crowns the summit (68.3 meters) of a triangular monad-
nock of the older limestone, which is separated from the
Schaarlo by a small valley. Most of the shells collected come
from the base of the eastern end of the escarpment, where the
vegetation is slightly more luxuriant than on the Schaarlo.
Station C6. This includes the limestone ramparts from Sint
Anna Baai to Piscadera Baai (5-W). The two main peaks
of the older limestone, Seroe Pretoe and Veerisberg, together
with Jack Evertszberg, are known as the ‘‘Three Brothers’’
(fig. 1ii-5). Three substations are recognized.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 15
C6éa. Seroe Quinta (6-S; L68° 56.96’, 12° 6.97’). Behind
Overzijde, which is the portion of Willemstad on the north-
west side of the harbor channel, is a ridge (37.7 meters) very
similar to the Schaarlo.
C6b. Seroe Domi (6—-T ; L68° 57.57’, 12° 7.32’). This monad-
nock (84.8 meters) of older limestone bears about the same
relation to Seroe Quinta that Fort Nassau does to the Schaarlo.
C6c. Seroe Pretoe (6-U; L68° 58.33’, 12° 7.41’). Black
Mountain, the first of the Three Brothers, is slightly higher
(135.5 meters) than the second, Veerisberg (131.5 meters;
6-V). Most of the collection comes from the leeward slope
of the former and from the ridge of recent limestone between
both of them and the ocean. This locality, probably on ac-
count of the greater altitude of the two peaks, is considerably
better wooded than the ridges around Willemstad. It is
separated from Seroe Quinta by a valley in the diabase.
Station C7. This includes the limestone from Piscadera
Baai to the Salinja van Sint Michiel (7-B). Two localities
were collected.
C7a. Jack Evertszberg (7-Z; L68° 59.39’, 12° 7.92’). The
lowest of the Three Brothers (115.3 meters) is quite heavily
wooded along Piscadera Baai and at the base of the northern
escarpment. Most of the shells obtained come from the ridge
of recent limestone near the ocean; along this portion the
sea-cliffs are quite high. I ascended this peak on the day after
a heavy rain, which had cleared the atmosphere of its usual
haze (fig. iii-5); from the summit, Bonaire seemed but a
short distance away, while Aruba could be made out, and the
higher coastal peaks of Venezuela, from Santa Ana on the
Paraguana Peninsula to the Cumbres back of Puerto Cabello,
were plainly visible.
C7b. Sint Michielsberg (Seroe Blandan; 7—-A; L69° 0.09’,
12° 9.24’). This peak of the older limestone is quite barren,
except at the base of the western escarpment, where the col-
lections were made.
Station C8. Seroe Spreit (8-D; L69° 0.34’, 12° 9.34’).
Although this peak of the older limestone, to the north of
16 Umversity of Michigan
Salinja van Sint Michiel, is considerably lower (51.2 meters)
than Seroe Blandan across the lagoon, the western escarp-
ment is more heavily wooded and has a richer molluscan
fauna.
Station C9. Seroe Popchie (9-E; L69° 3.92’, 12° 12.44’).
This hill of the older limestone (85.3 meters) on the eastern
side of Boca Sint Marie (9-G) is quite barren, as regards
both vegetation and mollusecan population. The collection
comes from the steep, western slope.
Station C10. Seroe Boca (10-H; L68° 49.19’, 12° 7.14’).
This low ridge (40 meters) on the eastern side of Sint Joris
Baai (10-I) is one of the most barren localities collected. The
cap of older limestone is quite thin and the reddish residuum
correspondingly prominent. The top of the mesa is quite
devoid of vegetation, with the exception of two or three giant
cacti (Cereus). The trade winds, although they come fresh
from the ocean, are so dry that after a few hours sojourn
(much of the time in the shade), my conjunctivae became
so inflamed that I was hardly able to see for some time after-
ward. However, the deeper crevices of the rocks are green
with grass, and dwarfed manzalienja trees, which require
considerable moisture, are bunched on the leeward side of the
escarpments and detached rocks. The effect of the trades is
evident, for their tops are leveled off at the limit of protec-
tion, as if they had been trimmed artificially. The entire
aspect of the locality gives the impression of a wind-swept
mountain peak at and above timberline (compare fig. v—11).
As already mentioned, I suspect that a portion of the moisture
comes from the heavy dews; I am sure that these form in.
similar places on Aruba. Despite the vicissitudes of such a
habitat, Tudora and Cerion are present in the cracks of the
rocks and even upon the cacti. Peculiarly enough, the speci-
mens of the former dre larger than the average, although
those of the latter are much dwarfed (C. wva diablensis). The
specimens of Cerion from the base of the leeward escarp-
ment, where they occur even under the manzalienjas, are
larger than those from the summit of the ridge; the entire lot
from this station gives a bimodal curve.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 47
Station C11. This includes four localities along the ridge
that skirts the coast of Hato. The cap of ancient limestone
becomes progressively thinner and the vegetation more sparse
towards the southeastern end, where the conditions approxi-
mate those of Seroe Boca (C10).
C11a. Seroe Markita (11-L; L68° 50.95’, 12° 9.06’). This
lot is from the more barren end (50.1 meters) of the Hato
ridge.
C11b. North of Ronde Klip (11—M; L68° 52.06’, 12° 9.38’).
The southern slope of this portion of the ridge (59 meters) is
more heavily wooded than Clla.
C11c. Seroe Papaja (11—-N; L68° 57.20’, 12° 10.71’). The
dwarfed vegetation on the top of this ridge (62.6 meters) is
abundant, while the base of the low escarpment, and the
areas between the large, detached blocks of limestone, are
grown up with brush and trees and support a thriving mol-
lusean population. Most of the collection comes from these
more protected places.
C1id. Near Landhuis Hato (11-O; L68° 57.92’, 12° 10.95’).
The high northern escarpment of Seroe Spelonk (70.4 meters)
is excavated into spacious caves, with enormous stalactites
pendant from their roofs (fig. v-13). At Landhuis Hato,
one of the only permanent streams on the islands issues from
a cave. The nearly level terrane near the base of these cliffs
supports a luxuriant growth of brush, and the densest stands
of Cereus that I have ever seen.
Station C12. Ronde Klip (12—P).*° This mesa is separated
from the nearby Hato ridge by a valley, in which the diabase
comes to the surface. It is almost encircled by a high escarp-
ment of the older limestone, which surmounts the steep, red-
dish slopes with diabase outcrops.
C12a. Base of western escarpment. (L68° 52.08’, 12° 9.00’).
At the base of the limestone cliffs are thickets of brush and
clumps of larger trees. This is one of the richest habitats
in central Curacao.
16 See Boldingh, p. 156; ‘‘ Ronde Klip.’’
18 Unversity of Michigan
C12b. Top of Ronde Klip (LG68° 52.02’, 12° 8.98’). The
plane summit (129 meters) of the mesa slopes slightly towards
the north. The brush is dwarfed and much less luxuriant
than in C12a.
Station Cb6a. Shore, Campo Marchena (6—X; L68° 57.73’,
12° 7.72’). An old fruit plantation on the east shore of the
Schottegat (5-R) was searched, but Succinea gyrata was the
only species obtained.
Station Cb6b. Hill with ruins, Campo Blenheim (6-Y ;
L68° 57.1’, 12° 7.94’). This small knob (20 meters) is formed
by an outcrop of diabase, but the reddish color of the residual
soil gives evidence of the former limestone cap (compare
fig. vii-18). The type locality of Cerion uva desculptum is
probably some similar hill in this vicinity, as it forms here a
small proportion of the Cerion population. The shells occur
only on the rather barren hill, although it is near fertile and
wooded valleys.
Station Cb7. Near Landhuis Klein Piscadera (7T-C; L68°
59.03’, 12° 8.64’). A few dead shells were collected among
leaves at the edge of an irrigated fruit plantation near the
highway. Diabase is the underlying rock.
Station Cb10. Near Seroe Mainsjie (10-K; L68° 49.21’,
12° 6.75’). This hill (80.7 meters) formed by an outerop of
diabase, is partially protected by the ridges nearer the shore.
Cerion uva desculptum occurs here, along with the sculptured
form.
Station C18. Seroe Largoe (13-R; L69° 4.18’, 12° 12.17’).
The sloping top (73.2 meters) of this headland is covered with
a rather thick growth of brush. At the base of the high north-
ern and western escarpments of the older limestone, Bursera
and other large trees are quite numerous. The molluscan
population of this station is a mixture of the northern and
central elements of the Curacao fauna. Tudora fossor djeri-
mensis occurs especially along the base of the escarpment,
while 7. megacheilos spreitensis and T. muskusi bullenensis
share the mesa top itself. The cerions are representative of
the southern subspecies, C. wva wva.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 19
Station C14. Seroe Grandi (14-V; L69° 7.00’, 12° 14.60’).
This quadrangular headland (80.2 meters) of the more ancient
limestone is much more barren of vegetation than are the sta-
tions farther north, or even C13. The collection comes from
the northwestern end, and from along the hills just south of
Sint Jan Baai (14-W).
Station 015. Seroe di Boca (15—X ; L69° 8.11’, 12° 16.13’) .?”
This ridge (70.2 meters), just south of Sint Martha Baai
(15-Y), is capped with a thin layer of the older limestone,
and the unconformity with older rocks is very evident at the
base of the northeastern escarpment, where the collection
(accidentally mixed with one of the lots from C17a) was made.
The vegetation in this locality is more or less intermediate
between that of C14 and that of C16.
Station 016. Seroe Baha So (16—Z; L69° 9.51’, 12° 17.687).
This lot of specimens comes from the southern escarpment of
the hill itself (118.2 meters) and from near the edge of the
shore cliffs (11.4 meters) as far northwest as Sint Kruis Baai
(16-A). As regards vegetation, this is perhaps the richest
limestone habitat studied in northern Curagao.
Station C17. This includes the rim of the older limestone
formation, from Sint Kruis Baai to Plaja Abau. Three locali-
ties were collected.
Station C17a. Seroe Djerimi (17-C ; L69° 9.77’, 12° 20.14’).
This quadrangular limestone hill (70 meters) is almost entirely
surrounded by escarpments, which are more precipitous at the
eastern end (fig. i1i-6). The collections come from the base of
this escarpment (lot accidentally mixed with that from C15),
and from the top.
C17b. Top of shore cliffs (17-D; L69° 10.02’, 12° 20.46’).
This lot comes from the top of the high shore cliffs (about 10
meters) between Plaja Djerimi (17-F) and Knip Baai
(17-D). It is a considerably more barren substation (fig.
vi-14) than the nearby seroe.
Ci7c. Sides of Plaja Abau (17-E; L69° 9.83’, 12° 21.24’).
Plaja Abau ends in a beach of dazzling white, coral sand.
17 Compare ‘‘ The lime hills near St. Martha,’’ Boldingh, p. 155.
20 University of Michigan
On either side, the overhanging shore cliffs (8.2 meters)
extend for a short distance inland; the calcareous zone at
their summits is very narrow. The valley mouth itself is
choked with mangroves and brush.
Station C18. Limestone remnant (18-K; L69° 9.88’, 12°
21.41’). North of Plaja Abau, the older limestone formation
is mainly limited to the short cliffs. A small isolated remnant
(25 meters) about 400 meters north of Plaja Abau, was col-
lected during a shower. The rapidity with which the eyclo-
stomes, and even the cerions, are activated by the rain, is
astonishing; copulation seems to be the first motive after re-
lease from aestivation. Peculiarly enough, the specimens of
Tudora fossor westpuntensis from this station are very small,
while those of Cerion wva knipensis are among the largest
collected.
Station C19. Westpunt (19-M; L69° 10.52’, 12° 22.94’).
The top (9.9 meters) of the shore cliffs at Westpunt, which is
northwest of the hamlet of the same name, is bordered with a
narrow strip of quite barren, older limestone, dirtied by
abundant pockets of the characteristic reddish residue. Cacti
form the major portion of the very sparse vegetation.
Station C20. Tafelberg of Sint Hyronimus (20-N; L69°
6.90’, 12° 19.32’).18 This high, isolated mesa (229.9 meters),
more commonly known as Sint Hyronimusberg, is one of the
most conspicuous landmarks of Curacao. The ancient lime-
stone cap is thin, so that the encircling escarpments are low,
but the reddish slopes of the underlying, diabasie rocks are
also quite steep. The leeward side is well wooded, as is also
a portion of the top, but the omnipresence of reddish residual
dust appears to make this a rather barren habitat for land
molluses.
Station Cb16. Near Landhuis Sint Kruis (16—-B ; L69° 8.86’,
12° 18.49’). Southeast of the head of Sint Kruis Baai, an
outcrop of Cretaceous rocks is crowded with a dense growth
of organ-pipe cacti. Among these, a few land shells were
collected.
18 See Boldingh, p. 157; ‘‘The limestone table-land on Hieronymus-
berg.’’
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7
Stations Cb17 and 20.*° Sint Christoffelberg (372.44 meters) ,
the highest peak in the Dutch Leeward Islands, is the climax
of a much dissected mass of sedimentary, Cretaceous rocks,
which outcrop in a complex series of folded and twisted
laminae. The leeward slopes of these hills, and especially the
narrow valleys that open to the north and west, are the most
heavily wooded places in the islands. Especially conspicuous
are the large clumps of the yellowish-green Bromelia lasiantha,
which holds water in its sheathing leaves, and may carpet
areas several acres in extent. In the richer valleys, and
especially near the top of the western side of Sint Christoffel-
berg, epiphytes (Tillandsia utriculata, ete.) and lianas (Ficus,
ete.) increase the luxuriance of the foliage, until it presents
an aspect very different from the usual arid lowlands of the
islands. In the broader valleys (fig. 111-6), the divi-divi and
acacias attain a larger size than elsewhere, and, with the
organ-pipe cactus and Opuntia, often form quite impassable
thickets; the larger trees are also more abundant on the hill-
sides. Peculiarly enough, the land molluses, with the excep-
tion of Drymaeus virgulatus, bury themselves deeply in the
rock talus, although the same or similar species may aestivate
on the brush and trees in much less humid situations.
Chi7a. Valley between Seroe Bientoe and Seroe Palomba
(17-C ; L69° 9.47’, 12° 20.29’). This steep-sided, west-facing
valley between Windy Mt. (224.8 meters) and Dove Mt.
(163.1 meters) is almost choked with brush (fig. vii-19), but
_is more barren than the next.
Cb17b. Valley between Seroes Palomba and Baha Hoendoe
(L69° 9.10’, 12° 20.34’). This north-facing canyon was col-
lected during a rainstorm, when the molluses were moving
around on the surface; for this reason, the shells appeared
much more abundant than in the other localities examined.
However, this was the most heavily wooded valley visited.
Most of the shells were obtained near its mouth, but Drymaeus
19 Compare Boldingh, p. 157; ‘‘Christoffelberg’’; and K. Martin, I,
pl. X, XI and XII.
22 University of Michigan
virgulatus was more numerous at its head, near the saddle
between Seroes Palomba and Baha Hoendoe (211.9 meters).
Cbi7c. Landhuis Knip (17T-H; L69° 9.33’, 12° 20.77’). The
country house of plantation Knip is on a spur (40.6 meters)
of Knipberg. A few shells were picked up around the out-
houses.
Cbi7d. Irrigated valley (17-1; L69° 9.59’, 12° 21.11’). The
hofje that ends in Plaja Abau is mainly planted with sorghum,
but includes a few clumps of fruit trees and bananas.
Cb20. Sint Christoffelberg (20-P; L69° 8.24’, 12° 20.30’).
Near the summit of the western side of this hill, the slope is
very steep, with many small cliffs, but humus and leaves have
collected on the ledges where trees and brush can gain a foot-
hold.
Klein-Curacao
This low, comma-shaped island (fig. 2) is less than 2 1/2
kilometers long. The surface is practically flat, and probably
nowhere attains an altitude of much over 5 meters; I was
told that the waves break over it during the heavier storms.
It is very barren and arid, like the eastern shores of the larger
islands, and the sparse vegetation is entirely composed of
halophytes. Except for the phosphate deposits on the western
shore, the bare limestone rocks are exposed everywhere, and
form low sea-cliffs along the eastern side and at the ends of
the island. No land molluses were found.
Aruba
The island of Aruba is the smallest and most arid of the
three main islands. The limestone is mainly restricted to the
southwestern side and the southeastern end, where the more
recent layers form quite extensive, rather featureless areas,
which usually slope up quite gently from the low (1 to 2
meters) shore cliffs. As the older limestone is not so generally
exposed, high escarpments are rarely formed, although those
of Seroe Canashito are conspicuous exceptions, while the east-
ern escarpment near Boca Grandi (fig. I-3, C), and the sides
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 23
of the canyon-like roois around Savaneta (I), are also pre-
cipitous. The southwestern side of the island is protected by
a series of coral reefs, which often form narrow islands, less
than a kilometer off shore (fig. v-12).
In the diabasic portion of the central region,?° Seroe
Jamanota (J), the highest hill (188.37 meters) on the island,
is considerably lower and much less wooded than are the
higher hills in Curacao and Bonaire. The northern half of
Aruba has a core of quartz-diorite, which closely resembles the
rocks of the Pikes Peak Region in Colorado, and also contains
veins of gold. Enormous, rounded boulders of this material,
which are often hollowed out on their leeward sides, and out-
wash fans of angular gravel are conspicuous features of the
landscape in this. portion.*?
Although the mollusean fauna changes slightly at Spaansch
Lagoen (M), Aruba is more nearly a unit than is the case
with Curacao.
Station Al. Culebra (A; L69° 52.99’, 12° 25.26’). Near
the southern end of Aruba is a rolling plain of the older lhme-
stone, with many sink-holes, which contain the characteristic
reddish residuum. Most of the shells were collected around
the buildings of an abandoned mining camp, near the phos-
phate deposits. Subfossil Cerion uwva is common in this local-
ity, but no living specimens could be found. The eastern shore
near Boca Grandi (C) is built up with sand dunes, partially
held by clumps of ‘‘dreifi’’ trees (Coccoloba uvifera). Most
of the region is very barren and resembles C10.
Station A2. This includes the higher plateaus and mesas of
the ancient limestone, south of Spaansch Lagoen. Most of the
specimens collected came from three localities.
A2Za. Near Butucoe (D; L69° 55.44’, 12° 28.23’).22 This
lot comes from a small, wooded valley near the southern edge
of Baranca Kasioenti. The higher portions of this plateau are
about as heavily wooded as any portion of the limestone areas
in the islands.
20 See Boldingh, p. 160; ‘‘ Mirlamar.’’
21 See K. Martin, II, p. 47, fig. 15.
22 See Boldingh, p. 159, ‘‘The caleareous table-land near Fontein.’’
24 University of Michigan
A2b. Spur of Seroe Pretoe (E; L69° 54.35’, 12° 26.74’).
This plateau (altitude about 50 meters), between Roois
Hundoe and Spoki, is southeast of the main summit of this
limestone hill. The larger trees are especially common here;
most of the shells come from around the bases of Guaiacum
and Bursera trees.
A2c. Baranca Alto and Isla (F and G; L69° 57.77’, 12°
28.50’ and 69° 57.45’, 12° 28.28’, respectively).?2 The Isla is
a rather high, limestone mesa (72.5 meters), which is almost
completely surrounded by canyon-like roois. Baranca Alto
(about 50 meters) is the crest at the inner edge of the coral
formation, along Rooi Taki (K). Both of these localities have
patches of brush and larger trees, but are considerably more
barren than the southern substations.
Station A3. Roo Frances (L; L69° 58.73’, 12° 29.097).
This lot was obtained from a ledge at the base of the escarp-
ment of older limestone, on the western side of this rather
barren canyon.
Station A4. Seroe Canashito (N). This quadrangular,
limestone remnant (70 meters) is the only place, north of Rooi
Frances, where the older limestone develops high, precipitous
escarpments (fig. iv—8).
A4a. Base of northern escarpment (70° 0.05’, 12° 30.50’).
The inner edges of Seroe Canashito are broken off abruptly as
high, vertical or overhanging cliffs, which surmount the steep
slopes of the underlying, older rocks. These cliffs contain
small caves which are decorated with aboriginal picture-
writing. Most of the specimens come from the talus at the
base of the northern escarpment.
A4b. Top of Seroe Canashito (70° 0.07’, 12° 30.44’).
The sloping top of this mesa is typically eroded into jagged
points and honeycombed with irregular holes. Most of the
vegetation is dwarfed and distorted by the wind.
Station A5.** The exposures of recent, chalky limestone
23 Compare Boldingh, p. 159; ‘‘The calcareous table-lands near
Belashi.’’
24 Compare Boldingh, p. 159; ‘‘The country near Manshebo.’’
=
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 25
along the southwestern shore of Aruba, north of Spaansch
Lagoen, form gently sloping plains, which are almost com-
pletely utilized as aloe plantations. However, a narrow strip
along the top of the low shore cliffs (1 to 2 meters) is too
jagged and broken by erevices to permit easy cultivation, and
remains in quite primitive condition. A few distorted divi-
divi trees and acacias break the monotony of Opuntia and
dwarfed Jatropha wrens, which does not hide the barren
rocks (fig. v-12).
Subfossil shells of the recent species are quite common in
the aloe fields, along with Oxystyla maracaibensis imitator,
which was not found alive. Living shells are mainly limited
to these uncultivated spots, although a few occur within the
limits of the aloe plantings and even on the pungent, yucca-
like leaves.
Ada. Near Perkietenboseh (O; L70° 0.54’ 12° 29.28’). Just
north of Perkietenboseh, this shore strip is scattered with
willow brush and small thorn trees.
Adb. Southeast of Oranjestad (P; L70° 2.04’, 12° 30.52’).
The more barren portions along the top of the shore cliffs
necessitate a great deal of work for the net results in shells
collected. Only a few of the large, flat rocks have any shell
population on their lower sides, and this mainly consists of
pupillids.
Station A6. Limestone remnant, near Tanki Schipau (S;
L70° 2.0’, 12° 31.88’). A few shells were collected around this
little mass of the older limestone rocks, in the aloe fields near
the inner edge of the limestone area.
Station A7.*> This includes three localities near the north-
ern end of the island, which is even more arid and barren than
Seroe Boca (C10) on Curagao.
A7a. Shore near Malmok (V; L70° 3.33’, 12° 35.93’). In
this place, narrow strips of recent limestone alternate with
low, brush-covered dunes.
A7b. Seroe Annaboet (W; L70° 2.64’, 12° 36.15’). The
25 Compare Boldingh, p. 160; ‘‘The Hills in the N. W. part.’’
26 University of Michigan
top of this small mesa of the older limestone (25 meters) is
absolutely barren, but an impenetrable thicket of Opuntia and
a few, dwarfed thorn trees grow in the shelter of the leeward
end. A few living shells were collected under the rocks at the
western end of the top.
A7c. Seroe Hudishibana (X; L70°, 3.45’ 12° 36.70’). This
cap of extremely barren, ancient limestone (25 meters)
is near the northern tip of Aruba. A few dead shells of
Tudora fossor canashitensis were obtained at the base of the
leeward escarpment near the lighthouse.
Station A8. Near Boedoei (Z; L69° 59.35’, 12° 32.89’).¢
Along the northern portion of the arid, northeast shore of
Aruba, the limestone is mainly limited to the immediate vicin-
ity of the shore cliffs. In a few places, narrow tongues of
dirty limestone lie in the valleys. Near the gold mines of
Boedoei, a small limestone remnant (26.2 meters) forms a
little knob on the northern side of the valley. Although this
locality is very barren, a few specimens were obtained.
Bonaire
Fundamentally, this island is very similar in structure to
Curacao and Aruba. However, apparently in quite recent
times, low, almost flat wings have been added on either side of
the main anticline, the long axis of which runs in the general
direction of the line between Seroe Brandaris (Plate II-W)
and the southern Seroe Grandi (I). The northeastern addi-
tion, which practically coincides with Campo Bolivia (O) is
the higher (mostly less than 30 meters) ; while the southwest-
ern one forms the low area (less than 10 meters’ altitude)
south of Kralendijk. Klein-Bonaire appears to be a continu-
ation of this latter emergence. Also, the southwestern side of
the main anticline still retains a large proportion of its cap
of older limestone, so the entire island has a proportionately
much greater exposure of the coral formations than either
26 Boldingh, p. 160; ‘‘The Hills near Andikurie,’’ describes the vege-
tation of the adjacent outcrops of quartz-diorite.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 27
Curacao or Aruba. On the whole, Bonaire is better wooded
than are the other two main islands, but the northern hills do
not attain the altitude or the richness of those on Curacao.
uike Aruba, this island has a more homogeneous molluscan
fauna than is the case with Curacao.
Station B1. South of Kralendijk (B; L68° 16.68’, 12°
8.08’).27. The southern shore of Bonaire exposes extensive
stretches of bare, recent limestone rock (fig. vi-15). Numer-
ous sink-holes show the presence of fresh and brackish water
a short distance below the surface; as a result, the vegetation
is fresh and verdant, wherever it is sufficiently protected from
the dry winds (fig. vi-16). Most of the shells come from along
the highway near the western shore.
Station B2. Shore near Hato (F; L68° 17.51’, 12° 11.49’).
As Kralendijk is the principal port of the island, the material
from which the earlier species were described probably came
from the near vicinity. Everything points to the fact that
Hartert only collected near the town itself, as he obtained
Potamopyrgus, which occurs in a well in the town, and the
small species that live in the more arid situations, but missed
those from the hills. Neosubulina harterti is the only one of
his species that I did not find near town, and it doubtlessly
occurs around some of the buildings. However, it seems pe-
culiar that he should have missed Cerion uva, which is abun-
dant everywhere. Hither this station or the preceding one is
quite representative of the conditions around Kralendijk. The
present station, along the top of the low shore cliffs north of
the town, is somewhat richer than B1.
Station B3. Eastern portion of Montagne. Seroe Largoe
or Montagne (L) is the main portion of the limestone which
covers the western side and summit (133.4 meters) of the
southern portion of the principal anticline.
B3a. Southeastern escarpment (G; L68° 16.31’, 12° 11.76’).
The southeastern edge of Seroe Largoe, south of Kibra di Mon-
tagne, forms a rather prominent escarpment of the older lime-
27 Compare Boldingh, p. 161; ‘‘The country around Kralendijk.’’
28 University of Michigan
stone. The locality collected is at the base of these cliffs, where
the vegetation is as rich as in any portion of the windward
side (fig. iv—10).
B3b. Kibra di Montagne (H; L68° 16.29’, 12° 12.01’). A
high saddle (about 100 meters) separates the main hill from
a narrow limestone ridge that extends in an easterly direction.
The pass itself is rather barren, although the vegetation is
much richer in the valleys at either side (fig. iv—9).
Station B4. Western slope of Montagne (K; L68° 17.24’,
12° 11.86’).28 The valleys on the leeward slopes of Seroe
Largoe (Campo Santa Barbara) contain dense thickets of
brush, interspersed with clumps of larger trees. The station
is in one of the richer of these, and is perhaps the most heavily
wooded locality collected on the limestone of any of the islands.
The crotons attain a height of 2 meters, and form almost im-
passable thickets, except where the larger trees outshade them.
Most of the shells come from around the Guaiacum and
Bursera trees.
Station B5. Porta Spaio (M; L68° 16.68’, 12° 14.06’).?°
At the top of the low cliffs that form the northern border of
the broad plain of Campo Bolivia (O), the larger trees form
rather open groves, which are as extensive as any in the
islands.
Station B6. Base of cliffs near Fontein (P; L68° 17.73’
12° 14.66’). The northern escarpment of Seroe Grita Kabai
(87 meters) is high and precipitous. At Fontein, a tiny rivu-
let, the only permanent stream on Bonaire, emerges from a
cave in the older limestone. The locality collected is at the
base of the cliffs just north of Fontein; the reddish residual
deposit is especially prominent at this place.
Station B7. Punta Blanco (R; L68° 12.67’, 12° 10.25’).
Near the southeastern end of the main anticline, the recent
limestone, along the eastern shore of the island, is limited to a
comparatively narrow border. At Punta Blanco (21.5
meters), the inland edge of this formation presents low escarp-
28 Compare Boldingh, p. 162; ‘‘The lime table-land near Montagna.’’
29 See Boldingh, p. 162; ‘‘On the calcareous soil near Bolivia.’’
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 29
ments. Near the shore, the surface is very barren (compare
C10), but at the summit of the leeward cliffs, where this col-
lection was made, scattered trees indicate a richer environment.
Station B8. Seroe Wassau (T; L68° 22.58’, 12° 14.187).
West of the Salinja Goto (U), the older limestone forms a
rather high hill. The top (123.5 meters) and eastern slopes
are considerably more barren than B3, 4, 5 and 6, but the base
of the northern escarpment has developed quite rich vegeta-
tion. Collections were made in both portions.
Station B9. Seroe Grandi (V; L68° 21.33’, 12° 17.78’). At
the northern end of Bonaire, the narrow shore zone of the
older limestone is excessively barren and arid. In a few
places, the inner edge rises into hills with steep, southern
escarpments. The largest of these, Seroe Grandi, protects a
sparse growth of acacias and organ-pipe cacti. The molluscs
mainly occur at the base of the escarpment, around and on
the cacti.
Station Bb3. Seroe Grandi (I; L68° 16.01’, 12° 11.07’).
‘*Big Mountain’’ is a rather common name in the Dutch Lee-
ward Islands. This one is a monadnock (115.3, meters) of
Cretaceous rocks, near the southeastern end of the main axis
of the island. The leeward slopes are quite well wooded. This
is the type locality of Anolis bonairensis Ruthven.*°
Station Bb5. Traai Montagne (N; L68° 16.35’, 12° 12.78’).
Near the eastern slope of Seroe Largoe, the somewhat sparser
vegetation in the region of Cretaceous rocks quite closely re-
sembles the open groves of the limestone area near Porta
Spafio (Bd).
Station Bb7. Inland from Punta Blanco (S; L68° 13.17’,
12° 10.18’). Behind the protection of the eastern rim, the
richer valleys of the central region develop thickets of brush
interspersed with larger trees. Many localities show, by their
reddish soil, that the erosion of the limestone cap has been
comparatively recent.
Station Bb9. Base of Seroe Brandaris (W; L68° 23.97’,
801923; Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 143, pp. 4-5.
30 University of Michigan
12° 17.13’).*+ Although extensive thickets of brush and
clumps of larger trees are present, the northern hills of
Bonaire are more arid and barren than those of Curacao. The
few shells collected come from the base of the leeward slopes
of Seroe Brandaris, the highest peak (240.4 meters) on
Bonaire. Here the thin soil overlies a substratum of mica-
porphyrite.
Klein-Bonare
Station K1. Klein-Bonaire (Y; L68° 18.02’, 12° 9.51’).
This island is a low, almost flat mass of recent limestone (6.4
meters at the highest point), separated from Bonaire by a
narrow, but rather deep (34 fathoms) channel, which forms
the harbor of Kralendijk. The general aspect of the surface ~
is very similar to that of the region south of Kralendijk (figs.
vi-15, 16), but the vegetation is somewhat richer, especially
near the center of the island, where most of the collection was
made. The smaller shells are most numerous under slabs of
limestone around the bases of the larger trees.
FRESHWATER HABITAT
The permanent bodies of freshwater on the Dutch Leeward
Islands, fall into three classes: (1) springs and pools in the
central portion, (2) sink-holes in the recent limestone, and (3)
the rivulets. As already discussed, the sparse precipitation
tends to fall in rather heavy storms. During these, and for
some time afterward, numerous streams pour down the roois,
and form shallow sheets of water on the flats. In the central
region of older rocks, extensive systems of artificial dikes hold
some of this water, and a few of these pools may even outlast
the dry periods (stations Ce11, 13,17). The porous rocks also
retain fresh to brackish water just above the level of the salt
water; this is reached by artificial wells in the older rocks
(Ce2), and by natural sink-holes in the recent limestone (Bel,
Kel). All of the permanent streams emerge from caves in the
31 See Boldingh, p. 163; ‘‘Brandaris.’’
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology ol
older limestone escarpments near the northeastern shores. At
Fontein van Bonaire, and at Hato van Curacao, these tiny
rivulets are piped into cement tanks, but at Fontein van Aruba
(Ac2) a little stream escapes from the roughly dammed
reservoir at its source. All of this water is heavily charged
with mineral matter in solution, and a large proportion of the
stagnant pools are so brackish as to be undrinkable.
Station Cc2. Reservoir, Campo Wilhelmina (fig. I-1, 2-D;
L68° 50.57’, 12° 5.38’). In front of Landhuis Wilhelmina a
small tank is supplied by a windmill. The water is drinkable.
Station Cc11. Pond, Seroe Papaja (11-N; L68° 57.31’,
12° 10.63’). In a rooi at the western end of Seroe Papaja, a
clay dike retains a small, but apparently permanent pool of
foul, bitter water. Only dead shells were found.
Station Cc13. Sint Marie Spring (138-S; L69° 4.53’,
12° 11.86’). Near the western end of Seroe Largoe (13-R),
and not far from the shore of Salinja Sint Marie (9-G),
seepage forms a small, but permanent pool of quite fresh
water. The shells were collected on dead leaves and in the
algae.
Station Cc17. Pond, Campo Lagoen (17-L; L69° 9.70’
12° 19.83’). The rooi that issues from the valley of Newtown
has been excavated and walled with stone so that a permanent
pool is retained. The water is utilized for stock animals.
Station Ac2. Fontein van Aruba (fig. I-38, H; L69° 54.74’,
12° 29.54’). On the extremely barren northeastern side of
Aruba, shoreward from the principal escarpment of the older
limestone, is an oppressively arid zone of limestone or older
rock, which, in places, is buried under rather extensive sand-
dunes. Approach to Fontein from the south reveals what ap-
pears to be a bank, covered with dead brush, which extends
from near the escarpment almost to the shore (fig. v-11). Pene-
tration between this and the cliffs discloses that it is a wind-
break of living thorn trees, which protects a garden of fruits
and bananas. The cause of this abrupt change is the Fontein,
which is roughly dammed at its source under the cliffs, but
escapes as a small stream, about a foot wide by the same deep,
32 University of Michigan
to irrigate the strip of plantation. The shells are very
numerous on the rocks, in both the reservoir and the brook.
The water is truly potable.
Station Bc1. Pos Baca (pl. II, C; L68° 16.32’, 12° 8.44’).
South of Kralendijk, the low plains of recent limestone con-
tain numerous sink-holes, which may form small caves; if
these reach the level of the ground water, they become natural
wells. The different cavities have a wide range in the saline
content of the water; in some it is quite fresh, in others dis-
tinetly brackish, while the salt pans contain highly concen-
trated sea water. That of Pos Baca (fig. vi-15) is slightly
brackish, but is used for stock animals, while that of Pos
Frances, which contains small fishes, is potable.
Station Kc1. Pos di Cas (Z; L68° 17.56’, 12° 9.70’). Klein-
Bonaire is very similar in structure to the southern portion of
Bonaire, and contains several sink-holes which make natural
wells. One of these forms a small cave near the only habita-
tion on the island; the water is slightly brackish, but drink-
able. Analagous cavities are also present on Klein-Curagao ;
the water in one of these is drunk by goats, but no freshwater
shells were found.
NATIVE SPECIES
NERITIDAE
Neritina zebra (Bruguiére)
N. zebra Martens (1879; Chemn., II, 118) ; collected by Deplanche.
Type locality: Cayenne, Guiana.
Distribution: Brazil to eastern Venezuela; Panama? Cur-
acao. I did not obtain this species. Possibly it has been ex-
terminated by the conversion of many ‘‘salinjas’’ into salt
pans.
Theodoxus meleagris (Lamarck)
Type locality: Rivers of Santo Domingo.
Distribution: South Carolina, Bermudas and, Mexico, to
Brazil. Curacao: five dead and one living juvenile specimen
from the inner end of Sint Kruis Baai (Cd16).
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 33
The radula of the living specimen agrees with this species,
although it is so juvenile that only 8 points occur on the
D-lateral. No Neritidae were found in the truly fresh water
habitats, and these were the only specimens (outside of the
genus Nerita) obtained from salt or brackish water, although
a number of promising localities were examined.
HELICINIDAE
Stoastomops walkert H. Burrington Baker
(1924; Naut. XX XVII, 89)
Type locality: (B4) valley on western slope of Montagne,
Bonaire.
Distribution: Bonaire, limestone hills (B3-8) ; Klein-Bonaire,
central portion (K1). On the underside of surface rocks,
usually cemented so firmly into cavities and crevices that it is
very difficult to remove specimens entire.
Shell (fig. viii-20) : depressed turbinate, subacuminate; thin
and fragile. Color: golden brown to distinctly reddish.
Whorls: 414, markedly convex; suture well marked. Later
whorls: growth wrinkles pronounced but rather irregular;
spiral thread-riblets fine and numerous (about 30 on last
whorl), but irregularly spaced, more obscure on base of
shell. Embryonic shell: 34 whorls; white; practically smooth
but with irregular growth-wrinkles and punctations present.
Umbilicus: narrowly rimate. Aperture: subbasal, reniform,
internally deep orange. Peristome: simple, sharp, incom-
plete; columellar wall defiected and thickened by whitish
callus, which spreads out extensively on base of penultimate
whorl but terminates abruptly, at its distal end, so as to
form a slight, but distinct emargination just above the basal
angle.
Operculum (fig. viii-21): horny plate whitish and very
thin, but slightly larger than the yellowish, calcareous one;
the outer surface of the latter very slightly concave, with
minute, raised punctations; inner surface with eccentric
growth-lines and with subspiral nucleus at apex of rather
broad, parietal triangle.
34 University of Michigan
Radula (fig. ix-25): B; A/2-3, B/2-3, C/3, D/3, E;
M 5-6/1, 2-3/2, 1/3, (13-15/3-+ ) 23-25; total 57-61.
Rhachidian central: broadly shield-shaped with raised, an-
terior margin. A-—central: somewhat similar to that of
Stoastoma,** but with two, stout, aculeate cusps and some-
times a minute accessory one. B-central: similar to A—-central
but with more ovoid base. C-central: elliptical with
two, stout, aculeate cusps on the reflected, anterior end, and
usually a small, outer one. D-lateral: similar to Stoastoma
but with only two very heavy cusps and a third, vestigial one
either outside or inside of these. E-lateral: similar to
Stoastoma but stouter and heavier. Marginals: 23 to 25, of
which the 5 or 6 inner are unicuspid, 2 or 3 are bicuspid, 1 is
tricuspid, and the others of the series increase the number of
cusps rapidly; the outermost uncini are broad and multi-
cuspid plates as is characteristic in the Helicinidae.
What I take to be the males are smaller and more de-
pressed than the dimensions given below.
Dimensions33
Shell Aperture Caleareous Opereulum
altitude majordiam. altitude diameter length width
2.14 109 (2.34) 42 (.91) 143 (1.31) 44 (.94) 79 (.74)
This monotypic genus combines, to a remarkable degree,
the shell and operculum of Eutrochatella, subgenus Pyrgo-
domus, with the radula of Stoastoma. In general appearance,
the shell most closely resembles the Cuban species, Z. continua
321922; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, LXXIV, p. 58, fig. vi-26.
33 Throughout this paper, the altitude of the shell is given in milli-
meters, but the other dimensions are expressed as indices, followed by the
actual measurement (in parentheses). The index of the major or minor
shell diameters, the altitude of the aperture,or the length of the operculum,
is the percentage obtained on division by the altitude of the shell. The
index for the diameter of the aperture is similarly taken in terms of its
altitude, while that of the operculum is in terms of its length. Unless
otherwise stated, all dimensions are outside measurements. Altitudes are
scaled parallel to the central axis of the shell, while the major and minor
diameters are at right angles to this and to each other. Lengths are
major dimensions, and widths are measured at right angles to them.
[Jt]
on
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology
(‘‘Gundlach’’ Poey) and E. pfeifferiana (‘‘Arango’’ Pfr.).
It differs from all of the species of Pyrgodomus in its narrowly
rimate umbilicus and the slight but definite notch on the
columellar wall of the peristome. The incomplete, adnate
peristome and the Pyrgodomus-like operculum separate Stoas-
tomops from Stoastoma, with which genus the radula most
closely allies it. I believe it should be placed in the subfamily
Helicininae.
POMATIASIDAE
Members of this family form the most diversified elements
of the molluscan fauna of the Dutch Leeward Islands. Most
of the species are very local in their distribution; the genus
Cistulops is, as far as is known, entirely confined to these
islands, while the genus Tudora just reaches the adjacent
mainland.
As large numbers of specimens of most of the species and
subspecies were obtained, an attempt was made to study stat-
istically their size and shape. For each subspecies, a set of
shells, if possible from the type locality, was measured for
altitude and minor diameter. The latter was chosen as less
variable and more easily measured than the major diameter.
As the shells were almost universally decollated, it was also
necessary to count the whorls retained; quarter-whorls were
taken as unit differences. From these dimensions, the minor
diameter index was obtained. As the sexes of all of the
specimens had not been noted during removal of the animal,
a curve was made by counting the individuals of each minor
diameter (in tenths of millimeters). In all cases where the
specimens had come from a single locality, this curve was
bimodal; and the lowest internodal point was taken as the
dividing line between the two sexes. The obvious error, intro-
duced by this approximation, was checked by reference to the
modes and by comparison with the curves of species of
Tudorata, in which the sexes do not intergrade in size; I be-
lieve it to be practically negligible in most cases, but it in-
creases in the smaller species. Using this line of separation,
36 University of Michigan
the shells were arranged in columns, according to sex and
number of whorls, and the means for altitude, minor diameter
and index were computed for each class, and for the total
population of each sex.
In the tables of dimensions (tables IV—VII) are presented
the data for the entire population and for some one of the
whorl classes. As might be expected, the mean altitude in-
creases and the mean minor diameter index decreases with
the number of whorls retained. The males retain a smaller
number of whorls than do the females; this appears to be a
matter of sex and not of comparative size, as the mean dia-
meter is usually quite constant in those whorl-classes near the
mean, although very small shells often retain a smaller number ©
of whorls than do the very large ones of the same sex. In
Cistulops ravem arubana, complete individuals of both sexes
were obtained, and the females appeared to develop a greater
number of whorls than did the males. In the larger species
studied, the males are slightly more slender than the females
with the same number of retained whorls; this also may mean
that the males tend to develop a lesser number of whorls.
Complete males were obtained of Cistulops ravem raveni,
Tudora maculata, Tudorw fossor fossor, and Tudora fossor
canashitensis ; the data for these are given. In the other sub-
species, the number of whorls is that estimated by the com-
parison of young shells and modal, decollated females; I sus-
pect that the male would average 144 to 1 whorl less. The
rather large variation in all dimensions is probably due, in
large part, to variation in the number of whorls, which appears
to be rather characteristic of these desert shells (compare
Cerion uva). The apparent variation is also partially
caused by the rather large whorl-classes chosen; data from a
single whorl-class thus give a markedly flat-topped curve. For
these reasons, apparent intergradation, in the indices of two
species, does not necessarily indicate actual intergradation in
shell form.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 37
CISTULOPSINAE34
Cistulops raven raven (Crosse)
Cistula raveni Crosse (1872; J. de C., XX, 159); Crosse and Bland
(1873; J. de C., XXI, fig. I-5). Chondropoma (s.s.) raveni Henderson
and Bartsch (1920; P. U. S. Nat. Museum, LVITI, 62).
Type locality: ‘‘Curacao’’; probably the Schaarlo (C5c),
back of Willemstad; collected by Raven.
Distribution of species: Curacao; north of Seroe Salinja
Abau and Ronde Klip; Aruba, south of Rooi Frances. 764
specimens collected.
Distribution of subspecies: Curacao; Seroe Salinja Abau
and Ronde Klip, north of Plaja Abau (C5, 6, 11, 12, 15, 17,
20). Rare to quite common; buried rather deeply under rocks
and in crevices in talus, on the more humid, wooded portions
of the limestone mesas and escarpments. <A purely terrestrial
species. 343 specimens collected.
Shell: small, slender obovate, thin. Color: cream to brown-
ish, with 7 or 8, chocolate-colored spiral bands, usually broken
into rows of flammulations except on the last 14 whorl.
Whorls: 7 and 81% in two complete males; about 414
retained; not markedly convex, and with quite shallow sutures,
at least on the middle whorls; last 1% whorl markedly de-
scends, decreases in diameter and is solute and angulate above.
Last whorl: growth sculpture of microscopic, undulating, in-
complete and anastomosing wrinkles, and high, compressed,
widely-spaced riblets, which are crested at the upper angle
or form prominent buttresses at the suture; riblets much more
closely spaced near peristome; spiral sculpture of numerous
(15-18 counted), low, rounded cords, which are higher and
more prominent in the umbilical region, where the growth
riblets form cusp-like crests over them. Earlier whorls:
similar, but spiral sculpture less prominent, and microscopic
growth-wrinkles slightly more regular. Embryonic whorls :*°
134; practically smooth, but very slightly and irregularly
34 See 1924; Naut., XXXVII, 89-92.
35 1923; Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 137, fig. I-6.
38 University of Michigan
wrinkled; next whorl with microscopic growth-wrinkles and
numerous, low growth-ridges; spiral sculpture and definite
growth riblets begin on 3rd whorl; all apical whorls convexly
rounded and with well-impressed sutures. Umbilicus: small,
tubular; hidden by last whorl. Aperture: broadly obovate,
almost circular, and with long axis at about 45° to that of the
shell; internally light-colored with prominent, spiral bands.
Peristome: duplex; outer portion abruptly deflected; parietal
angle with prominent, lanceolate auriculation, which is con-
cave externally and is slightly twisted backwards at its inner
edge; lower palatal, basal and lower columellar walls with
(almost invariably) 5 elliptical reflections, separated by 6
deep sinuses which correspond to the positions of the more
prominent color bands; upper columellar region broadly re-
flected; parietal wall narrowly reflected; inner portion of
peristome continuous but without internal callus.
Operculum (fig. xi-42): 4 to 414 whorls; almost circular;
nucleus subcentral but slightly nearer basal angle; chondroid
plate heavy, almost flat but with rim of each whorl slightly
raised ; calcareous portion represented only by irregular punce-
tations.
Radula (fig. ix-26): C/3; L1/6-8 + 1/4; M/28-32. Rha-
chidia central: cowl-shaped, with large cusp curved over the
anterior end and a minor one on each side; thickened portion
of base ovoid, but thinner wings make the entire tooth a
truncated isosceles triangle. Inner lateral: shape similar to
central but asymmetrical, with the thickened, inner edge
longer than the thin, outer one; the three principal cusps are
similar in arrangement to those of the central, but the middle
one almost always bears two serrations on either side near its
base; on a few teeth only one of these last could be seen on
the inner side while in a few others three were counted on the
outer side (the refraction of the edge of the main cusp makes
the definition of these small points very poor). Outer lateral:
with a curved, rectangular base which bears 4 stout, aculeate
cusps at its outer end. All of the three inner teeth are thick-
ened transversely just below the cusped tips; when the second
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 39
lateral is viewed in profile (view labeled 2 in figure), this
shows as a blunt, rounded projection. Marginal: with a
series of recurved, lanceolate cusps, which decrease in size
towards the outer edge; the edges of the outer ones pectinate
Measurements :
Shell Peristome Aperture Whorls
alt. maj.diam. min.diam. alt. diam. inside
Crosse and Bland;
type, from figure 7.0 47(3.3) 34(2.4) 103(2.4) 22(1.5) 4
C12, male; complete 8.8 40(3.5) 31(2.7) 30(2.6) 96(2.5) 17(1.5) 8%
C15, male; complete 7.2 44(3.2) 35(2.5) 32(2.3) 96(2.2) 19(1.4) 7
C5. Living specimens rare (19 collected).
C6. Very infrequent (12 specimens).
Clicd. Frequent (84 specimens).
C12. Frequent (42 specimens).
C15. Quite common (82 specimens). One albino female.
C17. Quite common (94 specimens).
C20. Quite infrequent (10 specimens).
Table IV. Dimensions of Cistulops raveni and Tudora maculata
Subspecies ravem arubana maculata
Locality C11 A2e B5
Number of individuals; males 41 98 30
females 38 40 21
Mean and extremes of
whorls retained; males 4.2(4.0-5.0) 4.1(3.8-4.5) 3.8(3.3-4.3)
females 4.3(3.8-5.0) 4.2(3.8-5.0) 3.9(3.5-4.3)
Mean altitude; males 6.7 7.2 7.0
females 7.7 8.4 7.8
Mean index (minor di-
ameter) ; males 40 40 43
females 38 39 42
Mean and extremes of
minor diameter ; males 2.7(2.5-2.8) 2.9(2.5-3.1) 3.0(2.9-3.1)
females 2.9(2.8-3.1) 3.2(3.1-3.5) 3.3(3.2-3.5)
Mean and extremes of
altitude (4 whorls); males 6.6(6.1-7.0) 7.2(6.5-7.7) 7.1(6.7-7.6)
females 7.4(7.1-7.7) 8.0(7.7-8.7) 7.8(7.6-8.0)
Mean and extremes of
index (4 whorls); males 40(39-42) 40(38-42) 42 (41-45)
females 40 (38-41) 39(38-41) 41 (40-43)
40 University of Michigan
the distal edge of the tooth to almost 1/3 of its depth; laterad
to the cusps, fully half of the distal edge of the entire tooth
is undivided, slightly thickened and recurved.
Animal: very dark in color, almost black; foot very short,
almost circular; snout long; tentacles stout, clavate.
Cistulops raveni arubana, new subspecies
Type locality: (A2b) spur of Seroe Pretoe, between Roois
Spoki and Hundoe, Aruba.
Distribution: Aruba, Rooi Frances, south to Seroe Pretoe
and east of Fontein (A2, 3). Infrequent to common; habitat
similar to ravent. 421 specimens collected.
Shell: males about as large as females of ravent. Color:
typically albino, but more commonly as in ravent. Whaorls:
74% in an entire male; 834 and 9 in two entire females.
Last whorl: growth riblets commonly thinner and more widely
spaced than in raveni. Other characters as in raveni.
Operculum: similar to raveni.
Radula (fig. ix—26, no. 2): very similar to raveni, but the
minor serrations of the central cusp of the inner lateral appear
somewhat heavier.
Measurements
Shell Peristome Aperture Whorls
alt. maj.diam. min.diam. alt. diam. inside
A2,male; complete 8.2 39(3.2) 33(2.7) 32(2.6) 100(2.6) 18(1.5) 7%
female; entire 10.5 35(3.7) 31(3.2) 28(2.9) 104(3.0) 17(1.8) 8%
female (type) 11.1 33(3.7) 31(3.4) 26(2.9) 107(3.1) 16(1.8) 9
A2. Quite common (407 specimens collected). 28 specimens are quite
unicolor, white to cream. The shells from the southern stations (A2a, b)
average even larger than the lot from A2e.
A3c. Infrequent (14 specimens).
Although all of the lots of typical raveni average noticeably
smaller than those of arubana, the two forms intergrade ex-
tensively. The much larger percentage of albinos (the typical
form) on Aruba also seems evidence of racial differentiation.
Occasional Papers of the’ Museum of Zoology 41
CHONDROPOMINAE
Genus Tudora
Tudora Gray (1850; Brit. Mus. Cat. Cycloph., 48); monotype Cyclos-
toma simile ‘‘Gray’’ Sowerby.
Shell: ovate conic to elongate ovate. Sculpture: exceed-
ingly variable, but the growth ribs are not tufted at the suture
nor is the latter channeled. Embryonic whorls: 114, not
distinctly limited; cream to dark horn-colored, commonly
darker below; practically smooth, but irregularly and very
minutely wrinkled. Peristome: simplex, sharp; incomplete or
continuous; not abruptly reflected.
Operculum: perimeter channeled; chondroid plate rela-
tively thin; calcareous portion consists of vertical growth-
lamellae, which are often cemented together by interstitial
material, and which coalesce at their distal edges to form a
caleareous plate; the last is almost parallel to the chondroid
one, and is marked externally by rather weak growth-wrinkles.
Radula: central and inner lateral with heavy, triangular
bases, each with a single, heavy cusp; outer lateral with rec-
tangular base and markedly reflected tip, which bears about
five aculeate to spatulate cusps; marginal with numerous,
recurved, lanceolate cusps, which fill more than half of the
entire distal edge, outer uncusped portion abruptly sloping
down to relatively narrow base.
Although the radulae of the Chondropominae are simple
and rather uniform in structure throughout the subfamily,
they do show characters of considerable systematic value,
which I hope to present in a future paper. Amongst many
others, I have examined the radulae of several of the species
that belong to the Jamaican, Mexican and Central American
group, usually known as Colobostylus, and believe it to be
quite distinct from Tudora. In addition, the simplex, slightly
expanded peristome of the latter genus is quite different from
the duplex, thickened condition in the northern group, and
was utilized for their separation by most of the earlier writers.
I have not been able to examine the radula of any of the
Cuban and Haitian species, which include typical Licina, but
42 University of Michigan
which were placed in Tudora s. s. by Henderson and Bartsch
(1920, p. 77). However, the peristome of these species appears
to be more like that of Colobostylus, and it seems probable that
they will be found to be more closely related to some of the
other groups of the Greater Antilles. In this connection,
attention is called to the fact that Licina ‘‘Browne’’ Gray
(1847; P. Z. S., XV, 81), monotype ‘‘Turbo labea,’’ is three
years prior to Tudora Gray (1850). In the present paper,
the genus Tudora is considered to include only the species
listed below under the three minor groups, Bonairea, Tudorata
and Tudoras.s. Regardless of the question of generic inclusion,
these three groups are certainly quite distinct from any of the
other groups of American Pomatiasidae, although Tudorata
possesses certain characters in common with a mainland group,
which includes Adamsiella aripensis Guppy, from Trinidad,
Cyclostoma aspratilis Morelet, from Ecuador, Cyclostoma
rigidula Morelet, from Guatemala, and my ‘‘ Tudora’’ william-
som, from Venezuela.
Subgenus Bonairea, new
This subgenus is characterized by the small size, the solute
last whorl, the simple, continuous, unreflected peristome, the
convex operculum (quite similar to Ramsdenia), and the stout,
aculeate cusps of the outer lateral tooth of the radula. The
chondroid plate of the operculum is smaller than the interior
of the aperture, but the calcareous plate is larger; the entire
structure fits the peristome like a flanged cover and the animal
is usually unable to draw it inside. In all of the other species
of Tudora, as in most of the Chondropominae, the operculum
is readily withdrawn into the aperture. The radula of
Bonairea is quite different from that of Ramsdenia, which is
closely related to other Greater Antillean groups (Annularella,
Rolleia, and Blaesospira). Monotype: Zudora maculata.
Tudora maculata ‘‘Bland’’ H. Burrington Baker
(1924; Naut. XX XVII, 92)
Type locality: (B8a) base of east-facing escarpment, about
Y% kilometer south of Kibraé di Montagne, Bonaire.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 43
Distribution: Bonaire; the higher limestone hills, from
Montagne and Seroe Largoe north to Fontein and east (at
least) to Seroe Wassau (B3, 4, 5, 6, 8). In the more humid,
wooded places; buried rather deeply under rocks and in the
erevices of the talus. - 175 adults collected.
Shell (fig. vili-22) : small, elongate-conie, thin. Color: light
to dark brown, with about 8, chocolate-colored, spiral bands,
usually broken into rows of flammulations. Whorls: 644 (in
a complete male), of which a, little less than 4 are usually
retained; cylindrical, with very deeply impressed sutures;
last 14 whorl descending, slightly tangential, gradually con-
stricted, and solute. Last whorl: growth sculpture of crowded,
regular, low, rounded threads, interspersed with more promi-
nent riblets, at intervals which appear to correspond to resting
periods as they are crowded closely together near the per-
istome; spiral sculpture only visible under lens, not especially
prominent in umbilical region, consisting of widely-spaced,
fine threadlets, which sometimes crenulate the growth threads,
but are more commonly obscured by them. Earlier whorls:
sculpture somewhat more prominent. Umbilicus: small, tubu-
lar. Aperture: circular; internally light colored. Peristome:
simple, continuous; scarcely, if at all, thickened.
Operculum (figs. vili-23, 24): 414 whorls; almost cirecu-
lar; nucleus subcentral, but slightly nearer the basal angle;
chondroid plate inconspicuous, markedly concave internally ;
calcareous portion thick, solid, and with channeled perimeter;
external surface (caleareous plate) distinctly convex, larger
than the chondroid plate, and marked by fairly prominent
growth-wrinkles.
Radula (fig. xi40): C/1:L1/1+ 1/5; M/40-41. Central:
base very heavy, forming a truncated, isosceles triangle ; single
cusp heavy but slender, almost aculeate. Inner lateral: similar
to central but asymmetrical, with inner side longer than outer.
Outer lateral: with long, rectangular base; anterior reflection
with 5 stout, aculeate cusps; the transverse thickening under
the reflection is very heavy, so that it produces a marked
angulation of the sides of the base (as viewed in profile).
Marginal: relatively heavier than in Tudora s. s.
44 Unversity of Michigan
Measurements
Shell Aperture Operculum Whorls
alt. maj.diam.min.diam. alt. diam. long wide
male’ 7.4 53(3.9) 42(3.1) 27(2.0) 95(1.9) 27(2.0) 90(1.8) 4
female
(type) 88 51(4.5) 41(3.6) 27(2.4) 96(2.3) 26(2.3) 91(2.1) 4
B3. Infrequent (9 specimens collected). The type locality.
B4. Quite common (84 adults). Shells larger than those from B5.
B5. Frequent (51 adults). Lot measured (see Table IV).
B6. Quite infrequent (15 adults). Large, light colored.
B8. Quite infrequent (16 adults). Like Bd in size.
Subgenus Tudora s. s.
Shell: larger and heavier than in Bonairea. Post-embryonic
whorl : horn-colored, with fine, regular and quite closely-spaced
growth-riblets; all apical whorls high, convexly rounded and
with well-impressed sutures. Aperture: ovoid. Peristome:
incomplete to almost continuous; sharp; simply thickened or
expanded.
Operculum: ovoid; nucleus markedly eccentric; external
surface of calcareous plate almost flat to concave.
Radula: cusps of outer lateral are simply spatulate lobes
of reflected portion.
Section Tudorata, new
Shell: elongate-conic. Males markedly smaller than the
females; the two sexes scarcely intergrade in size. Sculpture:
very variable, but always with a marked tendency to accen-
tuate the spiral cords in the umbilical region. Post-embryonie
whorls: color bands and spiral sculpture begin at about the
fourth whorl. Peristome: sharp; simple, or gradually ex-
panded in the palatal and basal regions but abruptly narrowed
in the columellar.
Operculum: chondroid plate slightly concave internally;
ealeareous plate rather thin, much smaller than the horny
base; supporting lamellae not greatly thickened and usually
incomplete, so as to leave a considerable suleus around the
outer edge of the caleareous portion.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 45
Type species: Zudora muskust. Besides the three species
on Curacao and Bonaire, this group apparently includes
Tudora costata (‘‘Menke’’ Pfr.), habitat unknown, and
Tudora plicatula (Pfr.), from Puerto Cabello, Venezuela.*®
All of the species are more or less arboreal.
Tudora aurantia aurantia (Wood)
Turbo aurantius Wood (1828; Index SuppL, fig. vi-23) ; compare Smith
(1898; Proc. Mal. Soe., III, 116). Cyclostoma awrantiacum Sowerby
(1843; Thes., fig. xxiv-46, 47), not Deshayes (1834; Bélanger voy. Zool.,
146). C. versicolor Pfr. (1846; Zeit. Mal.,33; and 1847; Chemn., IT, fig.
ix-13, 14) ; substituted for preceding on account of Annularia aurantiaca
Schumacher (1817). C. carnewm ‘‘Menke’’ Pfr. (1847; Chemn., IT, p.
65, fig. ix-1l, 12); more cancellate form. Tudora versicolor Bland
(1868; Amer. J. C., IV, 192); the first Bonaire record.
Type locality: unknown; probably in the vicinity of Kra-
lendijk, Bonaire (B2).
Distribution of species: Bonaire and Klein-Bonaire; every-
where on limestone outcrops, on trees and brush and under
rocks; also occurs in the more heavily wooded localities, in the
region of the older rocks. 1,378 specimens collected.
Distribution of subspecies: Bonaire ; southern portion, north
to Porta Spafio and Seroe Montagne (B1-5; Bb3, 7). 781
specimens collected.
Shell (figs. xii-A): solid. Ground color: cream to pink;
spiral bands present or absent, orange to chocolate, broken
or entire; eroded apex and apical plug scarlet and orange to
deep indigo, almost black. Whorls: about 914, of which
43/, are usually retained; not markedly convex and with
suture shallow but distinctly marked; gradually increasing
in diameter from first to last. Seulpture of last whorl: growth-
cords quite regular, low, broadly rounded and usually closely
spaced; spiral sculpture obscure (aurantia) except in umbili-
cal region, to almost as prominent as growth-sculpture (car-
nea). Earlier whorls: growth sculpture more delicate, so that
36 1923; Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 137; pp. 23-26, fig.
IT-9.
46 University of Michigan
the spiral sculpture is conspicuous. Third and fourth whorls
(young shells): with delicate but high, slightly undulate,
widely-spaced, growth costulation, which forms sutural but-
tresses distinctly reminiscent of 7’. plicatula; spiral sculpture
indistinct. Umbilicus: subrimate, more open than in rupis or
muskusi. Aperture: ovoid, with long axis almost parallel to
that of the shell; internally light buff to deep orange, bordered
with white callus. Peristome: simple, sharp, almost or quite
entire; very slightly produced into parietal angle, where it is
commonly double; thickened internally by white, rounded
eallus, which is always continuous in adult shells.
Operculum: 314 whorls: caleareous plate heavy (for the
section) and distant from the horny base; outer surface con-
cave at the nucleus, but with the last whorl quite markedly
convex along a line parallel to the palatal edge.
Radula: quite similar to muskusi.
Measurements
Shell Aperture Whorls
alt. maj. diam. alt. diam.
aurantius Wood
from legend (1828) 12.7-19.0
from figure (1828) 14.9 53( 7.9) 37(5.5) 80(44) 5%
aurantiacum Sowerby
from figure (1843) 18.1 49( 88) 37(6.6) 77(5.1) 5%
versicolor Pfr.
from figure (1846-9) 17.1 57( 9.8) 38(6.5) 83(5.4) 4%
carneum Pfr.
from figure (1846-9) 16.7 66(11.0) 438(7.2) 78(5.6) 4%4
B2. Quite abundant (195 specimens collected). As it is very probable
that the vicinity of Kralendijk is the type locality of this species, these
specimens, from near the shore just north of town, are taken as topo-
typical material (see Table V).
Bl. Common (134 specimens). Very similar to the preceding lot, but
with the sculpture of the last whorl even more reduced. In some speci-
mens, the growth threads are so broad and low as to coalesce and render
the surface of the last whorl almost smooth.
3a. Abundant (105 specimens). Very similar to B2, but attain a
somewhat greater size.
B4. Abundant (32 specimens). Very similar to B3a.
B5. Very common (19 specimens). Very similar to B1.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 47
B7. Common along the western escarpment (203 specimens). Simi-
lar to Bl, but considerably heavier; the peristomal callus is especially
well developed. Usually more bleached than the other lots, but one speci-
men is solid orange and another dark purplish-brown.
Bb3. Frequent (55 specimens). Darker and more strikingly colored.
Growth threads finer, and practically all of the shells markedly cancellate.
Bb7. Quite infrequent, even in the richest portions (38 specimens).
Similar to B1; some specimens are so smooth as to show a polish.
Table V. Dimensions of Tudora aurantia, T. rupis and T. muskusi3?
Wassau- newport- bullen- grandi-
Subspecies ensis aurantia — ensis rupis ensis ensis muskusi
Locality B8 B2 Cl C2 C13 C14 Cl17be
Number of
individuals 115 90 105 48 26 146 74
140 105 95 47 28 164 91
Mean whorls
retained 4.5 4.6 4.8 4.6 5.3 4.7 4.8
4.8 4.8 4.9 4.7 5.7 5.2 5.3
Extremes,
ditto 4.0-5.3 43-60 43-63 4.0-63 5.0-6.0 4.3-6.0 4.3-6.0
43-55 43-55 438-5.5 43-53 43-65 45-65 43-58
Mean alt. 12.8 12.7 13.2 ES 12.1 11.0 11.9
17.0 16.4 AST 13.2 GaL 14.9 15.9
Mean minor
diam.index 46 48 47 47 44 46 47
47 49 47 48 45 47 48
Mean minor
diameter 6.0 6.1 6.2 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.6
8.1 7.9 7.4 6.3 7.2 7.0 7.6
Extremes,
ditto 5.2-6.9 5468 5.3-6.7 4.6-5.7 4.7-6.1 46-58 5.0-6.3
7.2-9.1 749.0 6.9-8.0 5.8-7.9 6.7-7.9 647.7 7.0-8.3
Mean alt.,
5 whorls 13.6 13.1 13.3 11.8 11.6 11.6 12.2
17.4 w7.0 15.9 13.7 14.7 14.5 15.6
Extremes,
ditto 12.2-14.9 12.2-13.5 11.5-14.1 10.2-11.9 10.8-12.1 10.7-12.3 11.3-12.8
15.6-18.8 15.3-18.2 14.7-17.2 12.8-14.9 14.7 13.4-15.4 14.7-16.2
Mean index,
5 whorls 45 47 46 46 45 45 47
47 47 47 48 47 48 49
Extremes,
ditto 42-47 46-49 43-50 45-48 44-48 42-47 45-49
4449 44-50 45-49 46-50 47 46-51 47-52
37 Males in upper horizontal row under each heading; females in lower.
48 University of Michigan
Tudora aurantia wassauensis, new subspecies
Type locality: (B8) Seroe Wassau, just west of entrance to
the Goto, Bonaire.
Distribution: Bonaire; northern portion, south to the Goto
(at least) and east to the cliffs near Fontein (B6, 8, 9; Bb9).
Klein-Bonaire: (K1). Quite abundant in similar habitats to
aurantia, also in favorable valleys in the higher hills of the
older rocks (Bb9). 597 specimens collected.
Shell (fig. xii-B): heavier and slightly larger and more
slender than aurantia. Growth seulpture (fig. x-28): con-
siderably heavier, higher, and more widely spaced, so as to
expose the distinctly marked spiral sculpture. Peristomal
callus: heavier. Other characters as in aurantia.
Measurements
Shell Aperture Operculum Whorls
alt. maj.diam.min.diam. alt. diam. long wide
male 13.5 56( 7.5) 45(6.1) 40(5.4) 78(4.2) 31(4.2) 78(3.38) 5
female 18.8 56(10.5) 47(8.8) 39(7.4) 80(5.9) 28(5.3) 85(4.5) 514
female
(type) 18.2 57(10.4) 46(8.4) 40(7.2) 83(6.0) 29(5.3) 85(4.5) 5%
. B8. Quite abundant (155 specimens collected). Typical lot (see
Table V).
B6. Very common (13 specimens). Somewhat smaller.
B9. Very infrequent; mainly on Cereus and under rocks at the base
of these cacti. Bb9. Rare (141 specimens altogether). Somewhat
smaller. The specimens from Seroe Grandi (B9) are bleached, and quite
commonly stained with a rusty deposit, as appears characteristic of speci-
mens of Tudora from these wind-swept, excessively arid places. Growth
sculpture widely spaced but lower; scarcely more prominent than the
spiral; the entire shell distinctly cancellate.
Kl. Very common (288 specimens). Large and heavy; somewhat
bleached. Altogether more or less intermediate between wassauensis and
aurantia, this lot from Klein-Bonaire is considerably closer to thé for-
mer; this is especially peculiar as the conditions are similar to those in
the type locality of awrantia, just across the harbor.
Although this subspecies intergrades with typical aurantia,
large lots give an impression of a markedly more costate shell.
In the typical lot of wassauensis, the growth sculpture is rela-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 49
tively much more prominent than the spiral sculpture,
although the latter is usually more evident than in aurantia.
Tudora rupis rupis H. Burrington Baker
(1924; Naut. XXXVII, 93)
Type locality: (C2a) at base of northern cliffs of Tafelberg,
of Santa Barbara, southern Curacao.
Distribution of species: Curacao; limestone of western side,
south of Spaansche Baai. 290 specimens collected.
Distribution of subspecies: Curacao; only found near the
base of the cliffs on the northern and western sides of the
Tafelberg (C2). Quite common; on trees and brush, also
found under limestone rocks. 95 specimens collected.
Shell (fig. xii-E): somewhat less solid than aurantia.
Ground color: white to buff or pink; spiral bands present or
absent, pink to very dark chocolate with purplish tinge, rarely
solid and then usually coalescent, normally broken and com-
monly with blotches connected so as to form irregular varices
parallel to the growth-sculpture ; eroded apex and apical plug,
orange to purplish black. Whorls: about 9, of which about
414 are usually retained; not markedly convex and with
suture even shallower than in aurantia. Last whorl (fig.
x-29): growth-cords quite regular but usually obscure, low
and rounded; spiral sculpture of about 8, prominent, rounded
ridges, which (typically) are scarcely surmounted and not
broken by the growth sculpture. Earlier whorls: growth
sculpture relatively more prominent; either cancellate or
with spiral sculpture surmounted by ecusp-like thickenings
of the growth sculpture. Third and fourth whorls (young
shells): with more widely spaced and stouter growth-riblets
than in aurantia; these show less tendency to form buttresses
at the sutures. Umbilicus: rimate. Aperture: ovoid, with
long axis quite oblique to that of shell; internally buff to
chocolate-brown, and sometimes showing the spiral bands;
with white, peristomal callus. Peristome: sharp, always inter-
rupted for a short distance on the parietal wall; well and
rather abruptly expanded along the palatal and basal walls,
50 University of Michigan
lobate at parietal angle and quite markedly auriculate at basal
angle; but very slightly expanded in columellar region; thick-
ened internally by continuous callus, which, however, is thin
in the parietal and very narrow in the columellar region.
Operculum: 314 whorls; similar to that of T. aurantia, but
with caleareous portion much thinner; calcareous plate closely
applied to horny base; externally the nuclear concavity and
the linear convexity are much less prominent than in aurantia.
Radula: similar to muskusi.
Measurements
Shell Aperture Operculum Whorls
alt. maj.diam. min.diam. alt. diam. long wide
male 10.5 60(6.3) 47(4.9) 45(4.7) 92(4.3) 35(3.7) 73(2.7) 4%
female
(type) 14.0 54(7.6) 44(6.2) 44(6.2) 84(5.2) 34(4.7) 77(3.6) 5%
Tudora rupis newportensis, new subspecies
Type locality: (C1) along road, just north of New Port,
Curacao.
Distribution: Curacao; probably occurs on the more recent
limestone all along the west shore, south of Spaansche Baai.
Very common; on trees and brush and under rocks. 195
specimens collected.
Shell (fig. xii-D): considerably larger but relatively thin-
ner than rupis. Color: like rupis, but spiral bands, although
sometimes absent, usually are more distinct and more com-
monly continuous; almost always with at least one continuous
band surrounding the umbilicus from just below the parietal
angle of the aperture. Whorls: usually more than 434
retained. Last whorl (fig. x-30): growth-threads regular,
closely-spaced, low and rounded, often so broad and coalescent
as to render the surface practically smooth; spiral sculpture
typically obsolescent except in umbilical region, where it de-
velops low, rounded ridges, always surmounted by the growth
sculpture. Earlier whorls: growth sculpture closely resem-
bling that of awrantia; spiral sculpture very obscure. Peristo-
mal callus: thinner than in rupis. Opereulum: 314 whorls.
Other characters as in rupis.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 51
Measurements
Shell Aperture Operculum Whorls
alt. maj.diam.min.diam. alt. diam. long wide
male
(type) 14.0 51(7.2) 44(6.1) 41(5.7) 88(5.0) 31(4.4) 80(3.5)
female 15.8 58(9.2) 46(7.3) 43(6.8) 94(6.4) 34(5.3) 79(4.2)
female 17.2 57(9.8) 45(7.8) 43(7.4) 87(6.4) 32(5.5) 80(4.4)
or or ol
Tudora muskusi muskusit H. Burrington Baker
(1924; Naut., XX XVII, 93)
?T. costata Vernhout (1914; Notes Leyden Mus., 180).
Type locality: (C17b) top of shore cliffs near Knip Baai,
northern Curacao.
Distribution of species: Curacao; along western side, from
north side of Plaja Abau to west side of entrance to Salinja
Sint Marie. 1,252 specimens collected.
Distribution of subspecies: Curacao; along western side,
from both sides of Plaja Abau to Sint Jan Baai (C17, 16, 15),
south of which subspecies grandiensis predominates. Quite
abundant on trees and brush and under rocks; only found on
or very near limestone. 881 specimens collected.
Shell (fig. xii-C) : heavier, but slightly smaller, than awran-
tia. Ground color: flesh-color to opaque whitish; spiral bands
usually absent although single chocolate band not infrequently
circles the umbilicus from the parietal angle of the aperture;
eroded apex and apical plug white to bluish drab, usually very
dark. Whorls: about 814, of which 5 are usually retained;
not markedly convex, and with undulating suture rather well
impressed. Last whorl (fig. x-31): growth costae quite
regular but widely spaced, very prominent, heavy and angular,
with a few, irregular, obsolescent cords between them; spiral
sculpture of obsolescent, rounded thickenings, which are
usually evident only as undulating buttresses along the sides
of the growth costae ; towards the umbilicus the spirals become
much more prominent, and surmount and break the growth
sculpture into heavy bosses. Earlier whorls: growth sculpture
lighter and broken by the prominent spiral sculpture into
-
52 University of Michigan
bosses; similar to that of the last whorl of grandiensis. Sub-
apical whorls (young shells) : similar to those of rupis but with
heavier growth-costae. Umbilicus: rimate, even smaller than
in rupts. Aperture: small, almost circular; with long axis
inclined at about 45° to that of shell; internally light orange
to chocolate-brown, with white, peristomal callus. Peristome:
sharp, interrupted on parietal wall; not expanded at parietal
angle, and with palatal wall slightly emarginate immediately
below it; slight expansion of lower palatal and basal regions
terminated abruptly just beyond slightly auriculate basal
angle; columellar wall scarcely expanded; thickened internally
by continuous, rounded callus, which is very narrow in the
columellar region.
Opereulum (fig. xi-43): 314 whorls; very similar to that
of T. rupis.
Radula (fig. xi-41): C/1; L1/1 +. 1/5-6; M/45-47. Inner
lateral slightly more attenuate distad and spatulate cusps of
outer lateral less variable than in 7. megachetlos; other char-
acters very similar.
Measurements
Shell Aperture Operculum Whorls
alt. maj.diam.min.diam. alt. diam. long wide
male 12.4 56(7.0) 46(5.7) 40(5.0) 90(4.5) 30(3.7) 81(3.0) 5
female
(type) 15.8 56(8.9) 48(7.6) 40(6.3) 89(5.6) 34(5.3) 79(4.2) 5
female 16.4 55(9.0) 48(7.9) 38(6.2) 97(6.0) 31(5.1) 78(4.0) 5%
female 17.0 53(9.0) 43(7.2) 37(6.3) 89(5.6) 31(5.3) 79(4.2) 6
T. costata;
fig. (1846—
1849) 15.7 52(8.2) 44(6.9) 78(5.4) 6
Cl7be. Quite common on both escarpments of Plaja Abau; very com-
mon near Seroe Djerimi, between Knip Baai and Plaja Djerimi (165
specimens collected). Type lot (see Table V).
Cl7a. Quite abundant; this lot is from the top of Seroe Djerimi (128
specimens). Somewhat smaller, and with a slightly more noticeable
tendency for the spiral sculpture of the last whorl to crenulate the
growth costae.
C16. Quite abundant (157 specimens). Color and shape similar to
typical lot, but would average a trifle larger. Growth costae noticeabiy
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 53
lower, sharper and more compressed, but widely spaced. Spiral sculpture
as weak as in typical lot.
C15. Quite abundant; this lot was accidentally mixed with that from
the eastern escarpment of Seroe Djerimi (Cl7a and C15; 431 specimens).
By comparison of this mixed set with the other lot from Seroe Djerimi,
it is very evident that the shells from C15 are similar to those from C16,
but show still finer and more closely-spaced growth-costae. In addition,
the spiral sculpture tends to approach that of the next subspecies.
This species appears to be quite similar to TZ. costata
(‘‘Menke’’ Pfr.) (1846; Zeit. Mal., 47) in color and sculpture ;
the habitat of the latter is unknown. However, if the figure
(1846-9; Chemn., II, fig. ix-9, 10) is even approximate, the
much larger aperture of that species has its long axis almost
parallel to that of the shell, and the parietal angle is even more
markedly lobate than in 7. rupis. I do not believe that 7.
costata occurs in the Dutch Leeward Islands, as none of the
thousands of specimens examined by me shows any tendency
to approach this striking aperture. Probably the specimens
quoted by Vernhout (1914) belong to one of the subspecies of
T. muskusi.
Tudora muskusi grandiensis, new subspecies
Type locality: (C14) northern half of Seroe Grandi, south
of Sint Jan Baai, northern Curacao.
Distribution: Curacao; along western side, from Seroe
Baha So (4 specimens), to (at least) Seroe Grandi (C15, 14) ;
southern limits undetermined. 317 specimens collected.
Shell (fig. xii-F): smaller and slightly thinner and more
slender than muskust. Color: spiral bands absent or present,
rarely several continuous bands, frequently broken spirals, but
most commonly with blotches of color connected to form un-
dulating bands parallel to the growth lines; eroded apex and
apical plug usually whitish or light yellow, and rarely as dark
as normal muskusi. Sculpture of last whorl (fig. x—32):
growth-costae much lower, and more closely-spaced (appar-
ently due to the development of the interstitial cords) than in
muskusi; spiral sculpture typically almost as prominent on the
54 University of Michigan
sides as around the umbilicus; it breaks the growth sculpture
into elliptical bosses, or even produces a cancellate appearance.
Earlier whorls: markedly cancellate, with cusp-like bosses at
the intersections. Umbilicus: a trifle larger than in muskusv.
Peristomal callus: thinner than in muskust. Other characters
as in muskust.
Measurements
Shell Aperture Operculum Whorls
alt. maj.diam.min.diam. alt. diam. long wide
male 11.0 56(6.1) 46(5.1) 41(4.5) 89(4.0) 31(3.4) 79(2.7) 4%
male 11.6 54(6.2) 48(5.0) 39(4.5) 85(3.8) 33(3.8) 74(2.8) 5%
female 14.0 57(8.0) 48(6.7) 39(5.5) 91(5.0) 34(4.8) 75(3.6) 5
female
(type) 14.9 57(8.5) 48(7.1) 40(6.0) 88(5.3) 34(5.0) 72(3.6) 5%
C14. Very common (311 specimens collected). Typical lot (see Table
V); includes many specimens with fine, rather closely-spaced growth-
costae, cut by poorly-developed spiral sculpture.
C15. Very rare. Amongst the large numbers of shells examined in the
field, 6 beautifully cancellate specimens were separated as quite character-
istic of grandiensis. One other shell gives the appearance of a hybrid
between T. fossor djerimensis and T. muskusi; a similar specimen comes
from Cl7a (fig. xii-H).
This subspecies intergrades with the more southern forms
of muskusi, but not with the typical form.
Tudora muskusi bullenensis, new subspecies
Type locality: (C13) top of Seroe Largoe, just southwest of
entrance to Salinja Sint Marie, near Sint Willebrordus, north-
ern Curacao.
Distribution: only collected from the top of this hill; it was
not found at the base of the escarpments, or on the hill east
of the entrance to the salinja. Infrequent, on trees and brush
and under rocks. 54 specimens collected.
Shell (fig. xii-G) : thinner and more slender than grandi-
ensis. Ground color: bleached; whitish to pinkish; spiral
bands absent, except for a very faint umbilical band in a few
specimens; eroded apex and apical plug yellowish, pinkish or
purplish-drab ; dilute varices of these last colors also common.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 55
Whorls: about 514 retained. Sculpture (fig. x-33): low
and weak; closest to grandiensis but much more obscure ; sides
of last whorl cancellate or malleate; even the umbilical sculp-
ture low and rounded. Earlier whorls: rather weakly can-
cellate. Other characters similar to grandiensis.
Measurements
Shell Aperture Operculum Whorls
alt. maj.diam.min.diam. alt. diam. long wide
male 12.2 54(6.6) 44(5.4) 39(4.7) 87(4.1) 30(3.7) 70(2.6) 5%
male 13.0 52(6.7) 42(5.4) 38(4.9) 94(4.6) 32(4.1) 76(3.1) 5%
female
(type) 16.4 50(8.2) 44(7.1) 37(6.0) 85(5.1) 28(4.6) 75(3.5) 6
female 17.7 51(9.0) 42(7.5) 36(6.4) 88(5.6) 29(5.2) 79(4.1) 6%
Section Tudora s. s.
Shell: elongate to obovate conic; males average smaller than
females, but the two sexes markedly intergrade in size. Sculp-
ture: very variable; no definite tendency to accentuate the
spiral ridges of the umbilical region. Post-embryonic whorls:
color bands and spiral sculpture begin on 3rd whorl. Peri-
stome: sharp, interrupted on parietal wall; more expanded
in columellar than in palatal and basal regions; parietal angle
produced and adjacent upper palatal wall emarginate. Oper-
culum: calcareous plate well developed, practically equal in
area to horny base; supporting lamellae high, thickened, and
usually confluent; outer edge of caleareous portion only shal-
lowly suleate. Radula: see megacheilos.
Monotype: Cyclostoma simile ‘‘Gray’’ Sowerby. This sec-
tion appears to be restricted to the islands of Aruba and
Curacao.
Tudora megacheilos megacheilos (Potiez and Michaud)
Cyclostoma megacheilos Potiez and Michaud (1838; Gal. Douai, I, p.
237, fig. xxiv-9, 10). C. simile ‘‘Gray’’ Sowerby (1843; Thes., fig. xxiv—
48, 49). OC. megacheilum Pfeiffer (1846, Zeit. Mal., 33); first Curacao
record. C. megachilum and megacheilus Pfr. (1847; Chemn., II, p. 66,
fig. ix-18, 19). Tudora similis Gray (1850; Cat. Cycloph., 48) ; monotype
of Tudora. Cyclostoma roridwm ‘‘Parr.’’ Pfr. (1852; Mon. Pneum. Viv.,
56 University of Michigan
244); in synonymy. C. proteus ‘‘Beck’’ Pfr. (l.c.); in synonymy.
C. cancellatum ‘‘Menke’’ Pfr. (l.c¢.); very large, light-colored female
(cf. 1847; Chemn., II, fig. ix-15, 16, 17).
Type locality: unknown; probably the Schaarlo, back of
Willemstad, Curacao (C5c).
Distribution of species: Curacao; western side, from
Spaansche Baai to Kaap Sint Marie; eastern side from south
of Sint Joris Baai to north of Landhuis Hato (at least) ; nar-
rowly invades central region of older rocks. 1,911 specimens
collected.
Distribution of subspecies: Curacao; western side from
Sint Anna Baai to Caracas Baai (C4, 5); intergrades with
other subspecies to north and south. Under limestone rocks
and on trees and brush; subarboreal, but not so much so as
the species of Tudorata; does not penetrate the region of the
older rocks to any great extent. 714 specimens collected.
Shell (fig. xiii-A.) : subacuminate (with concave lateral out-
lines) ; obovoid-conic; quite solid. Ground color: whitish to
pinkish and dull amber; spiral bands present or absent, con-
tinuous or broken; blotches rarely unite to form irregular
bands parallel to growth lines; eroded apex and apical plug
from almost white to orange-red and purplish black.** Whorls:
about 714, of which 4 are usually retained; quite convexly
rounded and with well marked suture; last whorls increase
more rapidly in diameter than the earlier ones. Sculpture of
last whorl: growth threads regular, closely spaced to con-
tinuous, low and rounded; spiral sculpture present (typical
megacheilos) to absent (form desculpta new; fig. xiii-B;
x—34) ; when present it consists of few to numerous, low,
rounded thickenings. Earlier whorls: similar to last whorl.
Subapical whorls (young shells): almost as slender as in
T. aurantia (1.e., with similar apical angle) ; with well-devel-
oped, widely-spaced, growth lamellae and low, angular, spiral
ridges. Umbilicus: of medium size, but almost hidden by
peristome. Aperture: large, ovoid, with long axis at about
38 1923; Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 137, p. 3.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 57
30° to that of shell; noticeably flattened on parietal wall;
internally light buff to dark chocolate, usually showing the
spiral bands when these are present; white peristomal callus
often bordered internally by a dark band. Peristome: grad-
ually but deeply expanded in palatal and basal portions, and
broadly reflected, almost auriculate, in columellar region;
parietal angle markedly produced; palatal emargination
slight; internal callus quite thin, but continuous.
Operculum :°° about 4 whorls; calcareous pla*e not exten-
sively eroded over nucleus, elsewhere heavy, complete and dis-
tant from the horny base; inner surface (horny plate) almost
flat; outer surface (caleareous plate) concave at nucleus and
with rim of each whorl slightly raised.
Radula (fig. ix-27); C/1; L1/1+1/5-8; M/56-58. Cen-
tral: shaped like a truncated, isosceles triangle; with very
heavy base; single cusp stout and heavy; transverse thicken-
ing a short distance below cusp. Inner lateral: similar to
central but asymmetrical, with inner side longer and heavier
than the outer; cusp longer and somewhat more slender.
Outer lateral: long, rectangular base, with strong distal reflec-
tion, which is pectinated into 5, spatulate, rather indefinite
cusps (although 5 is the usual number, interstitial lobes or
points may raise the number as high as 8) ; transverse thick-
ening prominent, so as to produce a marked angulation on
the sides of the base (as seen in profile). Marginal: with
numerous, recurved, sharp cusps, which decrease in size
towards the outer edge; the edges of the outer ones pectinate
the distal edge of the tooth to fully 1/3 its depth; the un-
divided, slightly thickened, recurved, outer portion slopes
down abruptly to the comparatively narrow base.
Measurements
Shell Aperture Operculum Whorls
alt. min.diam. alt. diam. long wide
megacheilos P. and M.
from text
(1838) 15-18 67(10-12)
39 L.¢., fig. ii-10.
58 Unversity of Michigan
Measurements (continued)
Shell Aperture Opereulum Whorls
alt. min. diam. alt. diam. long wide
from figures
(1838) 16.3 57( 9.3) 53(8.6) 90(7.7) 5
simile Sowerby
from figures
(1843) 14.7 68(10.0) 48(7.0) 91(6.4) 414,
19.0 66(12.5) 50(9.5) 85(8.1) 414
cancellatum Pfr.
from figures
(1847) 20.3 69(14.0) 52(10.6) 80(8.5) 36(7.4) 68(5.0) 4%
form desculpta, new
male (C5cd) 13.1 69( 9.0) 55(7.2) 90(6.5) 37(4.9) 78(3.8) 3%
female
(type, Cded) 16.8 69(11.5) 52(8.8) 89(7.8) 37(6.2) 82(5.1) 4%
Cded. Quite abundant (359 specimens collected). The Schaarlo (C5c)
back of Willemstad is probably the type locality of this species, and this
lot is that described above (see Table VI). It contains a large propor-
tion of shells with vestigial spiral sculpture (form desculpta).
C5ab. Quite abundant (186 specimens). Very similar to typical lot,
but with considerably less tendency to approach form desculpta.
C4. Quite abundant (169 specimens). Sculpture heavy, and with a
tendency for the growth threads to coalesce. A few specimens are some-
what cancellate, and thus show a slight tendency to approach kabrietensis.
Form desculpta appears to be absent.
Tudora megacheilos spreitensis, new subspecies
Type locality: (C8) at base of northern escarpment of
Seroe Spreit, Curacao.
Distribution : Curacao; western side, from Kaap Sint Marie
to Seroe Quinta, west to Sint Anna Baai, where it inter-
grades with typical megacheilos and form desculpta; invades
the region of the older rocks at Campo Bleinheim, and prob-
ably intergrades with rondeklipensis east of Bullen Baai (C6,
7, 8, 9,13, Ch6b). 548 specimens collected.
Shell (fig. xiii-C): considerably heavier and larger than
typical megachetlos. Color: similar in pattern to megacheilos,
but usually more vividly colored and more distinctly banded.
Seulpture of last whorl (fig. x-35): growth-cords heavier,
more prominent, and more widely spaced than in megacheilos;
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology
59
spiral sculpture always present; higher but more compressed
than in megacheilos; surmounted by growth sculpture which
is developed into heavy, elliptical bosses; the last give the
Earlier whorls: distinctly can-
shell a granulate appearance.
cellate, but without definite bosses or cusps at the intersec-
tions. Peristomal callus: heavier than in megacheilos.
characters as in megacheilos.
Table VI. Dimensions of Tudor megacheilos and T. pilsbryt
Other
spreit- spreit- rondeklip- mega- kabriet-
Subspecies ensis ensis ensis cheilos ensis pilsbryi
Locality C13 C8 Cl2a Cded C3 C2ab
Number of individuals 16 65 32 77 21 63
27 98 83 158 23 132
Mean number of
whorls remaining 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.5
4.1 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.3 3.6
Extremes, ditto 3.34.0 354.5 3543 3545 3545 3.0-4.0
4.0-5.0 3848 3545 3565 3848 3.0-43
Mean altitude 14.8 14.0 13.7 13.2 13.9 13.0
ae 16.4 16.5 15.5 15.8 14.7
Mean index (1d/a) 56 54 53 54 54 64
55 53 53 54 53 64
Mean lesser diameter 8.2 7.5 7.3 Tal 7.4 8.4
9.4 8.7 8.7 8.4 8.4 9.3
Extremes, ditto 7.6— 8.6 6.7-8.0 65- 7.7 63- 7.5 7.0-7.8 7.7—- 8.7
8.7-10.1 8.1-9.6 7.8-10.4 7.6-10.6 8.0-9.1 8.8-10.5
Mean altitude;
4 whorls 15.0 13.9 13.9 13.3 14.0 13.8
17.0 15.7 16.0 15.3 15.6 15.3
Extremes, ditto;
4 whorls 14.0-15.6 11.5-15.2 12.7-14.8 12.2-14.3 13.1-14.7 12.2-15.8
16.1-17.8 14.2-17.4 14.2-19.0 13.4-18.7 15.1-16.3 13.5_-17.6
Mean index;4whorls 54 54 53 54 54 61
55 55 53 55 56 62
Extremes, ditto;
4 whorls 53-56 51-58 51-55 51-56 53-55 54-65
54-57 52-58 50-59 51-61 54-56 54-67
Measurements
Shell Aperture Opereulum Whorls
alt. maj.diam.min.diam. alt. diam. long wide
male 14.9 67( 9.9) 54(8.0) 51(7.6) 96(7.3) 37(5.5) 80(4.4) 4
female
(type) 18.3 67(12.3) 53(9.6) 50(9.2) 100(9.2) 34(6.3) 78(4.9) 434
60 Unversity of Michigan
C8. Quite abundant (163 specimens collected). Type lot (see
Table VI).
C13. Common (43 specimens). Heavier; a larger proportion of can-
cellate specimens. Although Tudora fdssor djerimensis also occurs in
this locality, the two forms show no tendency to intergrade; in fact, the
distinguishing characteristics appear to be actually accentuated (see
tables VI and VII).
C9. Infrequent (4 specimens).
C7ab. Quite abundant (144 specimens). Very typical spreitensis.
C6a. Very common (110 specimens). Bleached, more depressed and
with sculpture weaker. Quite a number of specimens approach form
desculpta.
Cbh6b. Frequent (79 specimens). Similar to C6a, but even more
bleached.
Tudora megacheilos rondeklipensis, new subspecies
Type locality: (C12a) base of northwestern escarpment of
Ronde Klip, eastern Curacao.
Distribution: Curacao; typical form only from the top and
sides of Ronde Klip (C12); but the shells along the eastern
limestone rim, from south of Sint Joris Baai to north of Campo
Hato (C10, 11), are closer to this subspecies than to the others,
although numerous specimens approach form desculpta; nar-
rowly invades the region of the older rocks (Cb10). Habitat
similar to megachetlos. 585 specimens collected.
Shell (fig. xii—D): slightly larger and heavier than mega-
cheilos. Color: similar in pattern to megacheilos, but the
ground color is brighter and more pronounced, and the bands
are usually obscure. Sculpture of last whorl (fig. x—36) :
growth cords similar to spreitensis but finer and more com-
pressed; spiral sculpture of numerous, prominent and sub-
angulate ridges, which are scarcely surmounted by the growth
sculpture and without bosses or distinct cusps at the intersee-
tions. Earlier whorls: somewhat cancellate, but with the
spirals much heavier than the growth sculpture. Umbilicus:
more open than in megacheilos. Peristome: similar to, but
more extensively expanded than that of megacheilos; inner
callus heavier. Other characters as in megacheilos.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 61
Measurements
Shell Aperture Operculum Whorls
alt. maj.diam.min.diam. alt. diam. long wide
male 14.6 68( 9.9) 53( 7.7) 51(7.4) 95(7.0) 32(4.7) 83(3.9) 4%
female
(type) 19.0 68(13.0) 53(10.1) 52(9.9) 96(9.5) 33(6.2) 79(4.9) 4%
Cl2a. Very common (115 specimens collected). Typical lot (see
Table VI); on account of the great expansion of the peristome, the
dimensions give the impression of a more elongate shell than is actually
the case.
C12b. Common (89 specimens). Typical rondeklipensis, but more
bleached in color.
Cllab. Very common (11b) to frequent (lla); 108 specimens.
Similar to 12b, but with sculpture considerably reduced. A few closely
approach form desculpta.
Clied. Quite abundant (176 specimens). Bleached and rather small.
A very large proportion approach form desculpta, and in several speci-
mens the spiral sculpture is absent on the last whorl.
C10. Infrequent; living specimens mainly on Cereus and under rocks
at the base of these cacti (95 specimens). Big, heavy shells, usually with
well developed sculpture, although a few show an approach to desculpta.
Very much bleached in color and stained with a rusty deposit; even more
so than Tudora aurantia wassauensis from B9, where the conditions are
somewhat similar.
Cb10. Rare (2 specimens).
Tudora megacheilos kabrietensis, new subspecies
Type locality: (C3) low, limestone escarpment near shore
of Caracas Baai, and a short distance north of Fort Beeken-
burg, southern Curaeao.
Distribution: Curacao; near western shore, from New Port
to Caracas Baai (C1, 3), north of which it intergrades slightly
with typical megacheilos. 69 specimens collected.
Color: similar to megachetilos, but bleached; pattern ob-
secure. Sculpture of last whorl (figs. xiii-E) : numerous, com-
pressed, angular, spiral ridges, surmounted by the growth
sculpture, which develops slight, subpyramidal cusps at the
intersections. Interior of aperture: white to dark orange and
light chocolate; usually with markedly darker, spiral bands.
Peristome: more deeply and extensively expanded than in
megacheilos. Other characters similar to typical subspecies.
62 University of Michigan
Measurements
Shell Aperture Opereulum Whorls
alt. maj.diam.min.diam. alt. diam. long wide
male
(type) 13.9 72(10.0) 54(7.5) 57(7.9) 94(7.4) 34(4.7) 79(3.7) 4
female 16.5 66(10.8) 54(8.9) 49(8.0) 96(7.7) 32(5.3) 79(4.2) 41%
C3. Frequent (44 specimens). Type lot (see Table VI); bleached
and dull-colored.
Cl. Infrequent (25 specimens). Lighter ground color and brighter
spiral bands. This lot does not appear to approach T. pilsbryi any
closer than does that from C3.
Tudora pilsbryi H. Burrington Baker
(1924; Naut., XX XVII, 94)
Type locality: (C2a) at base of northern cliffs of the Tafel-
berg of Santa Barbara, southern Curacao.
Distribution: Cura¢ao; only collected near the base of the
escarpments on the northern and western sides of the Tafel-
berg (C2). Quite common; under limestone rocks, in crevices
of the talus, and buried deeply in the soil; a few on the trunks
of the larger trees; a distinctly terrestrial species. 195 speci-
mens collected.
Shell (fig. xiii-F): subacuminate, obovate-conic; much
thinner and more depressed than megacheilos, but extremely
variable in dimensions. Color: vivid lemon-yellow to bright
salmon and dark plum-colored; usually uniform, but some
of the lighter shells show darker, spiral bands of variable
width, while others show darker varices; sculpture white;
eroded apex and apical plug usually much darker, but of
similar color to the remainder of the shell. Whorls: about
7, of which 314 are usually retained; very convexly rounded
and with very deeply impressed sutures; last whorls increas-
ing more rapidly in diameter than the subacuminate, earlier
ones, although, as in many species with a scalariform tendency,
this character is very variable. Sculpture of last whorl (fig.
x-39): regular, compressed growth-riblets, which are quite
closely spaced but are narrower than their interspaces; spiral
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 63
sculpture of numerous (19 to 28 counted), regular, compressed,
angular ridges, which are more widely spaced on the base than
at the sides of the whorl, and heavier and slightly higher than
the growth-riblets, which surmount them; intersections de-
veloped as very prominent, sharp, pyramidal cusps. Earlier
whorls: spiral and growth sculpture weaker and about equal;
distinctly cancellate; cusps at intersections finer, but high
and sharp. Subapical whorls: sculpture and shape similar to
megacheilos (i.e., apical angle similar to aurantia). Umbili-
cus: much larger than in megacheilos, and but little hidden by
the peristome. Aperture: inner outline almost circular; in-
ternally light buff to dark chocolate, usually with darker,
spiral bands. Peristome: roughly triangular and markedly
undulate; parietal angle produced and lobate; palatal emargi-
nation a marked sinus; lower palatal wall extensively devel-
oped but scarcely expanded; basal wall abruptly expanded;
basal angle flattened; columellar wall auriculate below, but
narrowed abruptly a short distance from the parietal wall;
internal callus very poorly developed, practically absent on
parietal wall.
Opereulum (fig. xi44): about 4 whorls; similar to mega-
cheilos, but with inner surface (thin, chondroid plate) slightly
convex, and outer surface (caleareous plate) deeply and quite
regularly concave over its entire surface.
Radula: similar to megacheilos.
Measurements
Shell Aperture Operculum Whorls
alt. maj.diam. min.diam. alt. diam. long wide
male 13.2 85(11.2) 64( 8.5) 61(8.1) 93(7.5) 41(54) 80(4.3) 334
female
(type) 16.0 78(12.4) 63(10.1) 57(9.1) 98(8.9) 39(6.2) 81(5.0) 334
Tudora fossor fossor H. Burrington Baker
(1924; Naut., XX XVII, 94)
Type locality: (Cb17b) valley between Seroes Palomba and
Baha Hoendoe, northern Curacao.
64 University of Michigan
Distribution of species: Curaéao; western side north of
Bullen Baai, and east in the northern hill to (at least) the
Tafelberg of Sint Hyronimus. A single, dead specimen (acci-
dental?) from Seroe Spreit. Aruba: all of the limestone por-
tion and narrowly invades the metamorphic rocks. Almost
entirely terrestrial in habits. 1,460 specimens collected.
Distribution of subspecies: Curacao; north of Landhuis of
Campo Sint Kruis; mainly restricted to wooded valleys and
rocky hillsides in the central region of older rocks (Cb16,
17abe; 20); also a somewhat different form from the Tafel-
berg of Sint Hyronimus (C20). Frequent in well-wooded
valleys; aestivates deep down in the talus and rock crevices;
comes to the surface during rains but appears never to go far
from the ground, even on the trunks of the larger trees. 282
specimens collected. 3
Shell (fig. xiii-G) : elongate-conic; rather thin. Color: last
whorl dark plum-colored (dark, smoky amber by transmitted
light), shading on the penultimate whorl into the dark horn
color of the earlier whorls, which show indefinite, dark, spiral
bands; sculpture tipped with bluish white; eroded apex and
apical plug dark horn color to orange and plum color. Whorls:
6 (in one, entire, male shell), of which about 31% are retained ;
more convexly rounded and with deeper suture than in mega-
cheilos; the diameter increases gradually and regularly from
the first to the last. Sculpture ofi last) whorl (fig. x-37) :
similar to pilsbryi; regular, compressed growth-riblets, which
are closely spaced but much narrower than their interspaces;
spiral sculpture of numerous (15 to 21 counted), regular,
compressed ridges, which are more widely spaced in the umbili-
cal region than on the sides, and are considerably heavier than
the growth-riblets but are surmounted by them; intersections
developed as lanceolate cusps. Earlier whorls: similar to
pilsbryi; cusps at intersections less pronounced. Subapical
whorls (young shells) : sculpture similar to those of megachet-
los; not so slender (i.e., apical angle greater). Umbilicus:
smaller than in megacheilos; partially hidden by peristome.
Aperture: relatively smaller than in megacheilos, but similar
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 65
in shape; internally light to dark chocolate, when light it
shows darker, spiral bands; peristomal callus white. Peri-
stome: palatal and basal walls rather narrowly but quite
abruptly expanded; columellar region more extensively ex-
panded (although less so than in megacheilos) ; parietal angle
produced; palatal emargination very slight (fig. xili-K) ; in-
ternal callus extensive but very thin, practically absent on
parietal wall.
Operculum: 314 whorls; similar to megacheilos, but nuclear
erosion more extensive, caleareous portion slightly smaller than
chondroid plate, and entire outer surface (calcareous plate)
distinctly concave, although much less so than in T. pilsbryi.
Radula: similar to megachetlos.
Measurements
Shell Aperture Operculum Whorls
alt. maj.diam.min.diam. alt. diam. long wide
male
(type) 13.0 58(7.5) 48(6.2) 45(5.9) 93(5.5) 37(4.8) 79(3.8) 6(en-
tire)
female 15.0 61(9.2) 49(7.3) 48(7.2) 93(6.7) 35(5.3) 76(4.0) 4
Cb17b. Frequent (195 specimens collected). Typical lot (see Table
VII) ; coloration very uniform. .
Cb17a. Apparently infrequent, but the abundance of this sub-species
can only be judged during rain-storms (13 specimens). Typical fossor.
Cb16. Very rare; 1 dead, bleached specimen.
Cb20. Apparently quite rare (3 specimens). Typical fossor reaches
an altitude of around 1,200 feet on Sint Christoffelberg.
C20. Frequent (70 specimens). Slightly larger, with lighter ground-
color, and much more variegated color; a quite divergent form.
Tudora fossor djerimensis, new subspecies
Type locality: (C17b) top of shore cliffs between Knip Baai
and Plaja Djerimi, northern Curacao.
Distribution: Curacao; western limestone rim from both
sides of Plaja Abau to Salinja Sint Marie (C138, 14, 15, 16,
17); also one, dead, bleached specimen from Seroe Spreit
(C8). Quite infrequent to very rare; under limestone rocks;
almost completely terrestrial. 207 specimens collected.
66 University of Michigan
Shell (figs. xii-I) : slightly larger and considerably heavier
than typical fossor. Ground color: bleached; white to light
pinkish ; spiral bands absent or present, entire or with blotches
united to form bands parallel to the growth line; eroded apex
and apical plug light buff, to orange and deep indigo. Whaorls:
about 384 retained. Sculpture: similar to fossor throughout,
but heavier and with comparatively less prominent cusps;
spiral ridges usually less crowded on sides of last whorl. Aper-
ture: internally light orange to light chocolate; usually darker,
spiral bands can be seen. Peristome: more extensively but
less abruptly expanded than in fossor; internal callus much
heavier, continuous. Other characters as in fossor.
Measurements
Shell Aperture Operculum Whorls
alt. maj.diam.min.diam. alt. diam. long wide
male 13.7 63( 8.6) 50(6.8) 48(6.6) 88(5.8) 35(4.8) 79(3.8) 334
female
(type) 18.0 62(11.2) 48(8.7) 45(8.0) 93(7.4) 32(5.8) 76(4.3) 41%
Cs
(male) 14.7 60( 8.8) 48(7.0) 47(6.9) 91(6.3) lacking 414
Cl17be. Quite infrequent (58 specimens collected). Type lot (see
Chart VII).
Cl7a. Quite infrequent, on top of Seroe Djerimi (42 specimens).
Typical.
C16. Infrequent (23 specimens). A little larger than the typical lot.
C15. Infrequent; accidentally mixed with a lot from the eastern es-
carpment of Seroe Djerimi (C15 and Cl7a; 57 specimens). Like C16.
C14. Very infrequent (17 specimens). Rather large.
C13. Quite rare (10 specimens). Smaller, but otherwise typical.
Tudora fossor westpuntensis, new subspecies
Type locality: (C18) small limestone remnant, less than a
kilometer north of Plaja Abau, northern Curacao.
Distribution: Curacao; limestone rim north of Plaja Abau
(C18, 19). Under limestone rocks, and, during rains, on bases
of vegetation; almost completely terrestrial. 252 specimens
collected.
Shell (fig. xiii-H): females about as large as males of
fossor. Ground color: light buff to pink, orange and light
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 67
plum-color; blotches of broken spiral bands, when present,
usually united to form irregular bands parallel to the growth
lines; eroded apex and apical plug buff to orange and deep
indigo. Growth sculpture of last whorl: heavier, higher and
more closely-spaced than in fossor ; whorl] distinctly cancellate ;
cusps less prominent than in fossor. Whorls: about 314 re-
tained. Umbilicus: less hidden by peristome than in fossor.
Aperture: internally light buff to vivid orange; broken, spiral
bands usually shown. Peristome: less abruptly expanded than
in fossor. Other characters as in fossor.
Measurements
Shell Aperture Operculum Whorls
alt. maj.diam.min.diam. alt. diam. long wide
male
(type) 9.8 65(6.4) 52(5.1) 45(44) 93(4.1) 32(3.2) 80(2.5) 3%
female 13.5 62(8.3) 49(6.6) 46(6.2) 92(5.7) 34(4.6) 78(3.6) 4
C18. Frequent (145 specimens collected). Type lot (see Table VIZ) ;
these smallest specimens, peculiarly enough, come from a habitat where
Cerion wa attains greater than average size.
C19. Infrequent; under limestone slabs at the very edge of the shore
cliffs (107 specimens). Slightly larger; bleached and stained with a
dark brownish deposit.
Table VII. Dimensions of Tudora fossor40
canashit- westpunt- djerim-
Subspecies arubana ensis ensis fossor ensis
Locality A2ab A4ab C18 Cb17b Cl17be
Number of
individuals 80 38 68 76 13
120 64 ra 119 45
Mean number of
whorls retained 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.6
3.7 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.9
Extremes, ditto 3.04.0 3.0-6.0 3.0-3.8 3.0-6.0 3.3-4.3
3.3-4.3 3.0-5.5 3.0-4.5 3.34.3 3.3-4.5
Mean altitude 13.2 11.4 10.5 12.0 12.6
15.7 13.4 12.4 14.1 15.0
40 The upper horizontal row under each heading contains the data for
the males; the lower, those for females.
68 Umversity of Michigan
Table VII.— (Continued)
Dimensions of Tudora fossor
canashit- westpunt- djerim- .
Subspecies arubana ensis ensis fossor ENnsis
Locality A2ab A4ab C18 Cbh17b C17be
Mean min. diam.
index 52 52 53 53 52
52 52 52 52 51
Mean min. diam. 6.9 5.9 5.5 6.3 6.6
8.1 6.9 6.4 7.3 7.6
Extremes, ditto 6.0—7.4 5.0-6.3 5.1-5.9 5.9-6.7 6.1-6.8
7.5-8.8 6.4-7.6 6.0-7.1 6.8-8.1 6.9-8.8
Mean altitude;
3144 whorls 13.2 11.3 10.7 12.3 12.6
15.3 13.3 12.2 13.7 14.0
Extremes, ditto;
31% whorls 11.8-14.4 10.6-11.9 9.6-11.6 11.4-13.1 11.6—13.7
14.2-17.0 11.9-14.4 11.2-13.5 12.3-14.9 13.2-14.6
Mean min. diam.
index; 314 whorls 52 52 52 52 52
53 52 52 52 52
Extremes, ditto;
31% whorls 49-56 50-54 50-54 49-55 50-54
50-56 50-55 50-55 50-55 50-54
Tudora fossor arubana, new subspecies
Type locality: (A2b) spur of Seroe Pretoe, between Roois
Spoki and Hundoe, southern Aruba.
Distribution: Aruba; limestone deposits southeast of
Spaansch Lagoen (Al, 2). Quite common; mainly under
limestone rocks, but also on trunks and the larger branches
of trees in well-wooded places (A2); more nearly arboreal
than the other subspecies. 490 specimens collected.
Shell (fig. xiii-K) : averages the largest in the species, but
scarcely as heavy as djerimensis. Ground color: cream to
salmon and orange, the reddish tints predominate; spiral
bands present or absent, continuous or broken, often with
blotches joined to form varices; eroded apex and apical plug
buff to (usually) deep indigo. Seulpture of last whorl (fig.
x—38): prominent to almost confluent, closely-spaced to con-
tiguous, regular growth-threads, which are more rounded
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 69
than in the other subspecies; spiral sculpture of low, weak,
rounded to subangular ridges, which are often obsolescent,
and are scarcely surmounted by the growth threads; inter-
sections without cusps. Earlier whorls: closely-spaced, growth
sculpture obscures the weaker, spiral ridges. Subapical
whorls: like fossor. Umbilicus: even less hidden by the
peristome than in westpuntensis. Aperture: internally light
orange to dark chocolate, usually vivid orange; spiral bands
inconspicuous. Peristome: quite deeply but gradually ex-
panded; internal callus quite heavy, continuous. Other char-
acters as in fossor.
Measurements
Shell Aperture Operculum Whorls
alt. maj.diam.min.diam. alt. diam. long wide
. male 13.0 65( 8.4) 52(6.7) 51(6.6) 91(6.0) 35(4.5) 73(3.3) 31%
male 13.7 63( 8.6) 50(6.9) 48(6.5) 91(5.9) 36(4.9) 74(3.6) 344
female
(type) 16.2 62(10.0) 50(8.1) 47(7.6) 95(7.2) 33(5.3) 76(4.0) 4
A2ab. Common (200 specimens collected). Type lot (see Table VII) ;
many specimens have the spiral sculpture considerably reduced (fig.
xiii-5),
A2e. Quite common; under limestone slabs (161 specimens). Slightly
larger, but otherwise typical.
Al. Quite infrequent; under limestone slabs (129 specimens).
Bleached; almost half of the shells uniform whitish to pinkish. Heavier,
with more prominent sculpture, and with especially well-developed
peristomal callus.
This subspecies is, by itself, distinct enough to be a separate
species, but the next form, which is plainly a geographical
variety of it, is so close to westpuntensis that it was thought
best to regard all of the Aruba specimens as subspecies of
fossor.
Tudora fossor canashitensis, new subspecies
Type locality: (A4b) top of Seroe Canashito, Aruba.
Distribution: Aruba; limestone rim from Spaansch Lagoen
and Boedoei north; narrowly invades region of older rocks at
the Hooiberg (A3-8). Under rocks; a distinctly terrestrial
form. 229 specimens collected.
70 Unversity of Michigan
Shell (fig. xiii-I) : somewhat smaller than fossor. Ground
color: buff to salmon; the reddish tints predominate; spiral
bands absent or present; usually with the blotches of the
broken bands united to form varices parallel to the growth
lines; eroded apex and apical plug buff and light orange to
(usually) dark plum-color. Whorls: about 314 retained.
Seulpture of last whorl: growth-ribs closely spaced, and
heavier than in fossor, but scarcely surmounting the spiral
sculpture which is weaker than in fossor; intersections seldom
developed into cusps. Umbilicus: like arubana. Peristome:
columellar expansion weaker than in westpuntensis. Other
characters as in westpuntensts.
Measurements
Shell Aperture Operculum Whorls
alt. maj.diam.min.diam. alt. diam. long wide
male
(type) 12.5 57(7.1) 48(6.0) 44(5.5) 89(4.9) 32(4.0) 78(3.1) 6(all)
female 14.4 58(8.3) 49(7.1) 45(6.5) 89(5.8) 33(4.8) 77(3.7) 3%4
A4ab. Quite infrequent; more common on top than at the base of the
escarpment (102 specimens collected). Type lot (see Table VII). 4
A5. Infrequent; under limestone slabs near the edge of the shore cliffs
(45 specimens). Slightly smaller.
A6. Rare (10 specimens). Although dead shells are frequent through-
out the plantations of aloes, living specimens are very rare.
Ava. Rare (2 specimens). Bleached and stained.
A7b. Quite rare (12 specimens). Bleached, and stained with a rusty
deposit; very close to westpuntensis from C19.
Avec. Very rare; 1 dead, bleached specimen.
A3. Frequent; at the base of the escarpments (57 specimens). Simi-
lar to those from A4b; but somewhat approaches arubana.
AMNICOLIDAE
Potamopyrgus parvulus (Guilding)
Paludina parvula Guilding (1828; Zool. Jour., III, pp. 537-8; Suppl.
Pl. xxviii, figs. 1-3). Paludina jamaicensis C. B. Adams (1849; Cont.
Conch. 42). Paludestrina crystallina Smith (1898; Proc. Mal. Soe., III,
113); first Bonaire record; collected by Hartert.
Type locality: St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology - 71
Distribution: Jamaica, Haiti, St. Thomas, St. Vincent,
Grenada. Curacao: Sint Marie Spring (Ce13). Aruba: reser-
voir and brook at Fontein (Ac2). Bonaire: well in Kralendijk
(not collected), and Pos Baca (Bel). Klein-Bonaire: Pos di
Cas (Kel).
Guilding’s figures 1 and 2 show both the shell and the
animal; figure 3 is apparently a young specimen. They all
represent the smooth form, but show evident, spiral striations.
From authentic specimens in the A. N. 8S. P. (no. 67466, from
C. B. Adams), P. jamaicensis appears to be a synonym. This
species is more slender and slightly smaller than P. coronatus
(Pfr.) ; parvula is, of course, the older name. Although the
original figure looks very much like parvulus, Paludestrina
valenciae Preston (1909; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., III, p. 513,
fig. 16), from Lake Valencia, Venezuela, is still smaller and
more slender; its last whorl is shorter in proportion to the
spire, and the aperture is more nearly circular (A. N. 8S. P.,
no. 99401, three cotypes).
All of my specimens are dull greenish in color. Those from
Curacao, Aruba and Bonaire belong to the typical, smooth
form (figs. xi-45, 46), but the lot from Klein-Bonaire contains
a small proportion of weakly spinose shells (fig. xi47). How-
ever, none is as markedly angulate as P. coronata, and the
black-margined thread-carina is simply erenulated into low,
triangular cusps. In my specimens, this carina begins as a
slightly raised line on the penultimate whorl, gradually de-
velops into the crown of spines, and then dies out again
towards the aperture.
Measurements
alt. maj. diam. alt. apert. diam. apert. whorls
Figure 45 4.62 54(2.49) 37 (1.73) 78 (1.35) 6
Figure 46 4.48 49 (2.19) 36 (1.63) 76(1.25) 64
Figure 47 3.60 58 (2.10) 41(1.47) 77 (1.13) 5144
PLANORBIDAE
Planorbis pallidus C. B. Adams
Planorbis pallidus C. B. Adams (1846; Proc. Boston Soc., II, 102). P.
pallidus Clessin (1884; Chemn., II, p. 122, fig. xi-7). P. circumlineatus
72 University of Michigan
‘*Shuttleworth’’ Clessin (op. cit., p. 211, fig. xxxii-6) ; Sowerby (1878;
Conch. Icon., XX, fig. vi-48). Planorbis sp.? Smith (1898; Proce .Mal.
Soc., III, 113) ; first Curacao record of genus; collected by Hartert.
Type locality: Jamaica.
Distribution: Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico, St. Thomas.
Curacao: cement tank in front of Landhuis Wilhelmina
(Ce2); dammed pool on northwest side of Seroe Papaja
(Cell; dead shells only); dammed pool, Campo Lagoen
(Ce17). Bonaire: Pos Baca (Bel). The water in all of these
places is slightly brackish to the taste, but it is used for stock
animals; that from the first is quite drinkable.
Measurements41
Shell Aperture Whorls
alt. maj. diam. min. diam. alt. diam.
P. pallidus
Adams (1846) 3.2 320(10.2) 3 (sic)
Clessin (1884) 2.3 370( 8.5) +
P. circumlineatus :
Clessin 2.5 360( 9.0) 4-5
P. weilandi
Pfr. (1876) 2.5 320( 8.0) 220(5.5) (3.0) 4
P. kiihnianus
Clessin 2.0 325( 6.5) +
P. meridaensis
Preston 2.7 300( 8.0) 110(3.0) 1.5(sic) 3%
Ce17 (largest) 3.0 355(10.6) 285(8.6) 120(3.6) 110(4.0) 5
2.9 300( 8.7) 255(7.4) 120(3.5) 110(3.9) 4%
Bel (largest) 2.6 360( 9.4) 310(8.1) 1380(3.4) 115(3.9) 4%
Cel. Quite abundant (33 specimens collected). Thin, transparent and
rather small. As the tank is artificial and its water supply comes from a
well, the shells must have been introduced by some extraordinary means
of dispersal.
Cell. (6 dead shells collected). Opaque and rather heavy; similar
to the next lot.
Ce17. Infrequent (3 living and 15 dead shells). Large, rather heavy
41 The altitude in my measurements is that opposite the aperture; from
their figures, this seems to correspond most closely with that used by the
older writers. The altitude given for P. meridaensis is estimated from
the figure.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 73
and stained with brownish. The whorls of this lot and the preceding one
are somewhat higher and more swollen than in the other shells.
Bel. Quite common (34 specimens collected). Thin, white and trans-
parent; thickly covered with gelatinous material and usually with one
to three egg-masses stuck to the shell. Mostly with one to four rather
heavy white varices, which must correspond to resting periods in the
growth of the shell; at these places, the plane in which the whorls are
coiled is apt to change slightly but sharply, so that an irregular shape
results. In the umbilical region of some specimens, the last whorl com-
pletely covers a portion of the penultimate whorl.
Description of Curacao specimens. Shell: dextral in form.
Color: clear white and transparent, or opaque and stained
with brownish; when alive it appears reddish with coppery
shadows, as the color of the animal shows through. _Whorls:
4 to 5; quite rapidly increasing in diameter; sutures shallow
on umbilical side but deeper above. Last whorl: somewhat
flattened above, less so below; rounded to scarcely subcarinate ;
growth sculpture regular and well marked; impressed, spiral
lines irregular and sometimes almost obsolete; not hispid.
Earlier whorls: rounded above and below, but the succeeding
whorls obscure the convexity in the umbilicus. Apical whorls:
easily seen in umbilicus, but deeply sunken and scarcely visible
from apical side. Umbilicus: shallowly and regularly concave ;
less than 1/3 the major diameter of the shell. Aperture:
oblique, very variable in shape; elliptical to semilunate; usu-
ally twisted downwards, sometimes markedly so, but may even
project slightly upwards. Peristome: simple, sharp; parietal
eallus thin.
P. pallidus has a characteristic tendency for each whorl to
twist slightly downward from the plane of the preceding one;
the amount of this is often irregular so that the umbilicus may
be markedly elliptical and the exposed portions of the earlier
whorls very variable in width. Adams described this species
as scarcely 3-whorled, but he must have counted the whorls
as visible from the apical side, as smaller specimens in the
A. N. 8. P. (no. 62014, from Kingston, Jamaica, and other
lots) show 4 whorls, are dull horn-colored, and more closely
74 Umversity of Michigan
approach Clessin’s description and figure. P. circwmlineatus
Clessin is apparently a synonym, but Sowerby’s figure,
although he also quotes Shuttleworth MSS., looks like a
Planorbula. Specimens from St. Thomas (A. N.S. P., 123885)
approach the Curacao shells in size, color and texture. In
P. weinlandi Pfr. (1876; Mal. Bl., XXIII, p. 172, fig. ii-9, 10,
11), from a brook near Jeremie, Haiti (A. N.S. P., 91455, one
specimen from Weinland), the aperture encloses less of the
penultimate whorl than in typical pallidus, but this character
is very variable in the Curacao shells. P. meridaensis Preston
(1907; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, pp. 493, 497, fig. 18), from
Merida, Venezuela, is a heavier shell with more swollen
whorls, and with the umbilicus more deeply sunken and show-
ing better impressed sutures (A. N. S. P., 98195; three
cotypes). This last form is slightly larger than P. kiithnianus
(+ kithnerianus) ‘‘Dunker’’ Clessin (op. cit., 108, fig. xi-12),
from Surinam, but otherwise appears to satisfy the description
and figure. All of these planorbes have sinistral shells, if the
visibility of the first whorls is taken as the criterion of the
apex. Otherwise, they appear to fall into the section
Gyraulus, although the epidermis is not hispid.
PUPILLIDAE*?4
Gastrocopta longurio (Crosse)
Pupa longurio Crosse (1872; J. de C., XX, 158); Crosse and Bland
(1873; J. de C., XXI, fig. I-2).
Type locality: ‘‘Curacao,’’ probably the Schaarlo (C5e),
back of Willemstad.
Distribution: Curacao, Aruba, Bonaire, Klein-Bonaire;
almost everywhere under limestone rocks; apparently with
preference for the more arid situations (C1—6, 10-13, 15, 17,
18; A2-5, 8; B1-5, 8; K1).
Numerous specimens of Gastrocopta and Pupoides were col-
lected, and have been submitted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry for study.
41a See Addenda page 116.
~l
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology
The relationships and variation of the present species, and the
identification of the next, will be discussed by him in a
future paper.
Pupoides sp?
Pupa fallax Gibbons (1879; J. of C., II, 131); first Curacao record.
Pupoides simoni? H. B. Baker (1923; this series, no. 137, p. 5).
Distribution in the islands: Curacao, Aruba, Bonaire, Klein-
Bonaire; with the preceding but not as abundant nor in quite
as arid situations (C3—6, 12, 17; A3-5, 8; B2, 4,8; K1). This
species is probably not limited to the islands, although it is
omitted from the list in the discussion of zodgeographical
affinities.
SUCCINEIDAE
Succinea gyrata Gibbons
(1879; J. of Conch., IT, 136, fig. I-2)
Type locality: ‘‘at St. Ann’s, Curacao’’; probably the
Schaarlo (C5c), back of Willemstad.
Distribution: Curacao (C5, 6, 11, 17; Cbh6, 17); Bonaire
(B3; Bb5); Klein-Bonaire (K1). Rare to quite infrequent;
under stones and the bark of dead trees, and in the crevices of
the bark of living ones; abundance entirely independent of the
nature of the underlying rocks. Most of the living specimens
were juvenile or small, which leads me to believe that this
species only attains maturity during the wet season. 62
specimens collected.
In what is here regarded as the type locality, the typical,
elongate form of this species integrades with more globose
specimens with relatively larger aperture, such as are repre-
sented by the measurements of those from C11 (see below).
The whorls are convex and the suture is deeply impressed,
almost channeled. The surface has a peculiar, satiny luster,
due to a microscopic sculpture of irregular, raised punctua-
tions. The growth wrinkles are prominent and, towards the
aperture, are often very pronounced, almost subcostate, and
76 University of Michigan
irregular. The shell is rendered imperforate by a slight,
thickened reflection of the columella in the parietal region,
where it is continued by a thin callus that connects the ends
of the peristome.
Measurements
alt. maj.diam. alt.apert. diam.apert. whorls
Gibbons (1879) 12.0 54(6.5) 58 (7.0) 64 (4.5) 4
Cb6 (dead) 9.3 52 (4.8) 60(5.7) 65 (3.7) 314
C11 (dead) 13.5 57 (7.7) 65 (8.8) 66 (5.8) 38%
C11 (dead) 11.4 56 (6.4) 70(8.0) 64(5.1) 344
Bbd (living) 9.3 57 (5.3) 65 (6.0) 67 (4.0) 3
The radular formula (fig. xiv-48) of a medium-sized speci-
men is 241-24. The central tooth is symmetrical and tri-
euspid. The Ist to 7th laterals are asymmetrical but also tri-
cuspid; the entocone is small, slightly below the level of the
mesocone, and is obscured by the refraction of the edge of the
tooth. All of the cusps are elongate and very sharp. The 8th
lateral usually adds a minute, outer, 4th cusp. Beyond this,
the number of cusps becomes very variable, as is illustrated
by the three figured examples of the 14th tooth, which occur
within four consecutive transverse rows. The 24th tooth is a
mere denticle.
The jaw (fig. xiv-49) of the same specimen is double, and:
consists of a rounded-oblong, emarginate, basal plate and the
recurved, arcuate true jaw.. The latter bears a triangular
median thickening or low rib, and two, transverse, lateral ones;
these slightly undulate both margins of the recurved portion.
The outer surface is closely, but irregularly, striate; these
markings converge towards the apex of the central triangle,
and are parallel to the sides of the lateral thickenings.
ZONITIDAE
Guppya molengraaffi, new species
Type locality: (Cb20) just west of the summit of Sint
Christoffelberg, northern Curacao, at an altitude of about
1,200 feet.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology LE
Distribution: Curacao; one specimen collected at type
locality. |
Shell (fig. xv-54): small, depressed turbinate; light horn-
colored; thin and shining. Whorls: 414; convex; gradually
and regularly increasing; suture shallow. Growth striae: well
marked, especially on the base, which shows quite regularly
spaced, impressed lines. Spiral striae: present, but much
weaker and more irregular than is usual in the genus. Um-
bilicus: small, about 1/12 of the major diameter of the shell;
circular. Aperture: subvertical, reniform. Peristome: simple,
sharp, incomplete.
Radula: C/3; L5/3; M19/3 + 4/4-+- 1/1; or 25-5-1-5-23.
Form of teeth very similar to those of G. gundlacht (Pfr.) ,*
although the lateral cusps of the central are somewhat more
acuminate and the outer cusp of the first marginal is smaller
and more distant from the two larger ones. Jaw: much as
in G. gundlachi (l.c., fig. 3).
Measurements
altitude maj. diam. min. diam. alt. apert. diam.apert. whorls
1.63 150 (2.40) 130 (2.13) 63 (1.03) 120 (1.22) 44
The practical absence of spiral sculpture makes this species
appear closest to Guppya miamiensis Pilsbry (1903; Naut.,
XVII, 77) from Florida, but the Curacao shell is more globose,
with a more depressed spire and shallower suture. The regu-
larity of the impressed striations on the base is also a notice-
able difference.
HELICIDAE
Thysanophora crinita arubana, new subspecies
Type locality: (A4a) at base of northern escarpment of
Seroe Canashito, Aruba.
431922; Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich.; no. 106, p. 45, fig.
xvii-l.
78 University of Michigan
Distribution: Aruba; very rare; 6 specimens under lime-
stone rocks at type locality.
Shell (fig. xv-56): small, sub-discoid, rather heavy; dark
horn-colored. Whorls: 414, markedly flattened above but
seareely subangulate; gradually increasing; suture deeply im-
pressed vertically ; last whorl slightly descending. Sculpture
of last whorl: closely spaced, compressed, undulate and rarely
anastomosing, cuticular riblets, which are slightly more ob-
lique than (and cross) the obscured growth wrinkles. Penul-
timate whorl: in addition, with the broken bases of what, in
young specimens (fig. xv—55), are long (.33 mm.), sparsely
and irregularly scattered, white hairs, which extend even into
the umbilicus. Embryonic whorls: 114; with regular, some-
what heavier, cuticular costae, which are slightly more oblique
than the obscured growth wrinkles and extend to the very
apex. Umbilicus: large, about 3/10 the major diameter of the
shell; circular. Aperture: oblique, subcireular. Peristome:
incomplete, very slightly thickened; parietal callus very weak.
Measurements
altitude maj. diam. min.diam. alt.apert. diam.apert. whorls
2.09 190 (3.93) 160 (3.38) 61(1.27) 140 (1.76) 44
These shells are certainly very closely related to Tri-
chodiscina crinita Fulton (1917; P. Mal. Soc., XII, 240),
from Carthagena, Colombia. However, the Aruba form is evi-
dently a larger shell (even after making allowance for the
greater number of whorls) ; its last whorl is markedly flattened
above instead of evenly convex; the incomplete peristome is
slightly thickened ; and the parietal callus is very weak, almost
absent (from Fulton’s figure, it would appear that the peri-
stome of his shell is continuous, but I suspect that it simply
has a heavy, parietal callus). Both crinita and arubana must
have similar sculpture to that in Trichia venezuelensis
Jousseaume (1889; Mem. Soe. Zool. France, II, p. 248, figs.
ix-12, 13) and T'richia rojasi Jousseaume (l.c., p. 249, figs.
ix-9, 10), both from Venezuela; although venezuelensis is
described as hirsute, the figure of rojasi is the one that shows
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 79
the hairs. On the other hand, the shape of these two forms is
closer to that of Thysanophora vanattar (see below).
The sculpture of all of these species is somewhat similar to
that in 7. fuscula (C. B. Adams), T. proxima Pilsbry, and
T. canalis Pilsbry (cf. 1922; Oce. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ.
Mich., no. 106, p. 56), but the subdiscoid shape of crinita and
arubana is more like that of the generic type, T. conspurcatella
(Morelet). The haphazard distribution of the long hairs is
very peculiar, but these are only present in the young shells
of arubana.
Thysanophora vanattai, new species
Type locality: (A4a) at base of northern escarpment, Seroe
Canashito, Aruba.
Distribution : Aruba; Baranca Alto (A2ce; very rare, 1 speci-
men), Rooi Frances (A3; quite infrequent, 33 specimens),
Seroe Canashito (A4; quite rare, 22 specimens). Under lime-
stone rocks, in protected places.
Shell (fig. xv-57): small, depressed turbinate, thin and
translucent; very light horn-colored, almost white; epidermis
thin, but usually incrusted heavily with reddish material and
even small particles from the surrounding rocks. Whorls:
43/,, quite evenly rounded; very gradually increasing ; suture
well impressed; last whorl very slightly descending. Sculp-
ture of last whorl: rounded growth-wrinkles, separated by fine,
impressed lines ; crossed by more oblique striae, which are very
weak and short. Embryonic whorls: 114; practically smooth,
although with extremely minute, irregular punctations,
which have a slight tendency towards spiral arrangement.
Umbilicus: open, circular; about 14 the major diameter of the
shell. Aperture: slightly oblique, broadly elliptical. Peri-
stome : incomplete, simple and sharp.
Radula (fig. xiv-50): C/3, L6/2, M2/3 + (4/4-++) + 1/1;
or 10-6-1-6-10. Central: symmetrical, with rather slender,
sharp cusps. First lateral: similar but asymmetrical, with
entocone lacking; on the inner side of the mesocone is a narrow
80 University of Michigan
expansion, which becomes broader in the successive laterals
until, in the 7th tooth, it develops a small cusp. This cusp be-
comes larger on the 8th, while, in the 9th, the ectocone also
becomes bifid. In the outer marginals, the ectocone breaks up
still more, but the inner two cusps remain about the same.
The outermost tooth is a mere denticle. Jaw (fig. xiv—51):
thin, slightly arcuate; consists of 25 to 27, transverse plates,
which serrate the margins, but appear to be well fused
together.
Measurements
altitude maj. diam. min.diam. lt.apert. diam.apert. whorls
2.58 165 (4.19) 150 (3.92) 55 (1.43) 135 (1.95) 434
This species appears to be somewhat similar to the small
Thysanophorae of Porto Rico and the northern Lesser Antilles,
such as 7. subaquila (Shuttleworth). It is smaller and has a
relatively larger umbilicus.
BULIMULIDAE
Drymaeus virgulatus (Férussac)
Heliz elongata ‘‘Bolten’’ Roeding (1798; Mus. Bolt., 107). Helia
virgulata Férussac (1821; Tabl. Syst., 54; Hist. fig. exlii, 1-7).
Bulimulus apiculatus Gray (1834; P. Z. S., 66); the form with the
bluish apex. H. ludovica ‘‘Rang’’ Beck (1837; Index, 66); reddish,
unicolor form. Bulimus elongatus Bland (1861; Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.
N. Y., VII, 143) ; first Bonaire record. Bulimus elongatus Bland (1866;
Amer. J. Conch., II, 143); first Curagao record. Bulimulus elongatus
Smith (1898; Proc. Mal. Soc., ITI, 114); first Aruba record; collected
by Hartert.
Type locality: Porto Rico.
Distribution: Porto Rico; northern Lesser Antilles; Vene-
zuela? Curacao: in the richer places throughout the island
(C1, 2, 4, 9, 1led, 12a, 18-17, 20; Cb16, 17). Aruba: Seroe
Canashito and Rooi Taki (A4a, 2c). Bonaire: in the better
wooded places throughout the island (B3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; Bb3, 7).
Usually found cemented to the trunks or branches of the larger
trees; often found on the gumbo limbo (Bursera gummifera)
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 81
and guayacan. Quite independent of the nature of the under-
lying rocks.
Férussae apparently based his typical form on Lister’s fig-
ure 2. This shows a rather small ‘specimen with the color-
varices broken by a tendency towards spiral bands. The fig-
ure (a) of Chemnitz (vol. IX, pl. 134, fig. 1225) shows a
specimen with only the varices, while his figure (b) shows
both these and the spiral bands.
In the series from the Dutch Leeward Islands, the color
variation may be analyzed as follows:
Apex: every intergradation between pure white and quite
dark, lilac-blue (apiculatus). Although both extremes com-
monly occur in the same locality, the colonies usually tend
towards a preponderance of one or the other of these color
forms. For instance, 97 per cent. of the specimens from
Bonaire have dark apices, while none of those from Aruba
show this tendency. Both forms are present in about equal
numbers in Curacao as a whole (53 per cent. white, 47 per
cent. blue). As a rule, the blue-tipped shells are more strik-
ingly banded, although some of the shells of this form from
Bonaire are otherwise colorless.
Ground color: dead white in all of my specimens, but in
some the band: coloration is so diffuse as to tinge the last whorl
with light chocolate. Shells in one lot in the A. N. S. P. (no.
2430, collected by Raven), from Bonaire, are salmon-pink and
almost unicolor (ludovica).
Bands: in this species the spiral and growth sets of color
banding seem to struggle for dominancy. When present,
either set may be diffuse or sharply marked, narrow or broad,
and may vary in color from light reddish brown to deep choco-
late with a purplish tinge. Ten per cent. of my specimens are
without bands. Nine per cent. have numerous, quite regular
varices, which are usually quite narrow and sharply marked.
This type of coloration is especially conspicuous near Land-
huis Hato, Curacao (C1led). All of the shells show a distinct
tendency to increase the density of the pigmentation during
the periods of slower growth (this, by the way, is a character-
82 University of Michigan
istic of most of the species in the Dutch Leeward Islands),
and, as a result, the spiral bands are seldom continuous for
any distance. Forty per cent. of the shells may be classed as
flammulated. In this group are included the shells in which
the varices are broken by non-pigmented spiral zones, and also
those in which the continuous or broken varices are flammu-
lated by spirally arranged blotches of color. In 30 per cent.
of the shells, the broken, spiral bands and varices are about
equally prominent, so as to form grid markings. Twelve per
cent. may be classed as spirally banded, although only one
specimen (from B8) has truly continuous, spiral bands for
any distance. Usually, the spiral bands are lightest where the
growth lines are farthest apart; this produces a series of con-
tiguous, oblong blotches, each of which shades from light to
dark in the direction of growth.
Peristomal callus and edge of columella: usually white,
bordered internally by a dark, chocolate band; sometimes the
entire callus is colored practically as dark as the interior of
the aperture.
Interior of the aperture: almost white to dark chocolate,
usually darker than the exterior of the shell, but varying in
intensity of color with it. Commonly the spiral bands and
varices are also darker and broader than on the exterior.
In addition to the color variation, the shells vary consider-
ably in size and shape, and in solidity. The shells from Aruba
are the lightest and smallest, while those from Bonaire are the
largest and most solid. The comparatively small numbers of
specimens make the following dimensions studies less trust-
worthy than in some of the other species. In addition, on ac-
count of the large numbers of immature specimens that. were
present among the adults, only the larger specimens were col-
lected, and the sets are scarcely random lots.
The remarkably discontinuous distribution of D. virgulatus
gives rise to the suspicion that it has been introduced into
Curacao by commerce; it is noteworthy that this species also
occurs in St. Martin and St. Eustatius, two of the islands of
the northern Lesser Antilles, which are also part of the Nether-
lands Colony of Curacao (cf. Vernhout, 1. c., p. 184).
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology
83
Table VIII. Dimensions of Drymaeus virgulatus
Comparison of Stations
place nos.
Lister; fig. 2
Férussac ;
pl. 142B, 1
Cl 26
C2 25
C4 30
C9 +
Clled 21
Cl2a 13
C13 7
Total;
s. Curacao 126
C14 3
C15, 17 24
C16 11
Cb16, 17 2
C20 8
Total;
n. Curacao 48
A2e 5
A4a 5
Total;
Aruba 10
B3 to 7;
Bb3, 7 64
Bs 7
Total;
Bonaire 71
Cl. Quite infrequent.
Quite infrequent.
C4. Frequent, on trees and even the crotons.
C2.
sharply marked.
whorls
6+
7
6.5 (6.0-7.0)
6.4 (6.0-7.0)
6.9 (6.5-7.5)
6.8 (6.5-7.0)
6.5 (6.0-7.0)
6.7 (6.5-7.0)
6.6 (6.0-7.0)
6.6(6.0-7.5)
6.3(6.3-6.5)
6.6(6.3-7.3)
6.6(6.3-7.0)
6.8(6.5-7.0)
6.8 (6.5-7.0)
6.6 (6.3-7.3)
7.1(7.0-7.3)
6.9 (6.8-7.0)
7.0 (6.8-7.3)
7.0(6.5-7.8)
6.6(6.3-7.0)
6.9 (6.3-7.8)
altitude
25.6
32.1
25.5 (23.1-29.3)
26.0 (23.0-29.9)
25.9 (22.5-29.8)
26.6 (26.2-26.8)
25.9 (23.6-28.3)
26.3 (23.4-27.9)
26.6 (24.2-29.6)
26.1 (22.5-29.9)
25.5 (24.0-27.0)
26.6 (23.8-29.2)
27.8 (26.6-30.6)
28.4 (27.5-29.3)
27.4(25.4-29.1)
27.1(23.8-30.6)
25.6 (24.3-27.4)
23.8 (22.7-25.3)
24.7 (22.7-27.4)
28.6 (24.5-32.2)
27.2 (25.2-28.2)
28.4 (24.5-32.2)
C9. Very infrequent. Sharply marked.
Clled. Infrequent.
Cl12a.
index
41
42
46 (44-50)
47 (44-50)
45 (42-49)
46 (45-48)
47 (44-50)
46 (45-48)
47 (43-49)
46 (42-50)
48 (46-50)
46 (43-49)
47 (45-50)
46 (44-48)
45 (44-46)
46 (43-50)
46 (42-47)
47 (46-48)
46 (42-48)
45 (40-50)
47 (45-48)
45 (40-50)
Bright, and sharply marked.
Dull and diffuse coloration.
Sparsely but quite
Sharply and finely marked.
Quite infrequent, on larger trees at base of the escarpment.
maj. diam.
10.6
13.6
12.1(11.1-12.8)
12.2(11.4-13.4)
11.8(10.9-13.1)
12.2(11.9-12.8)
12.2(10.6-13.0)
12.0(10.7-12.7)
12.2 (11.5-12.9)
12.1(10.6-13.4)
12.2(11.9-12.5)
12.1(11.0-13.3)
13.1(12.5-13.8)
13.0(12.9-13.2)
12.2 (11.4-13.1)
12.5 (11.0-13.8)
11.6(11.3-12.1)
11.2(11.0-11.7)
11.4(11.0-12.1)
12.9(11.0-13.8)
12.6(12.1-13.6)
12.9(11.0-13.8)
Peristomal callus heavy; shells rather solid. Dark, broad sharply-marked
bands and varices.
C13. Infrequent, mainly at base of northern escarpment.
diffuse coloration.
C14.
Very infrequent.
Similar to C13.
Bleached,
84 University of Michigan
C15 and Cl7a, lots mixed. Frequent. Shells rather solid, with heavy
peristomal callus. Coloration diffuse, to dark and sharply marked.
C16. Frequent. Shells solid with heavy callus. One specimen has the
heaviest callus in the sets; the shell is 2 mm. thick on the palatal wall.
Dark bands and varices.
Cb16, 17. Rare to infrequent; occurs in the richer valleys throughout
the region of older rocks from Campo Sint Kruis to the Tafelberg of Sint
Hyronimus. Quite heavy, with diffuse markings.
C20. Infrequent. Similar to Cb17.
A2e. Very rare; only found on Cereus in Rooi Taki. Thin and dull-
colored.
A4a. Rare; on trees at base of northern escarpment. Similar to A2e.
B3-7; Bb3, 7. Rare to frequent. In the richer localities, both over
limestone and in the interior region. The largest shells collected; solid
with heavy peristomal callus. Usually rather dull colored.
B8. Quite infrequent. Somewhat smaller than the preceding.
From the comparison of dimensions (Table VIII), it will be
seen that typical D. virgulatus, as judged by the figures, is a
considerably more slender shell than that represented by the
mean of the Curacao specimens, and, in fact, corresponds to
the most slender shells from the Dutch Leeward Islands. It
would be interesting to compare a large lot from Porto Rico.
The radular formula (fig. xiv-52) of a specimen from Seroe
Papaja (Cl1l1c) is: 86-1-86. The central is asymmetrical and
tricuspid. Almost all of the laterals are also tricuspid, but,
as is usual in the genus, the ectocone is very variable and may
be entire and bifid in two consecutive teeth; as a rule, the
outer teeth are more variable than the inner, but the first
lateral itself may be 4-cusped, while the 83rd tooth is com-
monly tricuspid. The transverse rows run obliquely back-
wards to the 54th tooth, which is peculiarly elongate and lacks
the entocone ; with the 55th, the rows curve abruptly forward so
that the entire row has the shape of a broad W (see line under
scale in figure). In the 1st to the 53rd teeth, the entocone is
markedly larger than the ectocone and is quite widely separated
from the mesocone, but the teeth beyond the 54th are more
nearly symmetrical. In addition, the bases, in each portion,
are almost parallel to the direction of the row, so the teeth of
the outer and inner limbs are quite markedly different in ap-
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 85
pearance. The outermost teeth are strongly compressed trans-
versely. This radula is very similar to that figured by Pilsbry
(1902; Man. Conch., XIV, fig. LX-16) for D. interpunctus
(Martens).
Oxystyla maracaibensis imitator Pilsbry
(1899; Man. Conch., XII, p. 140, fig. xxx, 49-54)
Type locality: near Maracaibo, Venezuela.
Distribution: Maracaibo, Venezuela, and Santa Marta, Co-
lombia, to Peru. Aruba: subfossil in the aloe fields on the
western side of the island. Four specimens collected about 1
km. south of Seroe Canashito. From the localities listed, this
appears to be a desert form.
Although all of my specimens are badly bleached, from one
to three spiral bands and two or three varices can be made out.
One specimen is almost a perfect duplicate of fig. 54 in
Pilsbry (1. c.).
Measurements
altitude maj. diam. min.diam. alt.apert. diam.apert. whorls
45.4 61 (27.5) 52 (23.7) 56 (25.5) 69 (17.6) 7
ACHATINIDAE
Genus Neosubulina, subgenus s. s.
Neosubulina Smith (1898; P. Mal. S., III, p. 115); monotype Neo-
subulina harterti Smith, from Bonaire. _
Shell: ovate-turrite ; light-colored and translucent. Whorls:
numerous. Growth-wrinkles of last whorl: well defined.
Embryonic shell (dissected out from parent): 214 to 2%4
whorls; with delicate and regular growth-wrinkles crossed by
spiral striations, which extend to the very apex. Umbilicus:
rendered imperforate by expansion of columellar-parietal
callus. Peristome: thin, sharp, incomplete; lower palatal wall
broadly and slightly emarginate; with a twisted thickening
around the columella, which is present even in the embryonic
shell; parietal wall with a spiral lamella in the adult. Repro-
86 University of Michigan
duction: ovoviviparous; eggs relatively very large, with a
white, granulate capsule. Radula: very similar to that of
Opeas, but with multicuspid marginals.
In this genus (see N. harterti), the inner laterals are tri-
cuspid and almost symmetrical, while the outer ones are re-
duced in size and slightly more tilted inwards; in Leptinaria
(cf. Pilsbry ; 1907; Man. Conch., XVII, fig. xli4), the ento-
cone is very much reduced on the inner laterals, while the
outer ones are extremely elongate. Although the lingual
armature is known only in the typical group, I believe that
Neosubulina includes three subgenera: Pelatrinia Pilsbry (l.
c., p. 324), monotype Leptinaria helenae Pilsbry from Vene-
zuela; Neosubulina s.s. (redeseribed above) from the Dutch
Leeward Islands; and Ischnocion Pilsbry (Il. c.), monotype
Leptinaria triptyx Pilsbry from Colombia. In the first of
these, the shell is subacuminate-turrite; the embryonic whorls
are vertically striate; and only the columellar twist is present
in the adult. In the second, the shell is ovate-turrite; the
embryonic shell is vertically and spirally striate; and a spiral
lamella is present on the parietal wall of the adult. In the
third, the shell is subeylindric-turrite; the embryonic whorls
are practically smooth; and the adult develops a palatal fold
in addition to the columellar twist and the parietal lamella.
Neosubulina harterti Smith
(1898; Proce. Mal. S., III, p. 115, fig. IT) ; collected by Hartert
Type locality: Bonaire; probably near Kralendijk (B1, 2).
Distribution: Bonaire; in the richer localities (B3-6),
buried deeply in limestone talus. The species of this genus
inhabit the rotten mould that fills the deeper crevices of the
detritus ; they seldom occur among the cleaner rock fragments
near the surface, although the latter is the stratum where most
of the other genera were found. For this reason, it is very
difficult to estimate the abundance.
Shell (fig. xvi-61) ; light horn-colored, quite transparent ;
tapers quite regularly from last whorl to apex. Whorls: 9
(maximum observed); later whorls elongate, slightly and
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 87
evenly convex; suture oblique, shallow except near the apex.
Seulpture of last whorl: growth-wrinkles fine, regular and
thread-like, vaguely and very lightly crenulated by a few,
spiral striations. Aperture: elongate-ovate, with long axis
slightly oblique to that of shell. Peristome: columellar trunca-
tion slight in adults but relatively prominent in the embryonic
shell; parietal lamella compressed, present as a thin lamella
on the central axis of the last but dying out on the penultimate
whorl of the adult, present as a fine, internal thread in a young
shell of 514 whorls, not developed in embryonic shell (fig.
xv1—58).
Radula (fig. xiv-53): C/3, L7/3, M4/-+ (10/4-++): or
21-1-21. Very similar to that of Opeas beckianum (cf. 1923;
this series, no. 135, fig. I-6), but the cusps of the inner laterals
are broader and heavier; the teeth in each transverse row de-
crease more rapidly in size towards the outside; and, in the
marginals, the entocone (first), ectocone and mesocone become
subdivided into minor cusps (all usually tricuspid in Opeas).
Jaw (fig. xvi-64): thin, transparent, arcuate, crossed by
numerous, well-impressed lines, which separate rounded, gran-
ulate riblets.
Measurements
alt. maj.diam. alt.apert. diam.apert. whorls
embryo (fig. 58) 1.8 60(1.07) 58 (1.04) 53 (0.55) 244
largest, B6 (fig. 61) 11.5 20(2.33) 22 (2.57) 54(1.39) 9
Smith (1898) 9.0 25(2.25) 22(2.0 ) 8
~As Smith (l.c.) was apparently unfamiliar with the de-
scription of N. gloynii, he did not differentiate the two species.
As a result, his species would be unrecognizable without the
locality. The absence of the parietal lamella in the embryonic
shell indicates that NV. harterti is more distantly related to N.
gloynii and N. scopulorum than they are to each other. The
specimens from the northern localities on Bonaire (my meas-
urements and figures) average slightly larger than do those
from the more southern stations (probably typical hartertt).
Although considerable search was made for it, this species was
not obtained on Klein-Bonaire.
88 Unversity of Michigan
Neosubulina gloynu (Gibbons)
Cionella gloymi Gibbons (1879; J. of Conch., II, p. 135, fig. I-1);
W. G. Binney (1883; Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., III, p. 101, fig. vii-3) ;
radula. Leptinaria gloyni minuscula Pilsbry (1907; Man. Conch.,
XVIII, p. 323, fig. xlvii-18); small form. Leptinaria gloynu H. B.
Baker (1923; this series, no. 137, p. 5, figs. I, 1-3).
Type locality: ‘‘St. Ann’s, numerous under stones,”’
Curacao; probably the Schaarlo (C5c), back of Willemstad.
Distribution : Curacao; in the richer localities, both on lime-
stone (C1-—6, 11, 12, 15, 17, 20) and in the central region (Cb2,
6, 17, 20) ; not found near the shore but reaching an altitude
of 1,200 feet on Sint Christoffelberg. Habits as in hartertt.
This is the only species that was found in the groves of poison-
ous manzalienja trees along the inland water-courses; it was
found in only one such locality (Cb2), although the thick
layers of fallen leaves in these places look like rather favorable
localities for land molluses. 3
Shell (fig. xvi-62): cloudy pearl-colored, usually more
opaque than the other two species; averages larger and tapers
more abruptly near the apex than does harterti. Whorls: 934
(maximum observed) ; later whorls slightly stouter (especially
near the middle of the shell) and lower than in harterti, each
convex above the middle and tapering and flat-sided below so
that they appear to telescope into each other; suture more pro-
nounced and slightly less oblique. Sculpture of last whorl:
growth-wrinkles coarser but more obscure and irregular than
in harterti, also more oblique and markedly arcuate just below
the suture; spiral sculpture quite absent. Aperture: slightly
more elongate and with long axis more oblique to that of shell.
Peristome: columellar truncation of the adult more pro-
nounced ; parietal lamella heavier than in harterti, developed
as a marked angulation (cf. 1923, 1. c., fig. 3) on the central
axis of last and penultimate whorls, low but distinct on the
smaller embryonic shell (fig. xvi-59) ; lower palatal emargina-
tion more pronounced than in hartertt.
In the more barren localities, the shells are usually somewhat
smaller and may be included in the form minuscula (Pilsbry).
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 89
Otherwise the species appears quite constant throughout the
island.
Measurements
alt. maj.diam. alt.apert. diam.apert. whorls
embryo (fig. 59) 1.6 62(0.97) 58 (0.91) 59 (0.53) 21%
largest, C11 (fig.62) 12.7 21(2.65) 22 (2.84) 52 (1.48) 934
Gibbons (1879) 13 23 (3) 9-10
Neosubulina scopulorum, new species
Type locality: (A8) at base of right wall of entrance to
Rooi Frances, Aruba. 5
Distribution: Aruba; richer localities on the limestone
(A2-4). Habits as in harterti.
Shell (fig. xvi-63) : bright horn-colored, quite transparent ;
tapers abruptly near the apex as in gloynii, but is also con-
stricted noticeably just below the middle; attains a much
larger size (and greater number of whorls) than do the other
two species. Whorls: 1134 (maximum observed) ; apical and
subapical quite similar to gloynii; those just below the middle
markedly elongate, convex below the suture but flat-sided and
tapering below the convexity so that the telescopic appearance
is even more marked than in gloyniz; suture more pronounced
and oblique. Sculpture of last whorl: growth-wrinkles more
closely-spaced and angular than in gloynu, but coarser than in
harterti, slightly less oblique than in the former but similarly
arcuate just below the suture; spiral sculpture only indicated
by broad and obscure constrictions. Aperture: shaped much
as in gloyni, but with long axis slightly less oblique to that. of
shell. Peristome: columellar truncation and parietal lamella
of adult higher and larger than in gloynit, relatively as pro-
nounced in the larger embryonic shell (fig. xvi-60) as in the
adult; lower palatal emargination as in gloyndi.
Radula: C/3, L9/3, M12/4 + ; or 21-1-21. Very similar to
that of harterti, but the laterals decrease in size more gradu-
ally and the first 9 teeth are tricuspid. Jaw: very similar to
hartertt.
The embryonic shells figured (figs. xvi, 58-60) were all dis-
sected out of the bodies of the parent shells. As large eggs
90 University of Michigan
were rarely found in specimens from Curacao (June), but
were more common in those from Aruba (July), and were
present in a large proportion of the individuals from Bonaire
(August), it seems probable that the eggs are laid near the
beginning of the wet season. The adult figured (figs. xvi-61,
62, 63) is, in each species, the largest specimen collected. In
all of the species, the spire is often curved out of line with the
lower whorls, but this asymmetry is most common in N.
scopulorum.
Measurements
alt. maj.diam. alt.apert. diam.apert. whorls
Embryo (fig. 60) 1.7 62(1.07) 52(0.90) 60 (0.54) 2%
Type, largest (fig.63) 16.9 16(2.69) 18(2.99) 52(1.57) 11%
UROCOPTIDAE
Brachypodella raven ravem (Crosse)
Cylindrella raveni ‘‘Bland’’ Crosse (1872; J. de C., XX, 157) ; Crosse
and Bland (1873; J. de C., X XI, fig. I-4) ; collected by Raven. Brachy-
podella raveni Pilsbry (1903; Man. Conch., XVI, fig. ix—14); radula.
Type locality: Curacao; probably the Schaarlo (C5e), back
of Willemstad.
Distribution of species: Curacao, Aruba; under limestone
rocks near the surface, in all but the most barren localities.
Distribution of subspecies: Curacao; from New Port north
to Landhuis Hato (at least C1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12).
Shell (fig. xvii-67): brownish in color with lighter ribs,
opaque; subacuminate-turrite, greatest diameter at 214 to 3°
whorls from aperture. Whorls: 14 (in a rather small speci-
men), of which about 9 are usually retained; moderately con-
vex with well-impressed sutures; last whorl with basal carina
below a peripheral emargination. Sculpture of later whorls:
fine, but well-marked growth-riblets, which are usually as wide
or wider than their interspaces and slightly crested over the
basal carina. Embryonic whorls (fig. xvii-73) : apparently 3,
of which the 2nd is as broad or broader than the 3rd; thin,
translucent, amber-colored; sculpture of fine, closely-spaced,
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 91
regular growth-riblets. Plane of aperture considerably in
front of periphery of last whorl. ,
Radula (fig. xvi-65) : C/3-4, L2/2, M7/2 + 1/0; or 8-2-1-
2-8. Central: with very slender base; the outer cusps are
large, but one or two, very variable, smaller cusps lie between
them; this seems to indicate a tooth that is becoming bicuspid
by the suppression of the central cusp of the tricuspid type.
The accessory cusp of the inner lateral is aculeate in shape,
while that of the outer lateral is broader and more hoe-shaped.
The slender bases of the small marginals are very irregular at
their posterior ends, while the lateral corner of the anterior
margin is produced into a sharp point. 124 rows of teeth
counted in a radula which lacks the unformed, posterior
portion.
Jaw: consists of about 44, thin, slender, subrectangular,
overlapping plates, which are shorter near the center where
they form a triangle. ,
Measurements
Shell Spire Aperture Whorls
alt. maj.diam. maj. diam. alt. diam.
C11, entire
(fig. 67) 8.98 29(2.63) 24(2.17) 16(1.46) 104(1.52) 14
C5, largest 7.83 34(2.64) 28(2.76) 21(1.68) 104(1.74) 8
Typical ravemi attains the largest size and has the most
closely spaced riblets of any of the forms in the Dutch Lee-
ward Islands; all of these are placed by their apical sculpture
in the mainland group of Brachypodella s.s. (cf. Pilsbry,
op. cit.). As will be noted from the measurements of this and
the following forms, the few complete shells obtained are con-
siderably below the maximum size. The largest shells also
appear to have developed the greatest number of whorls.
Brachypodella raveni sanctaebarbarae, new subspecies
Type locality: (C2a) at base of northern escarpment of the
Tafelberg of Santa Barbara, southern Curacao.
Distribution: Curacao; only found at the base of the north-
ern and western escarpments of this Tafelberg (C2).
92 University of Michigan
Shell (fig. xvii-68) : considerably smaller and much thinner
and more polished and translucent than raveni. Growth-
riblets of later whorls much lower, more rounded, and more
widely spaced. Aperture relatively larger. Otherwise as in
ravem.
Measurements
Shell Spire Aperture Whorls
alt. maj. diam. maj. diam. alt. diam.
C2, type
(fig.68) 7.75 30(2.32) 26(2.00) 18(1.38) 108(1.49) 13%
C2, largest 7.76 28(2.84) 28(2.19) 23(1.77) 103(1.83) 8
The several hundred specimens collected from the type
locality are all quite distinct from typical ravem, but they do
intergrade slightly with those from near New Port (C1),
which are connected by intermediates with those from the more
northern localities. With equal reason, these two subspecies
could be considered as separate species which produce hybrids
at their point of contact.
Brachypodella raveni knipensis, new subspecies
Type locality : (C17a) Seroe Djerimi, northern Curagao.
Distribution: Curacao; north of Seroe di Boca (at least
Cp, 11, 20).
Shell (fig. xvii-69): averages considerably smaller than
ravem; greatest diameter at about the 3rd whorl above the
aperture. Carina and peripheral emargination carried higher
on the whorls. Growth-riblets of later whorls more widely
spaced and slightly heavier. Otherwise as in ravent.
Measurements
Shell Spire Aperture Whorls
alt. maj. diam. maj. diam. alt. diam.
C17, type
(fig. 69) 7.97 30(2.39) 26(2.05) 16(1.27) 118(1.50) 138%
C17, largest 7.24 36(2.61) 29(2.10) 21(1.51) 107(1.61) 8
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 93
Aperture formation in Brachypodella appears to be
hastened’ by injury and specimens with peculiarly distorted
peristomes are not uncommon. In the present subspecies,
quite 2 number of the specimens, although apparently unin-
jured, are almost perfectly conical, with the last whorl well
rounded and larger than any of the preceding ones; a single
specimen (fig. xvii-72) also has the peristome adnate to the
last whorl.
Brachypodella raveni arubana, new subspecies,
and form sinistrorsa, new
Type locality: (A2b) Seroe Pretoe, between Roois Hundoe
and Spoki, Aruba.
Distribution: Aruba, under limestone rocks. All of the
specimens from A2, and A3, and 93 per cent. of the 105 shells
from A4 are dextral (typical form) ; 7 per cent. of those from
Seroe Canashito (A4), and all from the shore-cliffs between
Perkietenboseh and Kralendijk (A5, quite rare) are sinistral
(form sinistrorsa).
Shell (xvii-70) : similar in size to ravent, but usually more
cylindric; greatest diameter usually above the 3rd whorl; sur-
face more highly polished. Whorls: 1414 (in a medium-sized
specimen), of which about 10 are usually retained; later
whorls less convex than in typical raveni; carina and periph-
eral emargination carried much higher on the shell. Growth-
riblets of last whorl: usually closely-spaced, but much lower
and more rounded than in ravemi; carinal crests poorly de-
veloped or absent. Peristome: reflection broader than in
raven.
Radula and jaw: similar to raveni, but the intermediate
cusps of the central tooth are usually smaller.
Measurements
Shell Spire Aperture Whorls
alt. maj.diam. maj. diam. alt. diam.
A4, complete 8.85 24(2.39) 22(1.99) 18(1.59) 107(1.70) 14%
A2, type, larg-
est (fig.70) 8.32 32(2.67) 26(2.19) 21(1.75) 101(1.76) 8
94 University of Michigan
The specimens from southern Aruba are quite distinct from
any of the other subspecies, but those from the central por-
tions are usually smaller, often have more distinct riblets, and
intergrade slightly with knipensis. The sinistral shells are
similar in sculpture and size to the dextral specimens from
Seroe Canashito (A4), but their definite distribution seems
to require recognition as at least an incipient local race. The
type locality of form sinistrorsa is the top of the low shore-
cliffs just south of Kralendijk (A5c).
Brachypodella gibbonsi, new species
Cylindrella raveni Gibbons (1879; J. of C., I, 340); first Bonaire
record.
Type locality: (B3) base of western escarpment of Mon-
tagne, Bonaire.
Distribution: Bonaire (B3—6, 8), Klein-Bonaire (K1) ; un-
der limestone rocks.
Shell (fig. xvii-71) : considerably smaller, more acuminate,
and lighter in color than raveni; greatest diameter at the
penultimate whorl. Whorls: 1234 (in a medium-sized speci-
men), of which about 8 are usually retained; more convex and
with deeper sutures than raveni; last whorl relatively more
elongate. Growth-riblets of later whorls: much higher, heay-
ier, and more distant than in raveni; expanded into heavy,
white crests over the basal carina. Plane of aperture about
on a level with the periphery of the last whorl (7. e., although
the last whorl is equally tangential, it is not carried as far for-
ward as in raveni). Peristome: heavier. Embryonic whorls
and other characters as in ravent.
Radula (fig. xvi-66) and jaw: very similar to ravent, but
the centrals are usually bicuspid although a rounded projec-
tion is sometimes developed in the shallower notch. 148 trans-
verse rows counted in a complete specimen.
This species has more distant riblets than B. raveni sanctae-
barbarae, while they are heavier than those of the subspecies
knipensis. Although this species does not intergrade with
either, it appears more closely related to the northern and
southern forms than to typical raveni of central Curacao.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 95
Measurements
Shell Spire Aperture Whorls
alt. maj.diam. maj. diam. alt. diam.
B3, type, en-
tire(fig.71) 7.64 34(2.61) 26(2.01) 20(1.50) 99(1.49) 12%
B3, largest 7.10 37(2.61) 31(2.22) 22(1.56) 100(1.56) 8
Microceramus bonairensis bonairensis (Smith)
Pineria bonairensis Smith (1898; Proc. Mal. Soc., III, p. 114, fig. I) ;
collected by Hartert.
Type locality: Bonaire, probably near Kralendijk (B1, 2).
Distribution of species: Bonaire, Klein-Bonaire, Curagao,
and Aruba. Under superficial limestone slabs; this species is
apparently next to the Pupillidae, among the smaller shells,
in its ability to withstand aridity.
Distribution of subspecies: Bonaire (B1-8) and Klein-
Bonaire (K1).
Shell (fig. xvii-74): ovate-lanceolate; penultimate whorl
slightly the broadest. Color: light corneous, marked with
opaque, milky-white, irregular patches. Whorls: about 9;
quite convex; suture well marked. Sculpture of later whorls:
regular, almost contiguous, quite prominent, rounded growth-
riblets, which are not much obscured by the relatively incon-
spicuous, opaque thickenings; basal whorl with slight, spiral
angulation, which is first evident just below the parietal angle
of the aperture. Embryonic whorls: corneous; convex, with
impressed sutures; first half-whorl smooth and polished, re-
mainder with minute, regular, well-marked, and quite closely-
spaced growth-riblets. Umbilicus: distinctly rimate. <Aper-
ture: subcirecular, but distinctly broader than high. Peris-
tome: whitish; slightly thickened and reflected; incomplete ;
thickened and most reflected on the columellar wall. Colu-
mella inside of whorls: slender, with a slight, spiral thickening.
Measurements
Shell Aperture Whorls
alt. maj. diam. alt. diam.
Type (Smith, 1898) 6.0 42(2.5 ) 25(1.5 ) 8%
Fig. 74 (B2) 6.49 49(3.17) 27(1.74) 112(1.95) 8%
96 University of Michigan
Typical bonairensis (Table IX, B2) from southern and cen-
tral Bonaire (B1, 2, 7) and Klein-Bonaire (K1) is quite dis-
tinet in form and sculpture from any of the other subspecies.
However, those from the more northern localities (B5, 6, 8)
are more slender and elongate (Table IX, B8), and the growth
riblets of the lower whorls are weaker and less regular, so
these shells intergrade somewhat with the series from Curacao,
especially with the lots trom the more northern localities of
that island.
In Table IX, the minor diameter is used because of its
greater constancy and on account of the difficulty in the meas-
urement of the major diameters of these small shells by means
of calipers. Throughout this paper, all measurements that
involve two decimal places were made from camera-lucida
drawings under considerable magnification. It will be noted
that I did not obtain any specimens as small as Smith’s meas-
urements would indicate, but this may be due to the fact that
his figures are only to the nearest half-millimeter.
Table IX. Dimensions of Microceramus bonairensis
Place Nos. Whorls Altitude Index Min. Diam.
B2 20 9.0( 8%4- 93%) 7.0(6.3— 7.9) 42(37-44) 2.9(2.8-3.1)
B8 18 9.7( 834-101%4) 7.7(6.5— 8.7) 37(31-43) 2.8(2.7-3.0)
C5 94 10.0( 834-1114) 8.0(6.4-10.2) 36(32-42) 2.8(2.6-3.3)
C17 50 =9.5( 834-10%) 7.2(6.3— 9.2) 37(32-41) 2.7(2.5-3.1)
A4 56 10.8(10 -12%4) 8.6(7.1-10.0) 33(30-36) 2.8(2.5-3.2)
Microceramus bonairensis curacoanus H. Burrington Baker
Macroceramus inermis Gibbons (1879; J. of C., II, 136) ; first Curagao
record; W. G. Binney (1883; Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., ITI, 126); radula.
Microceramus bonairensis cwracoana H. B. Baker (1923; Occ. Papers Mus.
Zool. Univ. Mich.; no. 137, p. 6-7; figs. I-4, 5).
Type locality: (C5e) Schaarlo, back of Willemstad, Curagao.
Distribution : Curacao; under limestone rocks (C1-7, 11-13,
17, 20).
Shell (fig. xvii-75) : more elongate but slightly smaller than
typical bonairensis. Color: light corneous to dark brown;
opaque calluses more conspicuous than in preceding. Whorls:
about 10; less convex and with shallower suture than in
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 97
bonairensis. Sculpture of later whorls: growth-riblets low,
irregularly-spaced, often almost obsolete on last whorl; the
calluses often obliterate the interspaces and may be decorated
with faint, spiral thickenings; basal angulation slightly more
prominent than in bonairensis. Aperture: subcireular. Other-
wise as in bonmrensis.
Measurements
Shell Aperture Whorls
alt. maj. diam. alt. diam.
Type, fig. 75 (Cdc) 8.20 37(3.02) 22(1.84) 109(2.01) 10%
Fig. 76 (C17) 7.20 37(2.66) 23(1.64) 108(1.76) 914
The radula of this form has been described and figured in
a former paper (1923; op. cit., fig. I-5). As indicated, it ap-
pears closest to that of M. pontificus, but it differs from the
radulae of the more northern species in its simply unicuspid
central. The 105 transverse rows are almost straight.
Typical cwracoanus (Table IX, C5) is distributed through-
out the limestone portions of central and southern Curacao
(C1-7, 11,12). In the more northern localities (C13, 17, 20),
it is represented by a smaller form (Table [X, C17; fig. xvii—
76) with slightly more regular growth sculpture.
Microceramus bonairensis arubanus, new subspecies
Type locality: (A4b) top of Seroe Canashito, Aruba.
Distribution: Aruba; under limestone rocks (A2-5).
Shell (fig. xvii-77) : more elongate than curacoanus. Color:
lighter and more translucent, calluses less conspicuous than
in preceding. Whorls: about 1034; more convex and with
better impressed suture than either of the other subspecies.
Sculpture of last whorl: growth-riblets more regular than in
curacoanus but much lower and more rounded than in bonair-
ensis ; calluses thin but widespread, usually with several spiral
thickenings; basal angulation more noticeable than in the
other subspecies. Otherwise as in curacoanus.
This (Table IX, A4) is the largest form of the species, and
also develops the greatest number of whorls. Its sculpture
98 University of Michigan
and form are much closer to curacoanus than that subspecies is
to bonmrensis.
Measurements
Shell Aperture Whorls
alt. maj. diam. alt. diam.
Type, fig. 77 (A4) 9.96 33(3.32) 20(2.02) 104(2.10) 12%
Table X. Type Measurements of New Forms of Cerion wa
Shell Spire Aperture Whorls
alt. maj.diam. diam. alt.’ diam.
diablensis,
fig. xvili—A2 (C12b) 19.4 40( 7.8) 40( 7.8) 30(5.7) 96(5.5) 11%
hatoensis,
fig. xvili-F'6 (Clld) 25.1 45(11.3) 45(11.2) 29(7.4) 99(7.3) 12%
djerimensis,
fig. xix-Al (Cl7c) 18.2 45( 8.1) 45( 8.1) 31(5.6) 95(5.3) 10%4
knipensis,
fig. xix-F5 (Cb17b) 25.2 44(11.1) 44(11.1) 32(8.1) 97(7.9) 11%
arubanum,
fig. xx-C3 (A2c) 21.2 47(10.0) 44( 9.3) 33(6.9) 91(6.3) 11%
kralendijki,
fig. xxi-A2 (B1) 18.9 46( 8.7) 44( 8.4) 32(6.0) 102(6.1) 10
bonmrensis,
fig. xxi-F'6 (B5) 26.9 42(11.3) 40(10.8) 32(8.7) 94(8.1) 12
CERIONIDAE
Cerion wva uva (Lin.)
Turbo wa Lin. (1758; Syst. Nat., X, 765) ; description unrecognizable
but the first reference to a figure (Pet. gaz. t., 27, f. 2) is this species.
Cerion vulgare ‘‘Bolten’’ Roeding (1798; Mus. Bolt., 90); the reference
to Knorr 6, t. 25, f. 4. Cerion apiarum ‘‘ Bolten’’ Roeding (I. ¢.) ; simply
a reference to Turbo wa Gmelin. Pupa wa Schubert and Wagner
(1829; Conch. Cab., XII, pl. 235, figs. 4122, 4123). Pupa wa Beck
(1837; Index, 82); the first citation of Curacao as the habitat. Cerion
woa Moerch (1852; Cat. Yoldi, 33). Turbo wa Hanley (1855; Ipsa
Linn. C., 343); Linnaean specimens like figures in Conch. Cab. (see
above). Cerion wa desculptum Pils. and Vanatta (1896; P. A. N.S. P.,
pp. 318, 328; fig. xi-1); form with reduced sculpture.
Type locality : unknown; probably the Schaarlo (C5e), back
of Willemstad, Curacao.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 99
Distribution of species: Curacao; practically everywhere on
the limestone, and also invading the region of the older rocks.
Bonaire: as prevalent as on Curacao. Klein-Bonaire: every-
where. Aruba: Perkietenboseh and Baranca Alto. Mainly on
brush and eacti a short distance above the ground, but also
on and under rocks. Very abundant in favorable localities;
as many as 150 per square meter counted. 2,737 adults col-
lected.
Distribution of subspecies: Curacao; the southern portion,
north of Kaap Sint Marie and Landhuis Hato (at least) ;
mainly on limestone (C1—13), but also narrowly invades the
region of the older rocks (Cb6, 10).
Extreme variability appears to be a characteristic of this
genus. In order to obtain some statistical idea of the amount
and character of the variation in C. wva, the altitude, major
diameter (exclusive of aperture), and the number of whorls
were ascertained in all of the Curacao specimens collected.
These data indicate that the variation may be immediately
divided into two phases: the number of whorls and the dia-
meter of the shell. The former would seem to be simply a
function of the period of growth; while the latter expresses
actual variation in size (dwarfing or gigantism). The dia-
meter does not seem to be especially correlated with the num-
ber of whorls; in other words, the larger shells do not appear
to develop more whorls, although this is not strictly true of
the extremes in size. Inside of each subspecies, on the other
hand, the altitude is very closely correlated with the number
of whorls (see Table XI).
Table XII shows immediately that neither of these varia-
tions is geographical; colonies with low (or high) means occur
in widely separated places. The explanation is, I believe,
purely ecological. The size of the shells (7.e., the diameter)
appears to be directly dependent on the richness of the habitat.
Almost without exception, the lots, with a mean major diam-
eter of over 10 mm., occur in the most heavily wooded por-
tions of the limestone or central region; these places are
usually near the larger hills, which probably increase the rain-
100 University of Michigan
fall in their near vicinity. The number of whorls (and the
altitude) appears to be inversely proportional to the amount
of exposure to the dry trade-winds; this factor probably acts
through increase in the rate of evaporation, which would de-
crease the length of the active periods of the cerions. All of
the lots, which have a mean number of whorls that approaches |
12, are from the base of escarpments, usually on the lee side
of the larger hills.
Typical C. uva uva probably comes from the hills behind
Willemstad. This lot (Table XI) happens to give a mean size
and the mean number of whorls near those of all of the lots
taken together. Although the change in form, due to the num-
ber of whorls and the resultant difference in altitude, is very
conspicuous (Plate XVIII), it is too variable to be of any
racial importance; in fact, aperture formation appears to be
hastened by injury. The actual size of the shells seems more
important, and the extreme lots deserve recognition as ecologi-
cal forms. The most dwarfed shells may be called form
diablensis, new (fig. xviili-A2), with the top of Ronde Klip
(C12b) as the type locality. The largest shells also have the
heaviest sculpture, and may be included in the form hatoensis,
new (fig. xviii-F6), with the eastern escarpment of Seroe
Spelonk, near Landhuis Hato (C11d) as the type locality.
C. uva uva is mainly restricted to the limestone outcrops,
but in a few places invades the borders of the central region
of older rocks. In these localities (Cb6, 10), a rather large
portion of the shells show a tendency to reduce the sculpture
(figs. xvili-C6, D5), and even the sculptured shells are usually
rather slender. Practically smooth shells occur, and have been
described as C. uva desculptum; the exact type locality of
this very conspicuous form is unknown, but it is probably
somewhere around Sint Anna Baai (Cb6b).
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 101
Table XI. Variation in Cerion wva wa from Substations C5c, d44
A. Variation by Altitude Class
Whorl Class (by half-whorls)
Alt. Mean
Class.) S100) )l0!5) 210) Sse 1220) 12:5) 130) “Whorls
17.0 al 3 10.4
17.9 1 5 4 10.6
18.8 10 19 5 10.9
19.7 5 49 25 2 iio
20.6 3 27 48 14 11.4
21.5 5 49 24 3 11.6
22.4 2 ah 35 4 11.9
23.3 +f if 12.3
24.2 i 2 12.3
25.1 2 13.0
Mean
Altitude 17.4 188 198 20.8 218 22.8 25.1
B. Variation by Major Diameter Class
Whorl Class (by half-whorls)
Maj. Diam. Mean
Class 10.0 105 11.0 115 12.0 12.5 13.0 Whorls
8.6 1 4 3 Z 2 11.0
9.0 3 15 19 12 } 11.4
9.4 7 37 47 25 6 1 11.5
9.8 1 8 34 47 26 7 11.4
10.2 4 14 20 11 2 1 11.5
10.6 3 4 2 li 11.5
Mean
Maj. Diam. 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.6 9.6 Det 9.8
C. Variation by Major Diameter Index Class
Whorl Class (by half-whorls)
Index Mean
Classe LOO etOloe IO) 9 115 2 TO 2b 13:0) Wihorls
56 2 10.5
53 1 5 10 1 10.8
50 il 11 39 23 S alalaal
47 8 47 64 14 1 11.3
44 10 46 42 8 ili ley(
41 4 18 Uf if iP
38 1 iL 1 12.5
Mean
Index 51 50 48 46 44 43 39
44 The columns of figures in the central portions of the subtables give
the number of individuals which fall into each category.
Cerion uva knipensis, new subspecies
102 University of Michigan
Table XII. Mean and Extreme Dimensions of Cerion wa uva
Comparison of Stations
Place Nos. Whorls Altitude Index Maj. Diam.
Clld 57 11.8(10.5-13.0) 22.1(18.8-25.0) 46(42-54) 10.3(9.3-11.3)
Cl1le 104 11.6(10.5-13.0) 21.0(18.5-24.1) 48(40-60) 10.2(9.1-11.4)
C6e 77 11.5(10.0-12.5) 21.2(17.6-23.6) 48(41-60) 10.2(8.9-11.2)
Cl 32 11.1(10.0-12.0) 20.0(16.8-23.4) 51(43-59) 10.2(9.3-11.2)
Cl2a 53 12.0(11.0-13.0)a 23.1(20.6-25.3) 44(39-51) 10.1(9.4-11.0)
C4 103 11.6(10.5-13.0) 21.8(18.7-25.2) 46(39-55) 10.1(9.1-11.1)
C8 60 11.8(10.5-13.0) 22.1(19.1-15.1) 45(40-52) 10.0(9.2-11.2)
C2 122 11.9(10.0-14.0) 21.8(17.6-26.4) 46(37-60) 9.9(8.2-10.9)
Cllab 70 11.2(10.0-12.5) 20.0(16.5-23.7)b 48(41-55) 9.9(8.2-10.6)
C7ab 95 11.3(10.5-12.5) 21.0(18.3-24.0) 47(41-53) 9.8(8.9-10.8)
C13 51 12.2(10.5-13.5) 22.1(17.0-26.6) 44(37-56) 9.7(8.9-10.7)
C9 10 11.3(10.5-12.5) 19.6(17.5-21.5) 49(45-59) 9.7(9.2-10.2)
C6ab 67 11.6(10.0-12.5) 21.3(18.1-24.7) 45(39-52) 9.6(8.6—10.4)
Cded 370 11.4(10.0-13.0) 20.7(17.0-25.2) 46(38-56) 9.6(8.6—10.8)
Cdab 110 11.4(10.5-12.5) 20.3(17.9-24.2) 46(40-54) 9.6(8.6-11.2)
Cb6 52 11.6(10.5-12.5) 21.3(19.38-24.7) 44(37-50) 9.5(8.7-10.1)
C3 54 11.4(10.5-12.5) 20.0(17.3-23.1) 47(40-55) 9.5(8.4-10.3)
Cb10 45 11.7(10.5-13.5) 21.3(18.7-25.5) 44(37-52) 9.4(8.4-10.3)
C10 48 11.3(10.0-12.5) 19.8(16.8-23.6)¢ 47(38-54) 9.2(8.5-10.1)
C12b 63 11.5(10.5-12.5) 20.1(17.4-22.6) 45(39-52) _9.1(7.8-10.0)
Total 1643 11.6(10.0-14.0) 21.0(16.5-26.6) 46(37-60) 9.8(7.8—11.4)
a Bimodal: 11.5 and 12.5; b bimodal: 19.7 and 21.5; ¢ bimodal: 18.8 and 21.5.
Type locality: (Cb17b) valley between Seroes Palomba and
Baha Hoendoe, northern Curacao.
Distribution: Curacao; north of Seroe Grandi; both on
limestone (C1420), and in the higher hills on outerops of
the older rocks (Cb16, 17, 20).
burrowing more deeply in the talus of the older rocks.
adults collected.
This subspecies (Plate XIX) has higher whorls than typical
In the statistical study, the data for each lot were ar-
Uva.
Similar in habits to wva, but
429
ranged in three tables, with vertical columns for the whorl
classes and transverse rows to indicate, in the different tables,
the altitude, major diameter and index classes (cf. Table XI).
This brought out the fact that, in C. wva uva, the altitude was
very closely correlated with the number of whorls, but did not
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 103
vary greatly with the diameter. Although considerable indi-
vidual variation is present, the means show that C. wva knipen-
sis (Table XIII) quite consistently has a greater altitude for
the same number of whorls. The only lots of C. wva uva that
tend to approach them, in this particular, are the very large
shells from near Landhuis Hato (Clle, d, and Cl12a).
The typical specimens (fig. xix-F'5) of this subspecies come
from the wooded valleys of the higher hills, in the region of
the older rocks. These shells are very large, and have a pecul-
iar, porcellanous texture, which contrasts rather markedly
with the chalky surface of most of the shells from the lime-
stone outcrops. In addition, a few specimens show a slight
tendency to reduce the sculpture, although most of them are
quite as heavily sculptured as typical C. uwva wva.
C. wa knipensis (Table XIII) shows the same type of
ecological variation discussed in C. uva uva (Table XII).
Many of the animals mature with a smaller number of whorls
than do any of the typical subspecies. In addition, there is a
similar amount of variation in the major diameter. The small-
est specimens may be called form djerimensis, new (fig.
xix—Al), with the top of the shore cliffs near Plaja Djerimi
(C17c) as the type locality. j
Table XIII. Mean and Extreme Dimensions of Cerion wa knipensis
Comparison of Stations
Place Nos. Whorls Altitude Index Maj. Diam.
C18 24 11.2(10.5-12.0) 21.3(18.3+23.6) 49(44-55) 10.5(9.5-11.2)
Cb17, 20 72 11.9(11.0-13.0) 24.0(20.5-27.8)a 43(34-50) 10.3(9.3-11.2)
Cb16 16 11.4(11.0-12.5) 22.8(20.9-26.1) 45(37-49) 10.1(9.6—10.6)
C20 31 11.5(10.5-12.5) 22.5(19.8-25.6) 45(37-51) 10.0(9.1-10.7)
C16 34 11.2(10.5-12.5) 21.7(19.4-25.6) 46(39-51) 10.0(9.0—-10.5)
Cl7a 55 11.1(10.5-12.5) 21.2(18.8-24.8) 47(42-53) 9.9(9.1-11.0)
Olds 17a 81 11.1(10.0-12.5) 21.2(18.3-24.2) 46(39-53) 9.7(8.7—-10.6)
C19 41 10.5( 9.5-11.5) 20.2(17.6-22.7) 48(44-55) 9.6(8.8—10.5)
C14 54 10.8( 9.5-12.0) 20.0(17.2-24.3) 47(37-53) 9.4(8.6—10.6)
C17be 21 10.5( 9.5-11.5) 19.7(17.2-24.3) 46(39-53) 9.1(8.1-10.1)
Total 429 11.1( 9.5-13.0) 21.5(17.2-27.8) 46(34-55) 9.9(8.1-11.2)
aBimodal: 22.4 and 25.1.
104 University of Michigan
Cerion uva arubanum, new subspecies
Cerion uva Smith (1898; Proc. Mal. Soe., III, 114); the first Aruba
record; collected by Hartert.
Type locality: (A2c) Baranca Alto, Aruba.
Distribution: Aruba; living shells only found in a colony at
the type locality and in another just north of Perkietenboseh
(A2c,A5a); subfossil throughout the limestone portions of
the island. Similar in habits to wva. 322 adults collected.
Although considerable individual variation (Plate XX)
occurs, the last whorl near the aperture tends to jut out tan-
gentially in this subspecies, so that the palatal wall of the
peristome usually projects out from the preceding whorls
to a greater extent than in C. uva uva and knipensis. As a
result of this, the umbilicus is usually larger and more open
in the specimens from Aruba. In making the measurements
of the major diameter in the two subspecies from Curacao,
the calipers seldom touched the aperture, while in C. uva aru-
banum, the palatal wall almost always interfered. In all eases,
the major diameter was taken exclusive of the aperture, so
the true greatest width of C. wa arubanum is slightly larger
than the data in Table XIV would indicate. In other par-
ticulars, this form is similar to the smaller and more slender
lots of C. wa uva, although the whorls tend to be slightly
lower than in any of the Curacao lots except those from
station C13.
The peculiar restriction of the living cerions on Aruba to
two isolated colonies is very puzzling, especially since this
species very evidently was almost universally distributed on
the island in former times. Subfossil shells occur almost
everywhere on the limestone, and also are cemented into blocks
of phosphate near Culebra (A1). It does not seem possible
that this former distribution has been reduced by the extensive
cultivation of aloes, as living shells actually occur on this plant
in station A4e, while they are absent from the large, limestone
plateaus east of Savaneta and Sint Nicolaas, and these hills
appear to be mainly undisturbed by man. Although Aruba
has a more arid climate than the other islands and appears
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 105
to be more subject to pronounced dry periods, it is rather diffi-
cult to understand how such a resistant species as Cerion uva
could have been partially exterminated by these factors. In
addition, the living colonies are not in the most heavily wooded
places. _
The specimens from the two colonies differ slightly from
each other in dimensions, and one lot is lighter in color than
the other. However, these divergences hardly seem worthy
of rank as separate forms. Some specimens show a slight
approach towards C. wa desculptum.
Cerion uva bonairensis, new subspecies
Type locality: (B5) Porta Spano, Bonaire.
Distribution : Bonaire ; everywhere on limestone (B1 to B9),
and in the richer habitats on the older rocks (Bb3, 7, 9).
Klein-Bonaire: everywhere (K1). 348 adults collected.
Table XIV. Mean and Extreme Dimensions of Cerion wa arubanum
and bonairensis
Comparison of Stations
Place Nos Whorls Altitude Index Maj. Diam.
A2e 200 11.9(11.0-13.5) 21.6(18.7-25.9) 44(37-51) 9.4(8.3-10.3)
Ada 122 12.2(11.0-14.0) 22.5(20.0-27.4) 43(36-50) 9.6(8.7—10.8)
Totals,
Aruba 322 12.0(11.0-14.0) 22.0(18.7-27.4) 43(36-51) 9.5(8.3-10.8)
Bb3 12 11.7(11.0-12.5) 24.1(22.2-25.8) 43(40-48) 10.3(9.9-10.7)
B5 39 11.5(10.5-12.5) 22.2(19.6-26.8) 44(39-53) 10.3(8.9-11.0)
B8 58 11.3(10.5-12.5) 21.8(19.7-24.4) 45(38-49) 9.9(9.0—-10.8)
B7 51 11.5(10.5-12.0) 22.4(19.6-25.4) 44(39-50)- 9.8(9.0-10.9)
Bb7 20 11.5(10.5-13.0) 22.3(19.7-25.4) 44(39-50) 9.7(9.0-10.2)
B4 17) =11.4(10.5-12.5) 21.9(19.2-24.1) 44(37-51) 9.7(8.4-10.3)
K1 28 11.2( 9.5-12.0) 21.2(16.0-24.2) 46(41-61) 9.7(8.9-10.7)
B3 44 10.9( 9.5-12.0) 21.0(17.1-23.1) 47(41-55) 9.7(8.9-10.5)
B6 6 10.8(10.5-11.5) 19.7(19.2-20.2) 49(47-51) 9.6(9.1—-10.1)
B9, Bb9 28 11.1(10.0-12.0) 20.4(18.2-23.9) 45(38-53) 9.1(8.2—10.2)
Bl 31 10.9(10.0-11.5) 20.0(17.8-21.2) 46(41-52) 9.1(8.4— 9.6)
B2 9 10.7(10.0-12.0) 19.7(17.2-23.1) 47(42-51) 9.1(8.4—10.1)
Totals,
Bonaire 343 11.2( 9.5-13.0) 21.6(16.0-26.8) 45(37-61) 9.7(8.2-11.0)
106 University of Michigan
In this subspecies (Plate X XI), as in arubanum, the palatal
wall of the peristome projects out markedly from the preced-
ing whorls. However, the aperture is usually broader, instead
of twisted tangentially, so that the umbilicus is smaller, and
more like that of the typical subspecies. Also, C. uva bonmr-
ensis (Table XIV) has high whorls similar to knipensis, and
the cleaned surface of the shell resembles dead-white enamel
while that of the other species is chalky-white or porcellanous.
As in the subspecies from Curacao, the Bonaire lots vary in
size with the richness of the locality. Typical bonairensis
(fig. xxi-F'6) includes the larger shells of the series, while the
smaller lots may be called form kralendijki, new (fig. xxi-A2),
with the recent limestone just south of Kralendijk (B1) as
the type locality. Although the cerions of Bonaire invade the
central regions of older rocks to a considerable extent, the form
desculptum appears to be quite absent.
INTRODUCED AND DOUBTFUL SPECIES
Outside of the hofje of Campo Knip, and a few borders near
the highways, no detailed examination of the cultivated ground
was made. A more thorough study of the irrigated fields and
gardens would probably add considerably to the following list.
Some of the coco plantations and orchards are several acres in
extent, and the borders of the better watered ones have de-
veloped considerable leaf mould. However, such introduced
" species have no bearing on the zodgeographical affinities of the
islands and, while interesting, would certainly add very little
to our knowledge of the natural fauna.
TRUNCATELLIDAE
Truncatella bilabiata (Pfeiffer)
The last 1144 whorls of a bleached shell, from the hofje of
Campo Klein Piscadera (Cb7). This belongs to the almost
smooth form of the species, and the growth-ribs are only rep-
resented by buttresses near the suture.
. HELICIDAE
Thysanophora crinita arubana H. Burrington Baker
One dead, bleached specimen, from the hofje of Klein Pisea-
=
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 107
dera (Cb7), is probably this form, although its condition does
not permit of its certain identification. In this connection, it
is at least interesting that the only amphibian collected in
Curacao, Pleurodema brachyops (Cope), is said by the in-
habitants to have been introduced from Aruba in sand for
construction.
Pleurodonte lima (Férussac)
Heliz lima Férussae (1821; Tabl. Syst., 32; Hist., fig. xlvi-l, 2). HZ.
lima Pfr. (1848; Mon. Helic. Viv., I, 266); exclusive of var. B. Pleuro-
donte lima Pilsbry (1889; Man. Conch., V, 58); exclusive of Otala
asperula, in synonymy, and the reference to Curagao.
As discussed under the next species, there is no reason for
the citation of P. lima from Curaeao.
Pleurodonte incerta (Férussac)
Helix lima ‘‘variété et jeune age’’ Férussac (Hist., fig. xlvi, A-44, 5).
Helix incerta Férussac (Hist., fig. ev-2). Otala asperula Beck (1837;
Index, 36) ; founded on ‘‘H. Hgen. lima, var. notabilior Fér.; F. H.,
xlv, A, 4-5.’’ Helix lima, var. B Pfr. (1848; Mon. Helic. Viv., I, 266).
H. lima var. notabilis ‘‘ Fér.’’ Pfr. (l. c.); in synonymy. H. incerta var.
notabilis Albers-Martens (1860; Die Heliceen, 144). Plewrodonte incerta
Pilsbry (1889; Man. Conch., V, 57-58). Plewrodonte incerta Vernhout
(1914; Notes Leyden Mus., 179). P. lima Vernhout (l.c.).
In the Histoire, Férussae illustrated his typical form of
H. lima on Plate 46, but also figured an unnamed ‘‘variety’’
on Plate 46A. Beck founded his Otala asperula on this ‘‘nota-
bilior’’ variety,*® and added ‘‘I. Curacao’’ as the type locality
of his new species. Pfeiffer placed Beck’s species, along with
““ HH. lima var. notabilis Fér.’’ (the first use of the latter name),
in the synonymy of his H. lima, var. 8, and quoted Curacao
as the locality. On the other hand, Albers-Martens regarded
notabilis as a variety of H. incerta, and so, very naturally,
included Curacao as the habitat. Pilsbry followed Albers-
Martens in the disposition of notabilis, but copied Pfeiffer in
the inclusion of Otala asperula, and its locality, under H. lima.
45 xlvy, A is obviously a misprint for Plate 46A.
108 University of Michigan
Thus all of the Curacao citations of either of these two species,
and Vernhout’s quotation of both of them, may be traced back
to Beck’s exceedingly dubious record. Finally, if Férussae’s
variety requires a name, it must be called Plewrodonte incerta
asperula (Beck) ; this form is now known to occur in Porto
Rico.
BULIMULIDAE
Drymaeus multilineatus (Say)
Bulimus multilineatus Say (1825; Jour. A. N. 8. P., V, 119). Bulimus
torallyi, var. B. sisalensis Bland (1868; Amer. J. Conch., 192); first
Curacao record.
Type locality: southern part of east Florida.
Distribution: southern Florida and Yucatan to northern
South America.
This species has been quoted from Curacao by several
authors, and two lots in the A. N. S. P. (no. 25896 and 25900;
Swift Collection, collected by Raven) are certainly nothing
else (cf. Pilsbry; 1899; Man. Conch., XII; p. 29 and fig.
xi-32). In 1920, I collected two dead bleached specimens
on the Schaarlo (C5c), at the edge of Willemstad, but no addi-
tional specimens were obtained in 1922. It may still occur
in the gardens in Willemstad, or on some of the irrigated
plantations. This species thrives in cultivated places, and I
have no doubt that it has been introduced into many parts of
its present range. It does not appear to be established, under
natural conditions, on Curae¢ao.
LTigwus virgineus (Lin.)
This Hispanolan species has been listed from Curacao by
Vernhout (1914; Notes Leyden Mus., 179, 180). As I did
not obtain it, I can only add that, as yet, it does not appear
to have escaped from cultivation.
ACHATINIDAE
Opeas micra (D’Orbigny )
Stenogyra octonoides Gibbons (1879; J. of Conch., II, 136); first ree-
ord from Curacao.
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 109
Two dead specimens were obtained from leaf mould along
the road at Campo Klein Piscadera (Cb7). This species has
been widely distributed by commerce.
ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL AFFINITIES OF THE MoLLUSCAN FAUNA
In the study of the terrestrial, molluscan fauna of these
islands, five, salient characteristics appear. (1) There is a very
high percentage of endemism. (2) Sublittoral, limestone-loving
species preponderate. (3) Typically South American groups
are completely absent. (4) Several Antillean groups form
conspicuous components of the total population. (5) Neverthe-
less, the closest affinities shown by any of the individual species
are with forms from northern South America.
Two genera (Stoastomops and Cistulops), three subgenera
(Bonairea, Neosubulina s. s., and Cerion s. s.), and a section
(Tudora s.s.) are, as far as known, endemic to the Dutch
Leeward Islands. Only three of the well-established species,
Drymaeus virgulatus, Thysanophora crinita and Oxystyla
maracaibensis, are known to extend their range beyond the
islands. The first of these is a species of Porto Rico and the
northern Lesser Antilles. Although it is certainly widespread
in the undisturbed portion of the Dutch Leeward Islands, its
remarkably discontinuous distribution, as already indicated,
arouses the suspicion that its dissemination may be due to the
agency of man. The last two are species of northern South
America, and only reach Aruba (although 7. crinita was
found in ruderal conditions on Curacao); the Oxystyla ap-
pears to be entirely subfossil.
The endemism of the fauna of Bonaire, Klein-Bonaire and
Curacao is readily accounted for on the basis of their geo-
graphic isolation. As already described, the depth of ocean
between these islands and the mainland indicates a separation
at least as remote as that between South America and the
northern Lesser Antilles. Aruba, on the other hand, lies in
quite shallow water, and it is rather remarkable that its fauna
does not contain an even larger proportion of South American
invaders.
110 University of Michigan
Practically all of the molluses of the islands show a marked
preference for limestone rock, and most of them do not occur
in localities where the soil is non-caleareous. Drymaeus virgu-
latus, Succinea gyrata and Guppya molengraaffi are the con-
spicuous exceptions to this general rule. The first two appear
to be mainly dependent on the development of trees and brush,
while the last was only found near the summit of Sint Chris-
toffelberg (Cb20). Although several species invade the more
heavily wooded portions in the higher hills of the older rocks,
they are much rarer in these places than on the limestone.
The deep aestivation of Zudora fossor and the loss of sculp-
ture in Cerion uva have already been correlated with this
species.
In addition, the fauna is characteristic of coastal conditions.
Cerion, especially, is usually limited, throughout its distribu-
tion, to the near vicinity of the seashore. The highland rain-
forest elements of both the Antilles and South America have
not obtained a footing on the present islands, although Guppya
molengraaffi appears to be limited to the region where such
conditions are most nearly approached. In places where such
a mesophytie fauna is present, its more hardy members may
invade the coastal region, but in the Dutch Leeward Islands
the opposite is true, and even the cerions reach to the highest
altitudes (1,200 feet).
As a result of these ecological limitations, the fauna is only
comparable to that of similar regions in the Antilles and on
the mainland. This type of habitat has been quite thoroughly
studied in the former, but, in South America, collectors have
directed most of their attention to the richer inland forests.
A detailed study of the caleareous portion of the shore zone of
northern South America (cf. W. Sievers; 1896; 1. c., pl. X)
might add considerably to our knowledge of the Antillean
elements in this region. On the basis of the present data, it
can only be stated that Aruba, as well as the other Dutch Lee-
ward Islands, is markedly isolated ecologically from the known
portions of the mainland. The similarity of the fauna of
Aruba and that of the other islands and its lack of resemblance
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 111
to the known South American fauna, can only be explained
on this basis.
As already indicated, one of the most notable features of
this island fauna is the total absence of typically South Amer-
ican groups, such as the Streptaxidae and the Strophocheili-
nae, and the paucity of others, such as the Achatinidae and
Bulimulidae. In fact, not a single, characteristically South
American genus reaches these islands, although four (Dry-
maeus, Oxystyla, Thysanophora and Guppya) might be con-
sidered as widely distributed, tropical or subtropical groups
which penetrate South America to a considerable extent.
On the other hand, Cerion is practically limited to the
northern Antilles and Florida, although a single species, Cerion
antonu (Kuester), has been deseribed from Guiana. Micro-
ceramus is another Antillean genus, which reaches the main-
land of North America but is apparently lacking from the
southern Antilles and South America. Stoastomops is, I be-
heve, most closely related to Stoastoma from Jamaica, while
Cistulops appears to have distant affinities with Troschelvin-
dex from central Cuba. The Chondropominae are also a char-
acteristically Antillean group, although they reach the main-
land in many places around the Caribbean and the Gulf of
Mexico. In addition, the two freshwater species, Potamopyr-
gus parvulus and Planorbis pallidus, are widely distributed
in the Antilles, although they are represented by closely re-
lated species in northern South America.
Although the molluscan fauna of these islands is thus
mainly Antillean in its general affinities, some of the individual
groups are most closely related to those of northern South
America. For example, Tudora rupis, T. muskusi and T.
aurantia are placed in the section Tudorata, along with Tudora
plicatula from Venezuela. Also, the genus Neosubulina is
known only from the Dutch Leeward Islands and northern
South America, while Brachypodella raveni and gibbonsi be-
long to the mainland group of their genus. Finally, Oxystyla
maracaibensis imitator and Thysanophora crinita have already
been listed as South American species that also occur in Aruba.
112 University of Michigan
These peculiarities of distribution may be explained by the
hypothesis that the molluscan species of the Dutch Leeward
Islands are considerably changed remnants of the ancient
Antillean fauna of Archiguiana (cf. Von Ihering, 1907;
Archhelenis and Archinotis, p. 111). On the mainland, this
fauna is largely replaced by Brazilian and northern, conti-
nental elements, although it may still be represented by
Brachypodella, various Pomatiasidae, probably such groups
as Sericea, Analcadia and Tamsiana among the Helicinidae,
and the Lesser Antillean group of Amphicyclotus among the
Cyclophoridae. The Oleacinid group Ravenia from Los
Roques is another Antillean group of this same general region.
In addition, there are a number of doubtful species, such as
Eutrochatella semilirata, Helicina kienert and Chondropoma
subauriculatum, described as from Venezuela (cf. no. 137 of
this series), and Cerion antonu, cited above, which arouse the
suspicion that a more thorough study of the northern coast
of South America may bring a greater number of these
‘*relies’’ to light.
However, it is somewhat doubtful if the Dutch Leeward
Islands could have retained their species as the direct and con-
tinuous descendants of the faunas of such a land mass. The
present altitude of such late Tertiary coral formations as
the cap of the Tafelberg of Sint Hyronimus (C20) seem to
indicate a possibility that the islands were completely sub-
merged in comparatively recent times. Much of the present
fauna of the Dutch Leeward Islands and the presence of An-
tillean elements in northern South America is also explicable
on the basis that these are all comparatively recent arrivals
by drift or other occasional means of dispersal, and that some
of them are only able to gain a foothold in places where they
do not come into competition with the continental species.
This is especially true of the fresh water species; their pres-
ence in artificial ponds and reservoirs certainly indicate ex-
traordinary means of dispersal, such as carriage by birds.
But, such endemic groups as Cistulops, Stoastomops, Bonairea
and Cerion s.s. can scarcely be explained by this alternative
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 113
hypothesis. The question must be left in abeyance, at least
until a thorough examination of the remainder of the Leeward
Islands and the northern coast of South America has been
made.
DISTRIBUTION WITHIN THE ISLANDS
As most of the species of the Dutch Leeward Islands are
almost entirely limited to the limestone rim, breaks in this
establish quite definite barriers to intermigration. Especially
on the island of Curacao, the sunken valleys permit penetra-
tion by arms of the sea, so that the rim is cut up into a series
of quite isolated ridges. As a result, the facies of certain
species of the land shells changes slightly at each ‘‘baai’’ or
‘‘lagoen.’’? After several successive breaks, the species of
Tudora, especially, often change so much that there is no inter-
gradation between lots from the colonies so separated. It is
on such changes that the various subspecies are based.
The largest island, Curacao, can be divided into three, quite
distinct, faunal areas, which appear to have been populated
from central hills, which must have been separate islands
during periods of higher strand-line. Aruba, on the other
hand, is almost a unit, although Spaansch Lagoen roughly
coincides with a slight break in the mollusean fauna (see Plate
I, map of Aruba). Bonaire and Klein-Bonaire together form
a similar unit.
The most southern area of Curacao centers around the
Tafelberg of Santa Barbara (C2). Tudora rupis rupis, T.
pilsbryi and Brachypodella raven sanctaebarbarae were only
found at the base of the northern and western escarpments
of this mesa. The first species is also represented by the sub-
species newportensis near New Port (C1), although the re-
mainder of the fauna of the shore zone is more like that of
central Curacao. In addition, Cistulops raveni appears to be
absent from southern Curagao.
The central area (C1, 3-12) may be considered to center
around Ronde Klip (C12) and the Hato ridge (C11). It is
characterized by the absence of the section Tudorata, and by
114 University of Michigan
the presence of Tudora megacheilos (4 subspecies) and
Brachypodella raveni raven.
The northern area (C13-20) was probably populated from
the Sint Christoffel complex, which undoubtedly was formerly
fringed or covered by a limestone reef, such as is still present
on the Tafelberg of Sint Hyronimus (C20). This region is
differentiated by Tudora muskusi (3 subspecies), Guppya
molengraaffi, 3 subspecies of Tudora fossor, Brachypodella
ravemi knipensis and Cerion uva knipensis.
Neosubulina gloynti and Microceramus bonairensis cwracoa-
nus occur throughout Curacao. The northern and central
areas agree in the occurrence of Cistulops ravem ravent, while
the central and southern possess Cerion uva uva in common.
The presence of the section Tudorata, and the resemblance of
the subspecies of Brachypodella and the species T'udora fossor
and pilsbryi, appear to relate the northern and southern areas
more closely to each other than to the central portion. The
first two peculiarities of these terminal regions also seem to
indicate affinities with the island of Bonaire.
The island of Aruba has, for peculiar forms, Neosubulina
scopulorum, Thysanophora vanatta, Cistulops ravent arubana,
Brachypodella raveni arubana and the form sinistrorsa, Micro-
ceramus bonairensis arubanus, Cerion uva arubanum, two sub-
species of T'udora fossor, and the two South American forms,
Thysanophora crinita arubana and Oxystyla maracaibensis
imitator. In general, the mollusecan fauna of this island is
most closely related to that of northern Curacao, with which
it possesses Tudora fossor in common; the subspecies of
Brachypodella raveni are also similar. However, Cerion uva
arubanum appears most closely related with C. wea wva from
central Curacao and Tudorata is similarly absent in both
regions.
Bonaire and Klein-Bonaire together form the most distinet
of all of the areas, with the genus Stoastomops, the subgenus
Bonairea, Tudora aurantia, Neosubulina harterti (the most
remote of the three species), Brachypodella gibbonsi, Micro-
ceramus bonairensis bonairensis, Cerion uva bonairensis, and
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 115
the absence of Cistulops and Tudora s.s. as points of differ-
ence. In this connection, it is at least interesting that the
direction of the ocean current is from Bonaire towards
Curacao, and from the latter to Aruba; it is considerably
stronger between the two more western islands.
Bonaire and Curacao agree in the absence of Thysanophora
and Oxystyla, and in the presence of the section Tudorata and
the species Succinea gyrata.
These differences in molluscan fauna appear to be almost
purely geographical ; that is, they are coincident with degrees
of present or former isolation. The greatest ecological dif-
ferentiation is between the abundance of individuals and spe-
cies on the caleareous substrata and their paucity or absence
on the non-caleareous soil. Except for certain minor edaphic
phases, represented by the forms of Cerion wva, the formation
on all of the islands is practically identical, as are also most of
the factors of the environment. In other words, the formation
content (the mollusean association or society) changes with
the area, although its general aspect remains the same.
As an illustration of this, the habits of Tudora on Curacao
may be cited. In northern and southern Curacao, the species
of Tudora s.s. (7. fossor and T. pilsbryt) are almost purely
terrestrial, while the species of Tudorata (7. rwpis and T.
muskust) are markedly subarboreal. In central Curacao,
Tudorata is absent, but 7. (s.s.) megacheilos differs from its
closest relatives in a well-developed tendency to climb the
trees and brush, so that it practically occupies both the ground
and lower arboreal strata. Judora fossor arubana also shows
this tendency, although it is much less prominent.
In this connection, it may be remarked that Cerion wva is
also an adept climber during the rains, but appears to migrate
down to fasten itself near the base of the trees and brush dur-
ing the dry periods. Drymaeus virgulatus, on the other hand,
commonly glues itself to the highest branches; this is perhaps
related with its restriction to the more protected stations.
Finally, the subarboreal species of Tudora wander up the trees
in the rainy weather, but have not developed the opposite
116 University of Michigan
reaction. However, with the operculum closed, they are unable
to attach themselves firmly to the branches and so are usually
shaken out in a few days by the wind. Nevertheless, specimens
often remain in hollows and erevices of the bark, although
their survival in such places appears to be comparatively rare.
Cerion uva appears more resistant to dessication, but the secre-
tive habits of Tudora enable it to withstand an equal amount
of aridity; the exposed cerions are dwarfed in the most arid
localities, but size in Tudora appears to have little or no
edaphic significance.
In conclusion, the most remarkable case of parallel fune-
tions, in different ‘‘cenoses’’ but in the same ‘‘mores’’ is
furnished by Cistulops raveni (Curacao and Aruba) and
Tudora maculata (Bonaire and Klein-Bonaire). These two
distantly related species are almost identical in habits and
must occupy practically the same position in their respective
societies. Although they differ in radula, operculum and
peristome, they resemble each other so closely in form, size,
color and sculpture, that, when I first found 7. maculata, I
spent some time in a search for specimens with well-developed
apertures, under the impression that I was collecting im-
mature specimens of C. raveni or some closely related species!
As already indicated, Thomas Bland probably neglected to
publish his ‘‘ Cistula maculata’’ for the very same reason.
ADDENDA
Since the preceding paper was finished, Dr. H. A. Pilsbry
has worked up the Pupillidae collected, and is publishing their
descriptions in the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1924).
As indicated below, he recognizes three species of Gastrocepta,
instead of G. longurio, and one species of Pupoides.
Gastrocopta curacoana Pilsbry
Widely distributed on Curacao (C1-6, 11-15, 17), Aruba
(A2, 4, 5, 8), Bonaire (B1-5, 8) and Klein-Bonaire (K1).
Type locality: Fort Nassau, Curacao (C5d); new name for
Pupa longurio Crosse (1872), not Moquin-Tandon (1855).
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 117
Gastrocopta octonaria Pilsbry
Widely distributed on Curacao (C1, 2, 5, 6, 10-15, 17, 18),
Aruba (A2-4, 8) and Bonaire (B3, 4, 8). Type locality: Fort
Nassau, Curacao (C5dd).
Gastrocopta barbadensis hojeda Pilsbry
Curacao: Tafelberg of Santa Barbara and north of Playa
Abau (C2, 18). Aruba: Rooi Frances and Seroe Canashito
(A3, 4). Type locality: base of western escarpment of the
Tafelberg of Santa Barbara, Curacao (C2b).
Pupoides marginatus nitidulus (Pfr.)
Distribution in the islands as indicated under Pupoides sp.?
in the main body of this paper (C3-6, 12, 17; A3—5, 8; B2, 4,
8; K1). This is a widely distributed, mainly West Indian
species. According to Dr. Pilsbry, Pupoides simoni (Jous-
seaume) is probably a synonym. G. barbadensis and P.
marginatus add two more to the list of non-endemic species
of the islands.
118 University of Michigan
PLATE I
FIGURE 1
1—A. New Port (C1). G. Salinja Sint Marie.
2-B. Tafelberg, Santa Barbara (C2). 10-H. Seroe Boca (C10).
C. Manzalienja arroyo (Cb2). I. Sint Joris Baai.
D. Tank, Campo Wilhelmina (Ce2). K. Hill (Cb10).
11-L. Seroe Markita (Clla).
M. Ridge north of Ronde Klip (C11b).
N. Seroe Papaja (Clic).
O. Near Landhuis Hato (Cll1d).
12—-P. Ronde Klip (C12).
E. Spaansche Baai; Spaansch Water.
3—-F. Hill near Fort Beekenburg (C3).
G. Caracas Baai.
4-H. Seroe Mansigna (C4).
I. Lagoen Jan Tiel.
5-K. Seroe Spanjo (C5a). 13-R. Seroe Largoe (C13).
se S. Sint Marie Spring (Ccl13).
ee ee T. Kerk Sint Willebrordus
M. Schaarlo (C5c). A :
N ce area U. Kaap Sint Marie.
. Fort Nassau (C5d). :
O. Wi 14-V. Seroe Grandi (C14).
. Willemstad. : :
P. Sint Anna Baai. hee 2
RB. ‘chattecat 15—X. Seroe di Boca (C15).
Aa pe " Y. Sint Martha Baai.
—S. Seroe Quinta, Overzijde (C6a).
: 16-Z. Seroe Baha So (C16).
bata gi ane a re A. Sint Kruis Baai.
= st A pons Gee): B. Hill Campo Sint Kruis (Cb16).
Sera eee 17-C. Seroe Djerimi (C17a).
W. Piscadera Baai. Knip Baai (C17b)
X. Campo Marchena (Cb6a). Hae ‘Mee Cle).
Y. Hill, Campo Blenheim (Cb6b).
7-Z. Jack Evertzsberg (C7a). . Landhuis Knip (Cb17e).
A. Sint Michielsberg (C7b). . Hofje, Campo Knip(Cb174d).
B. Sint Michiel Baai; Salinja. , Pond,Campo Lapean(uaia
C. Campo Klein-Piscadera (Cb7). 18-K. Hill (C18).
—D. Seroe Spreit (C8). 19-M. Westpunt (C19).
E. Seroe Popchie (C9). 20-N. Tafelberg, Sint Hyronimus (C20).
F. Bullen Baai. P. Sint Christoffelberg (Cb20).
D
E
F. Plaja Djerimi (C17b).
af
iE
L
FIGURE 3
A. Culebra (A1). N. Seroe Canashito (A4).
B. Sint Nicolaas. O. Near Perkietenboseh (A5a).
C. Boca Grande, and sand dunes. P. Southeast of Oranjestad (A5b).
D. Near Butucoe (A2a). R. Oranjestad.
E. Spur of Seroe Pretoe (A2b). S. Limestone near Tanki Schipau (A6).
F. Baranca Alto (A2c). T. Bubali.
G. Isla (A2ce). U. Kerk Sint Anna.
H. Fontein (Ac2). V. Shore near Malmok (A7a).
I. Savaneta. W. Seroe Annaboei (A7b).
J. Seroe Jamanota. X. Seroe Hudishibana (A7c).
K. Rooi Taki (A2c). Y. Campo Westpunt.
L. Rooi Frances (A3). Z. Limestone near Boedoei (A8).
M. Spaansch Lagoen.
OLLUSCS PLATE I
ere penpmemsmene SF
CURACAO
11) omen
i
\
SKM
SMILES
Fic. 1. Map of Curacao, adapted from Netherlands Government 1 /20000 topographic maps.
‘ny;
(oe nn ne
ntour intervals 50 meters. The stippling indicates the approximate extent of the limestone.
Fic. 2. Map of Klein-Curagao, reduced from U. S. Hydrographic Office chart, number 2154.
Seale as in fig. 1.
Seneca
_ Fic. 3. Map of Aruba. Source, contour interval, scale, and stippling as in fig. 1.
—— =
See
120 University of Michigan
PLATE II
FIGURE 4
A. Pekelmeer, Lacre Punt. M. Porta Spafio (Bd).
B. South of Kralendijk (B1). N. Traai Montagne (Bb5).
C. Pos Baca (Bel). O. Campo Bolivia.
D. Pos Frances. P. Fontein (north of B6).
E. Kralendijk. R. Punta Blanco (B7).
F. Along shore near Campo Hato 8S. West of Punta Blanco (Bb7).
(B2). T. Seroe Wassau (B8).
G. Southeastern escarpment, Mon-_ U. Salinja Goto.
tagne (B3a). V. Seroe Grandi (B9).
HAH
. Kibra di Montagne (B2).
. Seroe Grandi (Bb3).
Rincon.
- Wooded valley (B4).
. Seroe Largoe or Montagne.
. Seroe Brandaris (Bb9).
. Playa Foenshi.
. Klein-Bonaire (K1).
708
de
(Kel).
Cas, Klein-Bonaire
Mo.uuscs PLATE II
5 KM
__ SMILES
Fig. 4. Map of Bonaire and Klein-Bonaire. Source, contour interval, and stippling
as in fig. 1.
122 University of Michigan
PLATE III
Fic. 5 (top). Southeast from Jack Evertzsberg, southwestern Curacao.
In the foreground is the seaward slope of the older limestone (C7a); in
the background are the similar monadnocks of Veerisberg, Seroe Pretoe
(C6c; note the fossil beaches), Seroe Domi (C6a), and Fort Nassau
(C5d) ; while in the far distance, to the right of the center, is the Tafel-
berg of Santa Barbara (C2). A bit of the Schottegat, and the lower
inland country, are visible between Jack Evertzsberg and Veerisberg.
Fic. 6 (middle). South from Landhuis Knip, northwestern Curacao.
In the foreground is one of the richer, open valleys of northern Curacao;
the dark masses of vegetation are mainly divi-divi trees, while the inter-
jacent portions are choked with acacias and Opuntia. To the left of the
background are the seaward slopes of Seroes Palomba and Bientoe (Cre-
taceous outcrops), separated by a hidden valley (Cb17a). Farther back
to the right is the limestone mesa of Seroe Djerimi (Cl17a).
Fic. 7 (lowest). The northern escarpment of the Schaarlo (C5c), south-
western Curacao. The foreground shows a protected portion of the recent
limestone, with a rather dense growth of crotons and acacias. The more
barren crest of the Schaarlo is at the extreme right. In the left back-
ground is a bit of the Schottegat with the rounded hills of the inland
country and the hofjes of the richer valleys; the Tafelberg of Santa
Barbara (C2) is also visible.
PLATE IIT
Mo.Luuscs
124 University of Michigan
PLATE IV
Fic. 8 (top). Eastern escarpment of Seroe Canashito (A4), Aruba.
In the foreground are the slopes of the older rocks, planted with aloes,
and with a Cereus fence at the base. In the center are the high, exca-
vated, ancient limestone cliffs of Seroe Canashito, with the separated
blocks that are characteristic of these escarpments. The cacti on the
summit are 15 to 20 feet in height.
Fie. 9 (middle). North towards Kibra di Montagne (B3b), Bonaire.
Another view, taken from the same locality as the next. One of the
better wooded valleys in the limestone.
Fic. 10 (lowest). Southeastern escarpment of Montagne (B3a),
Bonaire. These low, broken cliffs of the older limestone are rather well
wooded. This and figure 8 are quite representative of the main escarp-
ments of the western limestone rims on all of the islands.
Monuuscs PLATE IV
126 University of Michigan
PLATE V
Fic. 11. Timberline at Fontein (Ac2), northeastern side of Aruba.
In the foreground and at the right are the very barren regions of the
exposed, northeastern shores (compare C10, C20, and A7). The wind-
distorted thornbushes depend on the small streams; a few tops of coco-
palms locate the hofje of Fontein. In the left background is a small
sand dune.
Fic. 12. Near Perkietenboseh (A5a), southwestern side of Aruba.
This shows the zone of natural vegetation near the summit of the low
shore cliffs, on the recent limestone. Much of the ground vegetation con-
sists of Jatropha urens and Opuntia. The divi-divi trees are character-
istically distorted by the wind. Coral-reef islands are visible in the
background.
Fic. 13. Northern escarpment of Seroe Spelonk (Cl1d), northeastern
side of Curacao. The foreground illustrates the rather luxuriant vegeta-
tion near Landhuis Hato; a small, leafless Bursera is conspicuous at the
left. In the background are the overhanging, older limestone cliffs of
the flat-topped Hato ridge (Cll, a-d). Although the physiographic
location of this picture is very similar to that in figure 11, the north-
facing escarpment is farther from the barren shore and offers consider-
ably more protection to the vegetation (see location on maps).
Mo.uuuscs PLATE V
128 University of Michigan
PLATE VI
Fic. 14 (top). South from the summit of the shore-cliffs, Plaja
Djerimi (C17b), northwestern Curacao. The foreground shows the
typical, honey-combed exposures of the older limestone; acacias are
especially prominent at the very edge of the cliffs. The background
illustrates the very narrow zone of limestone, with the high, undercut
shore-cliffs, along the western shore of northern Curacao. At the right
and in the distant background are the higher hills of older rocks, with
indistinct, fossil beaches on their slopes.
Fic. 15. Pos Baca (Bel), southern Bonaire. This is one of the
larger, shallow sink-holes in the recent limestone. Most of the fore-
ground is bare, due to intermittent flooding, but the background shows
the same kind of country that is illustrated by the next figure.
Fic. 16 (bottom). Southern Bonaire (Bl). The brush in the back-
ground is characteristic of the better protected portions of the low plains
of recent limestone, south of Kralendijk and on Klein-Bonaire (K1).
The crotons are especially conspicuous. The foreground is flooded during
heavy rains.
VI
LATE
P
cs
US
al
Mor
130 University of Michigan
PLATE VII
Fic. 17 (top). Central, diabasic plains of southeastern Curagao. These
grassy, rolling plains are practically without molluscan life.
Fic. 18. To the leeward of Seroe Papaja, southeastern Curacao. This
is an example of the protected borders of the central plains, where the
reddish residue in the soil indicates the recent erosion of the limestone
cap (compare Cb6 and Cb10). A bit of the Hato ridge (C11) is shown
at the extreme left of the background.
Fic. 19. Valley between Seroes Palomba and Bientoe (Cb17a), north-
western Curacao. This is one of the richer valleys of the Christoffel com-
plex. An epiphyte (Tillandsia) is growing on the brush near the center
of the picture. It will be noted that much of the vegetation is leafless,
as is usual during the dry season.
PuAatTE VII
Mo.uuscs
132 University of Michigan
PLATE VIII
The scales represent lengths of one millimeter.
Fic. 20. Stoastomops walkeri. The type specimen from B4.
Fic. 21. Stoastomops walkeri. Inner view of operculum; the eal-
careous portion is viewed through the horny plate.
Fic. 22. Tudora maculata. The type, from B3a, with operculum
in place.
Fic. 23. Tudora maculata. Median view of operculum.
Fic. 24. Tudora maculata. Outer surface of the operculum.
Mo.iuscs
SSS
BRET
SS
SSS NUM
SS =
2 ae
G
ejay!)
an AD
A
134 University of Michigan
PLATE IX
The scales represent lengths of 50 microns (.05 mm.).
Fic. 25. Stoastomops walkeri. Radula from type locality (Bé4).
Central field and laterals in approximately their relative position; first
marginal and blades of 3rd and 7th uncini.
Fic. 26. Cistulops raveni. Radula from C11; except the tilted view
of the outer lateral which is from C. raveni arubana (A2). Half row,
with teeth slightly separated laterally. At the right is shown a lateral
view of the central (R), and median views of the inner (1) and outer
(2) laterals.
Fic. 27. Tudora megacheilos. Radula from Cie. Teeth of half row,
each in position usually seen. Also, lateral views of inner (1) and outer
(2) laterals, and inner profile of marginal (M).
PLATE 1X
Mo.uuuscs
136
Fic.
Fic.
Fie.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fig.
Fic.
Fie.
Fie.
Fig.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
University of Michigan
PLATE X
SCULPTURE OF THE LAST WHORL IN TUDORA
The scale, shown under fig. 32, indicates a length of one millimeter;
the rectangles are all approximately one by one and a quarter millimeters.
Tudora aurantia wassauensis. Female cotype, from B8.
Tudora rupis rupis. Type, from C2a.
Tudora rupis newportensis. Female cotype, from Cl.
Tudora muskusi muskusi. Type, from C17b.
Tudora muskusi grandiensis. Type, from C14.
Tudora muskusi bullenensis. Type, from C13.
Tudora megacheilos, form desculpta. Type, from Cie. The
sculpture of typical megacheilos consists of similar growth cords, which
either surmount slightly or extend between the spiral thickenings, which
are similar to those shown in fig. 36.
Tudora megacheilos spreitensis. Type, from C8.
Tudora megacheilos rondeklipensis. Type, from Cl2a.
Tudora fossor fossor. Female cotype, from Cb17b.
Tudora fossor arubana. Type, from A2b.
Tudora pilsbryi.
Type, from C2a.
PLATE X
Mo.uuscs
Re
138 University of Michigan
PLATE XI
The scales of figs. 40 and 41 represent a length of 50 microns (.05
mm.), while those of figs. 42 to 47 indicate one millimeter.
Fic. 40. Tudora maculata. Central and laterals; radula from B4.
Also outer lateral in profile; lateral view.
Fic. 41. Tudora muskusi muskusi. Central and laterals; radula
from C17b.
Fic. 42. ‘Cistulops raveni. Exterior surface of operculum; from Cdc.
Fic. 43. Tudora muskusi muskusi. Exterior surface of operculum;
from C17b.
Fic. 44. Tudora pilsbryi. Exterior surface of operculum; from C2a.
Fie. 45. Potamopyrgus parvulus. Large, globose form, from Bel.
Fie. 46. Potamopyrgus parvulus. Elongate form, from Kel.
Fic. 47. Potamopyrgus parvulus. Spinulose form, from Kel.
Mo.uuscs PLATE XI
140 University of Michigan
PLATE XII
The hair-line indicates a length of one centimeter; the dimensions of
the shells figured are given in the text.
Fie. A. Tudora aurantia aurantia. Male and female, from B2.
Fic. B. Tudora aurantia wassauensis. Male and 2 females, from
B8; the right-hand figure is the type.
Fig. C. Tudora muskusi muskusi. Male and 3 females, from C17b;
the second figure from the left is the type.
Fic. D. Tudora rupis newportensis. Male (type) and 2 females,
from Cl.
Fie. E. Tudora rupis rupis. Male and female (type), from C2a.
Fie. F. Tudora muskusi grandiensis. Two males and two females,
from C14; the right-hand figure is the type.
Fic. G. Tudora muskusi bullenensis. Male and female (type),
from C13.
Fie. H. Tudora muskusi X Tudora fossor djerimensis. This speci-
men appears to be a hybrid between these two species. The operculum
is also somewhat intermediate, but is much closer to muskusi. From C17b.
Fic. I. Tudora fossor djerimensis. Male and female (type),
from C17b.
Mo..Luscs PLATE _XIT
142 University of Michigan
PLATE XIII
The hair-line represents a length of one centimeter; the dimensions of
the shells figured are given in the text.
Fic. A. Tudora megacheilos megacheilos. Male and female, from Cde.
Fic. B. Tudora megacheilos, form desculpta. Male and female
(type), from Cde.
Fic. C. Tudora megacheilos spreitensis. Male and female (type),
from C8.
Fic. D. Tudora megacheilos rondeklipensis. Male and female (type),
from C12a. The male is turned so as to show best the palatal emargina-
tion of the peristome in T. megacheilos.
Fic. E. YTudora megacheilos kabrietensis. Male (type) and female,
from C3.
Fic. F.. Tudora pilsbryi.. Male and female (type), from C2a. The
male is turned so as to show best the palatal sinus of the peristome in
this species.
Fic. G. Tudora fossor fossor. Male (type) and female, from Cb17b.
The type retains all of the whorls.
Fic. H. Tudora fossor westpuntensis. Male (type) and female,
from C18.
Fic. I. Yudora fossor canashitensis. Male (type) and female, from
A4b. The dimensions given in the text were taken when the type retained
all of the whorls, but a bit of the apex crumbled away before the figure
was made.
Fic. K. Tudora fossor arubana. Two males and a female (type),
from A2b. One male (the left-hand figure) has the spiral sculpture very
much reduced; the other is turned so as to show best the slight palatal
emargination of the peristome, which is usually greater in arubana than
in the other subspecies of T. fossor.
PLATE XIII
Mo.Luuscs
144 University of Michigan
PLATE XIV
The scales represent lengths of 50 microns (.05 mm.). The centrals
and lst laterals are shown in their proper relation to each other; the
other teeth are simply oriented in regard to the long axis of the radula.
Fig. 48. Suecinea gyrata. Radula of a medium-sized specimen from
Cde. Central, 1st, 7th, 14th and 21st teeth. The three examples of the
14th tooth oceur within four, consecutive, transverse rows.
Fic. 49. Succinea gyrata. Jaw from same specimen.
Fig. 50. Thysanophora vanattai. Radula from A38. Central, 1st, 7th
and 14th teeth.
Fic. 51. Thysanophora vanattai. Jaw from same specimen.
Fic. 52. Drymaeus virgulatus. Radula from Clle. Central, both Ist,
3rd, 28th, 52nd, 54th, 57th and 84th teeth. The hair-line below the scale
shows the shape of a transverse row.
Fic. 53. Neosubulina harterti. Radula from B5. Central, 1st, 7th,
14th and 19th teeth. The shapes of the smaller cusps of the outer mar-
ginal are, of course, indeterminate, as their diameter is less than half the
length of light-waves, so they are only visible as points of light.
146 University of Michigan
PLATE XV
Each scale indicates a length of one millimeter, except in fig. 55, where
it represents 200 microns (.2 mm.).
Fic. 54. Guppya molengraafi. Apical, basal and profile views of the
type, from Cb20.
Fic. 55. Thysanophora crinita arubana. Profile view of hair and de-
tail of sculpture on 3rd whorl of a young shell from A4a.
Fic. 56. Thysanophora crinita arubana. Apical, basal and profile
views of the type, from A4a.
Fic. 57. Thysanophora vanattai. Apical, basal and profile views of
the type, from A4a.
148
University of Michigan
PLATE XVI
The scales in figs. 58-63 indicate lengths of one millimeter; those of
64-66, 50 microns (.05 mm.).
Fig. 58.
adult (B6).
Fic.
Fie.
Fig.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Neosubulina harterti. Embryonic shell, from body of
Neosubulina gloynii. Ditto (C17).
Neosubulina scopulorum. Ditto (A3).
Neosubulina harterti. Largest adult (B6).
Neosubulina gloynii. Largest adult (C11).
Neosubulina scopulorwm. Type, largest adult (A3).
Neosubulina harterti. Jaw (B6).
Brachypodella raveni raveni. Radula (C5); entire view of
central and tips of two others (C), inner lateral (1), outer lateral (2),
1st and 3rd marginals (3, 5). The teeth are simply oriented in regard
to the long axis of the radula, and are not shown in relation to each other
(cf. Pilsbry, op. cit.).
Fic. 66. Brachypodella gibbonsi. Radula (B3); tip of central. The
scale also applies to the preceding figure.
PLATE XVI
MoLuLuscs
150
University of Michigan
PLATE XVII
The scales indicate lengths of one millimeter; figs. 67-71 and 74-77
are drawn to the same scale.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fig.
Fia.
Fic.
Fic.
Fie.
Fic.
Fic.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Tale
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
Utle
Brachypodella raveni raveni. Complete adult, from C11.
Brachypodella raven sanctaebarbarae. Type, from C2a.
Brachypodella raveni knipensis. Type, from C17a.
Brachypodella raveni arubana. Type, from A2b.
Brachypodella gibbonsi. Type, from B3.
Brachypodella raveni knipensis. Conical specimen, from C17.
Brachypodella raveni raveni. Apical whorls, from Cdc.
Microceramus bonairensis bonairensis. Topotype, from B2.
Microceramus bonairensis curacoanus. Type, from Cde.
Nicroceramus ‘bonairensis curacoanus. Specimen from C17.
Microceramus bonairensis arubanus. Type, from A4b.
XVII
2 University of Michigan
PLATE XVIII
Variation in Cerion wa uva (Tables XI, XIT)
Fies. C6, D5. C. uva desculptwm (Cb6, Cb10).
Fic. A2. Type of form diablensis (C12b).
Fic. F6. Type of form hatoensis (C1l1d).
Mo.uuscs PLATE XVIII
a |
Verne ON any
:
eee
”
Anal 5 we pili
bz
i ASS ry
\ eueet|
Mays) y
eee
‘Teta |
wat.
EO aes
154 University of Michigan
PLATE XTX
Variation in Cerion uva kiipensis
Fic. Al. Type of form djerimensis (Clic).
Fics. C3, 6, D3, 4, 6, E4-6, F3-5 from substation Cb17.
type of knipensis.
Fic. C5 from station C20.
Fies. D2, E1, 2, F2 from station C18.
Fic. E3 from station Cb16.
Fic. F6 from station Cb20.
F5 is the
PLATE XIX
Mo.Luuscs
156 University of Michigan
PLATE XX
Variation in Cerion wea arubanum
Scale and arrangement as in Plate XVIII. For extremes,
Table XIV.
Fics. Al-3, B1-3, C1-5, D1-4, F2, 3, 6 from the colony at A2c.
Fic. C3 is the type of the subspecies.
Fics. A4, B4, 5, D5, 6, E4, 5, F3-5 from colony at Ada.
see
Mo.uuuscs PLATE XX
158 University of Michigan
PLATE XXI
Variation in Cerion uva bonairensis
Seale and arrangement as in Plate XVIII. For extremes, see
Table XIV.
Figs. Al, B2, 3 from Station B9.
Fic. A2, the type of form kralendijk, from station B1.
Figs. A3, B1 from station B2.
Fies. A4, C2, D3, E3 from station B4.
Fics. B4, C5 from station B7.
Fic. B5 from station B8.
Fies. C1, 3, D2, F2 from substation B3a.
Fies. C4, D5, 6 from station Bb7.
Fies. D1, 4 from Klein-Bonaire (K1)._
Fics. E2, 4-6, F3-6 from station B5. F6 is the type of bonairensis.
PLATE XXI
Fr
\
\
WANN
\\}
7 |
~,
‘ \Y
\
™>,
>
INDEX
PAPERS 129—152
New names and numbers of papers are printed in heavy type
A
Ta SLTETES ete Re Ce le 152, 10
ORB NU OSS eet See 152° 10
JOD ATE a ee 130, 32
Adamsiella aripensis................ 152, 42
Adelopoma occidentale..137, 46, 47
[MECAET OS, See ie ty eee 137, 48
LETS i cre 151, 2, 12
gL el ee 152, 11
Agnurodesmus thrixophot..............
sh, va Reshma 133, 3, 82, 83
MBETHCOSUNS: 42 tt... 133, 83
Joo) 0 ee 134, 1
FPS ATID AM ER een 134, 1, 7
AasSSOCGESMUS. .-rec.-sssesssessssessteteseee: 133, 59
PeeNGtES 133, 2, 59
ESNNALED ESR oS le ee a! 137, 13, 14, 15
Alsophis cinereus... 132, 6
IGECSMAOl ee. 132, 7
TIVE Nak oe ee 132, 7
Ambloplites rupestris................ 138, 2
PEEVE BIER (ooo 132, 1
AGT Ci 1G) Ct: rr 138, 2
TASC 138, 2
TCM 423k ee 138, 3
LLIN i 149, 1, 3
bifrontata ........ 143, 7; 149, 1, 2
GEST) ae ee 143, 8
erythrocephala .....:cccccc- 132, 6
E10) 0 OE ae 132, 5, 6
FLT AUT Ch SN a 129, 9
2 US ee ae 132, 6
LDS CLG De ase eae 132, 6
MEPSTPEATI CA oe nie 149, 1
ARG VISATRA fe orcas 132, 5, 6
Quad rilimeata nn eeccsecssnes 129, 9
EER CF EEL PUES nesses, cee hs 129, 9
SAGER sCALV eon een 138, 2
Amphicyclotus
ge he 137, 28, 29; 152, 112
boueardi
cayennensis
lutescens
ponderosus
Annularia lachneri
aurantiaca
Anolis
aeneus
alligator
barbudensis
bimaculatus
binotatus
bonairensis ..148, 4, 7; 152, 29
cepedii
forresti
gaigei
gingivinus
homolechis
latifrons
limifrons
lineatus
princeps
roquet
squamulatus
BIDOMIOSUS hee te .129,
wattsi
Antirrhoea acutata............. 152, 10
Aperostoma bartletti................ 137, 32
confusum
connivens
sanctaemarthae
smithi
Aphelidesmus guianensis.............
cae ERS ah ee 133, 3, 46
or we: i) ee |
SANA AaNEAKrE H
mm D
2 University of Michigan
Aphredoderus cence 138, 1,3
Say anUs 8 138, 1
Archaeogomphus.....134, 1, 5, 6, 7, 8
hamatus..134, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,7, 8,9
furcatus
ERAN SS Sot oe eee 134, 7,8
Argyrosomus prognathus......... 146, 1
Pia tetigy et ee 133, 75, 77, 78
ulophilus ........ 133, 3, 75, 76, 78
UM 45) () Saas seat i ee eet 150, 1
elegans
elegans___— 150, 1, 2, 3
occidentalis... 150, 1, 2,3
PERCU 6 129, 11
ee Sees A 29518 AS
certs es 129, 12, 13
WARIHS) oo ae. 129, 11, 12, 13
Batodesmus ................
Boleosoma nigrum
Brachypodella ..152, 91,93, 112, 114
gibbonsi .......... 152, 94, 111, 114
hanleyanen. 2 2 ee 137, 26, 27
raveni_137, 7; 152, 90, 111, 114
Pave oe a ee
es 152, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, “4
sanctaebarbarae ——
Sse enee tee 152, 91, 94, 113
Branchinecta occidentalis...141, 1
Brachypodella raveni................ 137, 7
Bromelia lasiantha.................
PSNORNG YES cos ee
Bufo haematiticus...............
MAPMNUS °c 129, 10; 132, 7
sternosignatus
typhonius
Bulimulus apiculatus.......152, 80, 81
COTIBCBUS on. 135, 9, 10
dlongatus _ 152, 80
Bulimus elongatus..................... 152, 80
Multilineatus een 152, 108
torallyi sisalensis........... 152, 108
Bumelia obovata.n ccc 152-08
Bursera 22 ees 152, 11, 24
gummtfera, 152, 80
SCNNTHDA 2 152, 11
Cc
Caesalpinia coriaria................... 152, 10
Casearia bonairensis 152, 11
Calladinm, =. 133, 9, 31, 35, 47
Capparis Breynia.................. 152, 10
jamaicensis
Catostomus commersonii.......... 138, 2
Cereus, 2. 152, 10, 16, 17, 61
Cerion 40 eee
137, 2; 152, 13, 16, 18, 109,
111, 112
SNICOUIL) = 152, 111, 112
APIAPOM a2 152, 98
Wy!
137, 7; 152, 36, 98, 99,
104, 110, 115, 116
atubannim. -.
152, 98, 104, 105, 106, 114
bonairensis,) ———___— 3.
152, 98, 105, 106, 114
desculptum, —..=__
137, 7; 152, 18, 98, 100,
105, 106
knipensis —____
152, 20, 98, 102, 103, 104,
106, 114
kralendijki 152, 98
uva
152, 18, 23, 27, 98, 100,
101, 102, 103, 104, 114
vulgare (2. ee 152, 98
Chaenobryttus gulosus.............138, 2
Gliara 2 eee 138, 2, 4
Characodon atripinnis................ 148, 2
PLLC A TUS, cee 148, 7
ferrugineus <== 148, 3
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3
Anvepoldty See eee 148, 2
Wariabus) ct en 148, 3, 4
Chondrodesmus armatus.......133, 69
CETASINOPUS...----eeeceoe 133, 3, 69
eth 4)2 4 a8 1: eee neat 133, 69, 72
EUSOSIO’ <5 ots 133,73, 71
tamocalanus........... 133, 3, 67, 72
virgatas—......133, 3,70, 71
frater:.. 133, 3, 71
Phondropama 137, 24
PAVGHN = ose: 137, 4; 152, 37
SUDAUTICULALOIA aosesccsssessssennsesenssee
LRG eee eee 1375-2605 152) 112
Cionella gloynii.......... 137, 5; 152, 88
Cistula maculata 152, 116
TET TLE Oe eae ee 152, 37
Cistulops.....152, 35, 109, 111, 112,115
TED YC ee eee ee 152, 113, 116
arubana...152, 36, 39, 40, 114
raveni..152, 36, 37, 39, 40,114
BH Gd ests oe ste iane 133, 79
cryptopygus........... 133, 3, 79, 80
Cnemidophorus arubensis.......143, 8
LES Tadeo 710 (7 tes eee one 143, 8
STE ee ee 143, 8
VOMMNISCATUS oecennccsessscssee 143, 8
TPP TACIT (2 DA ve ree 143, 8
PETAR OLOE iene tenses seees 143, 8
Coccoloba uvifera...................... 152, 23
Coecilia sabogae....................... 129, 14
WOIGDOSL YUE oii. ceecsntccscsten. 152, 41, 42
Colombodesmus.............. 133, 53, 56
etd st-hg) 133, 2, 53, 56
DRT Sirtcee tease scstnisase anni 133, 2, 55
“OLE ear ee ee ee 1395, 1,12
constrictor constrictor.....139, 2
AVEVONGFIS 26.580 fise tessa 139, 2
STEC 1 tech; s Bepeepeeee eo 139, 2
(DUCT U1 eee ee ee 140, 1
CDEC peal ec pence OOS or 139, 2
ME GETTIO CLE SETS nse ssesscnsesssssnccsecoveees 133, 56
[Tob arse iol fb toe eee 133, 2, 57
Corythophanes cristatus........... 129, 4
(4, 711 Sia eer ee a a ee 130, 45
acutus
floridanus
lucius
Crotalus horridus unicolor.....143, 9
terrificus ...
Croton) =.=
flavens ....
Gy clanthtis. 726s. 130, 6, 22,
biparhitua: 130, 23, 25
Cylindrella raveni................. 152, 90, 94
Cycloporiare se eee ees,
Cyclostoma aspratilis
aurantiacum.................
DEEQRING esse ction:
blanchetianum..............
POMOUGHSISi Sten eee ee
PEASUHENSE), 25. .en re 137, 28
eancellatum................... 152, 56, 58
CANUGIIN ten 152, 45 ,46
CUE UA TOV oe oenceene onan 137, 42
COLOMDIENSAS «..--ceeccssseseeceeteeee 137, 44
CUMANEDSE.....eaaennse—---- 137, 23, 26
CUIMITED TE eee cee eso, 137, 42
GiSCOTd CHIN Ieee. Scien 137, 29
disney 2 ee 137, 29
GistinGhum We. ete 137, 29
PIP ANEW Fee cath ee 137, 42
glaucostomum ow... 137, 37
@TANACENSE vies 137, 37
TNCs eee eee 137, 30, 44
INCOM PLUM, 2 eee 137, 30
IMCONSPICUUM 0... 137, 44
TPT OP UAT Oe acters 137, 41
Nepean cece 137, 41
mepacheilos) [asco 152, 55
mepachevlomiy ncn. 152, 55
megacheilus .......n..-- 152, 55
NO DVO pec eee tee 137, 44
PlAMOT DUO ccc 137, 28
plicatulum.................. 137, 23, 25
POP RY A ee ce ssccsssoese 137, 44
POF OMNEN TE ac cssssccctesen es 137, 28
DP OUGUS Ret dectancn cee csmcs 152, 56
University of Michigan
psilomitum.................... 137, 28, 29
({UELENIBES Soe eqn chee ee 137, 43
TILA WA dco tentna cena 152, 42
FOLIC 2248, 152, 55
PIM Ces te che a 152, 41, 55, 58
stramineum.................. 137, 30, 37
SUPHEALG eee 137, 29
PANGAN eee 137, 23, 25
translucidum.................. 137, 29, 33
fgg en Retelsth eens per eee 137, 33
VETLEZUCLENSE......ccececessseee 137, 23, 26
WVETSICOLOT 2 jens 152, 45, 46
Cyclotus berendti 0.0... IST Ido
bisinuatus 32
boucardi 29
COO UGE oa caer cee 29
COPPUWLEWGUS «sciences ate. 137, 43
unikerit stn ne 137, 43
GY SOW eee racentreactice 137, 34
AUDI Geen eee 137, 34
AMDIOUUS! (iat acess 137, 34
TWIN OF ott ence eee, 137, 33
multilineatus.................. 137, 33
floltraAtus 2a... 137, 41
ASCHOTIS Serica ono 137, 41, 42
SPANMIATUS! on oceeressin 137, 37
irregularis pittieri......... 137, 41
DANG seer tei cts ena 137, 41
POEOTN hage cibnehieieciee: 137, 43
TUG AGUS A pecietuciese Cua 137, 37
Cyr OdeCSMUsi ce res 133, 79
D
Decodon verticillata.........0. 138, 2
Dendrobates lugubris................ 151, 5
TATICLOVANIS conan or 129, 13
DTA O PIB 32 ccreseecrienartregnctiaroncen 142.1, 7
PUNYE AU ULI eerie eee 142, 3, 7
ehccks| opi it ey neem 142, 3, 4, 8
TOC OSUNS! uhacen ance 142, 8
occidentalis............----- 142, 6, 8
PUICHENUS......eeceerereene 142, 6, 8
BRISTLE NG iescstcstssersesisccaeseonoe 142, 4, 8
vandenburgii......142, 5, 6, 8
POO ANAS eisai itrntimseroert 142, 1, 2, 7
arizonuae.. 2 ae 142, 2,7
TOG alig eee 142, 1, 2, 7
Diaphoranolisi<-o- see 129, 7
brooksi... 129, 7
Diploglossus monotropiz........... 129, 3
resplendens 2275 129, 4
IDOcoOdeRmINSy .25--e eee ee 133, 75
Dromicus antillensis .0000.. 143, 9
Dromodesmus. »rreciccoscssssvserseee 133, 5L
LON GIPES...reeeeseeesseee 133, 2, 51, 52
Drosophila’ 225.000). . eee 132, 8
Drymaeds’ 2.55 ee 135, 1
DYYMeu....ceccccsecsesene 135, 1; 152, 111
AlbostTiatus......creeee 135, 11, 12
COMINICUS....... eee 135, 10, 11, 12
INGOT PUNCEUS 2 eeceeconses 152, 85
multilineatus =. . ee
135, 12; 137, 6; 152, 108
virgalatus <2)... cee
152, 14, 21,22, 80, Bape
84, 109, 110, 115
E
Eleutherodactylus palmatus..........
Sedo tntyccde te te ea 129, 10
TANOIMCS) = ..cee eee 129, 10
Elliptio plexus crocodilarum........
Sc cierto ee 135, 1
crocodilorum .............. 135, 1
Hlodea* acl ee 138, 2
Hpinannolene 2p 133, 19
ALIWG ice ee 133, 2, 18
LOLENZONUS -:rreeeccssseeeeeeeeeee- 133, 2, 16
Testis 3 133, 2, 17
Epistreptus eustriatus.--.cccccccc0
Bias Mine basen bee 133, 2, 21, 26
FOYT YZOT SUCCOEB uereccsenesersssserssecns 138, 2
Erythrolamprus aesculapii..129, 14
Esox vermiculatug............00. 138, 2, 3
Eucalia inconstanag............. 138, 1, 2, 3
Mn comulis 2 ec cennceaee 135, 15
elegantula .... 135, 1
C-) (4211121 1: a 135, 1
Euglandina decussata....ccn 135, 8
PONG dois oactauniioea yee 135, 8
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5
Eupemphix pustulosus.............. 129, 10
Eupomotis gibbosus.......... 138, 2, 3, 4
ENT EROCHATCN A Scot osccnntantees 152, 34
SOMA hs rece eno 152, 34
PLUMP OTIANA a... ceosseetceeenesaen 152, 35
semilirata........1387, 23; 152, 112
Evermannichthys.............00:0 144, 1, 2
metzelaari --........... 144, 2
BONO UCOl a ese ceerctcinnsn 144, 1, 2
F
Ferrissia michiganensis ...145, 2
TUES Wi ace eee ona 145, 3
ri) 2ietG C7 A Re cae ee al ee 145, 3
[DICCSTIS) De Se a Re een 152, 21
Fundulus notatus 2... 138, 2, 3
G
UAE ee eee br 144, 1
Bponmcols 144, 1, 2
GAStTOCOPEA e--seseernencseeee 152, 74, 116
barbadensis hojeda .....152, 117
BTA O AT ences 152, 116
longurio ............ 152, 74, 116
IG OYE a reece 152, 117
Glomeridesmus orphnius ......-...--
EE Oe 133, 3, 4
moreellus: 133, 2, 3, 4
Gobius ParadOxXus -2...-ccccecceecee 144, 1
Gonatodes albogularis ............. 143, 2
fuscus 2
vittatus 2
RRO LC ce sence 7
atripinnis ....148, 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6
PORES) ooo ee 148, 8
CORLISS ale oer ee ae 148, 3
SOTA aie ete. 148, 4, 5
MET U Dee e h ee 148, 8
tuitpoldi 148, 2, 3, 4, 6
Ly ee en ee 148, 4
EsEUZIEEY OTE Ce), oie ne ae ee 152, 24
WLU NS iss ccancarst 152, 11
ReRPETIOTUS ns 133, 77
Sctoporus..3. 135,) 3, 17
Guppya ..____ 135, 15; 152, 111
gondiaeht 2202S. 152, 77
MIGMUONSIS!: 2 152, 77
molengraaffi..152, 76, 110, 114
Gymnodactylus antillensis .....143, 2
Gymnophthalmus quadrilineatus
eee ee eee 143, 9
gts is LF gestae oe Rae ene hak 152, 74
H
Prabrocontis) 22s oe 135, 15
Helicina braziliensis ................. 137, 18
GANGGAN ain ee eee
earacolla, ..........
christophori ....
colombiae .........
columbiana
concentrica
concentrica. ............ 137, 16, 17
pandiensis ............. S74) 16, 17
Crassilabris 2. eer 137, 21
TOnOCHe ane ees 137, 18
gonochila 22 137, 18
ADR S'S] AER Sees eed ero toon Ps 137, 18
kieneri —....... 137, 21; 152, 112
MOMOLAL Sees eee 137, 21
OCANBHEIN ee 137, 18
THOGOSCOMA ae seesseeesseneteee 137, 21
ThynchostOma, -....cccceeceeeeen 137, 18
ernesti
infesta
rhynchostoma, .............. 137, 18
TID SEA ere 137, 13
sanctaemarthae ................. 137, 20
steindachneri ............ 137, 18
SUPOLSCLUCEA, anne neocon 137, 18
neil cv P12 h s oators eee neea cee eee
yA eee dey, toy a7, 19,20, 21
BU PUT ee eos 137, 19, 20
TANIA Se eon 137, 20
AO) OF: ht: Rene, steel eee 137, 21
Helix elongata 2... 152, 80
incerta, —..... 152, 107
MLO LUD UNIS pee scene 152, 107
Bg a ae 152, 107
6 University of Michigan
notabilior _______152, 107
notabilis ________152, 107
Indoviea ______152, 80, 81
virgulata _______152, 80
Hetaerina ____130, 1, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11, 12, 18, 21, 26, 29, 30,
32, 34, 39, 41
americana 130, 12, 13,
20, 21, 33
caja ____130, 8, 9, 10, 12,
13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32,
34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,
42, 43, 45
eapitalis 130, 8, 9, 10, 12,
14, 15, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31,
35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45
eharea__130, 12, 14, 19, 28, 29
cruentata._.130, 12, 14, 15, 17,
21, 27,31, 42
dominula 130, 12, 15, 19,39, 46
fuscoguttata___.130, 12, 16, 39
laesa___130, 11, 12, 16, 39, 46
* ees Was
maeropus 130, 8,9, 10, 12,13,
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45
miniata 130, 9, 10, 12, 15,
18, 29, 32, 34, 36, 38, 39, 42,
43, 44, 45
cel! i a 2
130, 11, 12, 18, 19, 39, 46
mortua.__ 130, 11, 12, 19, 46
pilula._....__130, 12, 19, 43
sanguinea —___
ae ae 130, 12, 19, 28, 29, 42
titia__130, 12, 13, 17, 20, 33,
34, 36, 38, 43
meerelage 85 2 ee ee
Heteragrion «130, 10
Caryn 4 de,
it | * | enemies: Fal |
Himantodes cenchoa 129, 14
elegans __ +. see
Hippomane mancinella_._.__
eunennmnenee: e
Hyl, ee
albomarginata.__..__151, 2, 3
baudimii ________ 43
dolomedes —————____129, 11
cahia eee
Mmaxma eee
uranochroa ___ 1 ae
I
es: ree
iguana __._____.__ ie
delieatissima _______132, 5
ieuana ee
Impatiens bifiora 138, 2
Tris versieolor _._______ 138, 3
J
Jatropha urens________152, 25
L
Labidesthes siceulus__.____138, 2
Lantana 1
Lathrogecko sanctae-martae.
aoe eee
Leimadophis trisealis_____143, 9
Lepomis ineisor____________138, 2
Leposoma —______._ #7 a
dispar —__._ eee
southi—___..__14732 ee
taeniata 147, 1
Leptinaria gloynii__137, 5; 152, 88
minuseula 137, 5; 152, 88
harterh
helenae __________ 158, 8&6
martensi —___._-_ ae
Mexieanum —.__._____135, 8
triptyx ____—____12, 86
Leptoealamus torquatus.__129, 14
Leptodactylus bolivianus__129, 10
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology if
TOUT UMEH AVEO Ces mmeetenerar
melanonotus ..........
pentadactylus
Leptodeira anuulata.... ccc
Chea Speen 129, 13; 143, 9
QU CICHIGDIYS) s..::fececccrvsrtetcenses 146, 1, 5, 8
alpendeacncercasit 146, 1, 5, 8
UELOGM wercanaerertemer catia nett 146, 6
VG} 2b rector ee ca gereteromeesoen ite 146, 5
IGG eee te een, oe 146, 5
SJ OMAMMAG sesh ine tecensicts 146, 1
1 enifed 0 ga 6 reereeeeer reese 146, 5, 7
1 Uist] fe V Gib), eect aetna eee 130, 12
. quadrimaculata. ............... 130, 3, 4
TNO SIS|AD sberertht bare baa 130, 4
TLSVOFESS SS ee bs ieee ae a 152, 42
Liguus virgineus ..........0c.- 152, 108
DFC CATS AY WE eee ieee 137, 22
POUT COND) Ketter teeter 137, 23
IIL TU, epee eee che Re 137, 22
aM ll O Saree cet csiatiees 137, 22
Lr 2,702 sp eae ae 137, 22
plicatula christophori................
_rtmenc tLe eect eee ERE ORR 137, 22
venezuelensis «0.0.00 137, 21
Lymnea columella ou. 145, 3
humilis modicella................. 145, 3
M
Machaonia ottonis. ........ 152, 11
Macroceramus inermig.............. 152, 96
UTP CEN ATAU rscsastssssctessesnctinscccncsanesanece 138, 3
INE SHE Glo) OL 0a a are eo er 139, 1, 2
EUTIMAINO TRV Mee gee ctarcecitntectesncearazess 139, 2
PANUTU OUTS ectsk te cectts net stetectet 139, 2
TORONTO ccs earner: 139, 2
flagellum flagellum............. 139, 2
LiLT haben EW to) Dyanna ee 139, 2
PSE TUPUUTIS inarso ds Seas voncesssssrs 139, 2
URIS EULESS meee trrsecrctecsenstrisar reser 139, 2
RIMS A eee nad ete ianie 139, 2
GMO VANIUA vecratacctveett 139, 2
PICOUS sete ee cstanncasrneventaaes 139, 2
ruthveni ..... .139, 2, 3
SOMO tLe ee Us} heresy ry 1
SCMIUINCACUS oanseeeecccsressseecereeeen 139, 2
GACTTAG UR! si. sctoesncasteceee areca 139, 5
PAP ANN cpa cre tee naccteorerne 139, 2
GELCTUVAUUIS ercecrer este esses tsassec te 139, 2
Me malo HI Se essere ctascecmsseesteens 151, 12
AMONPAN A: vata ccmernnd Asn akan, i
MiclOCHeTUS! arics.c0- nee 152, 10, 11
Melo Chi areas eee eee 152, 10
MiCroOCeEraMUs oeeeerecssccceeenn i Ns y2eea ba Lak
IDONAITENSIS Rn. caetenacteser: USW(- eff
arubanus........... 152, 97, 114
IDOWEATOTISIBG cecpeete cere cscs
eee 152, 95, 96, 97, 98, 114
CUT ACO AT Are iocctoiccstess
bate aE 13%) Osi se tos, 96
CHITA COAMMS ieee ets:
ees 152, 96, 97, 98, 114
pontificus............ Ti towels, OF
Microhyla achatina ..........0.. ilaahs. 7/
Microperea punctulata............. 138, 2
Micropterus salmoideg........... 138, 2, 3
Microspirobolus tridens...133, 2, 41
MT CriIPUsee a eet carci 129, 14
CUSHOLGUCUS Meenas ecreens 129, 15
CUTER ee ernetaae ene 129, 15
WO etnies ve ccrense ten 129, 16
TFT OCW CUTS Mee. ned 129, 14
Tif S(OL CWI YG i praetor ic aera Sees er eee 129, 15
Mimulus jamesii .........c cen 138, 2
N
Nanostreptus astix.....1383, 3, 21, 23
PTAC IOe eyes 133, 21, 25
incertelineatus
INCONStANDS .o...........
confluens...........
fasciata............
pictiventris............. 140, 4, 5,
ING OGY CLOUIS! rcs csetcccececcseene 137, 28, 29
8 University of Michigan
DOM state ann cect antares 137, 42
CANICAENSISE nan nana 137, 41
CHTYVSACINE) ei terraces 137, 29
COLOMpIENSIS sae. 137, 43
GEPLGSSUS Hs neta 137, 42
giganteus subcingulatus.......
See ann he ee eae 137, 42
AMAL AGUS seem eere es 137, 29
PANAINENSIS ss sees 137, 37
POW SL: visi. ch caswnramamanes 37
pergrandis 30
peruvianus 42
popayana fasciata........... 137, 44
SOlMGIS. eee ene eee 137, 29
Neosubulina.....152, 85, 86, 109, 111
gloynii........... 152, 87, 88, 89, 114
har Ger fileen er canaces aaa art
137, 5; 152, 27, 85, 86, 87,
88, 89, 114
SCOPUlOLUIN |e
eee 152, 87, 89, 90, 114
NOT aie Gotan 152, 33
Pesselllataqvnecea enon 137, 13
Neritina virginea microstoma.....
mente treater Rane teasereae 137, 12
MEClivaibae nacre 137, 12
GIO oattecetan ainenao tse 152, 32
Nocomis kentuckiensis.............. 138, 2
INOTOWSi ea caae enantio natesetst 129, 7
Notemigonus erysoleucus.........00«
eth d che Mae enn 138,°2; 3
Notropis Cornutus...........--0 138, 2, 3
O
Wve ci natea oer 137, 14, 15
CACALUCIITAevacdccseete: 137, 15
dysoni barbatia................. 137, 15
CV SOUT Rita strate ee 137, 14
POU 5. ssilacucnegorutnen 137, 15
PUP ATLA Aa ncnaesae cme 137, 13, 14
tachirensis........... 137, 13, 14
MOLTO ataaetaemenunetnn 137, 15
TELE MEN crececaciasiinacaTntante 137, 15
MONICOAa za tere tater 137, 13, 14
Lq(b(e) ey Bere cepctaree nee carecrete 137, 13
PATRCNSIS: ‘ec. scoacat 137, 13
OPGASiFesceosscstastesecn reer 152, 86, 87
beckianum........... 135, 8; 152, 87
PTAC Ecc teaicrornne nee 135, 8
PT CT A: 2.:cdnaisnakteentae 152, 108
Opuntia ees 152, 10, 21, 25, 26
Orthoporus, etholax:.........c0s.ne0u
ies 133, 3, 21, 30, 31, 32
foliatus eee 133, 3, 21, 34
gaigei 133, 2, 21, 32
FS] OSes er earn eraeeere ara! 133; 3530
walkeri 133, 3, 21 site
Otala aspertlagenerccra 152, 107
(0>.9'4:119'd Cree rneereer
crossel .....
ferussaci ....
TONGA), Beis ca daiacanenas
maracaibensis
imitator
PUINCEPS vacate 135, 12, 14, 15
EYICI GEA) eeateeeecestacnd 135, 13, 14
ETI ASCLAL AN cee oneee 135, 13
PIE ACtA cece eass ern 135, 13
Pp
Paludestrina crystallina........152, 70
Valenciae cute naeatey
Paludina coronatus
JAMAICENSLS..........-nen
DAT VW) crctunneanthes
Pantala hymenaea
POrip ats), vaitcccd.cstenanomemneen
Perithemis | sssnisreccmaneceoms
IPhenacosaurus 2. eee
Phyllobates............... 151; 1,.2) 4,592
DOAETICIAS! -nccscsssedeneo iene 151, 5
RIM OS DUN yde.terns surat 151, 7519
LatIMASUS Sasesecscosniceuni name
tier 151, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9) 10 ye
hb Fen oh nik: emeeneahen giane 151, 5, 9
NUDICOLaA reece 161, 75 8;O7mu
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9
sylvatica - tee Se ee 151, 7
PELL AINANCAG! ccc. eee se
151, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11
(ELA Fi eae ele act aT} Dy ae,
Piyhodastylos 143, 3
EIGN Fe. oka eo 143, 3
Marin ee 143, 3
puleher eee 143, 3
iPhylomedusa. 2202 151, 2
Physa spiculata ............ Eat LSD;: DS
Pimephales notatus................ 138, 2, 3
JO eS Se ener 136, 1
BEG A cient rence 136, 1, 2
[111 0 eA ee onee ee 136, 1, 2
snethlegeze arated 136, 2
Pisidium atlanticum .................. 135, 2
1 Ea 152, 74
dentiens cannarum.............. 135, 2
obstructa 2
orbicula 2
ERIAMOP DIS’ otitis 1
antrosus 2
jordanensis E
Dicarinatus ....... 1
WMGHANENAIN) | Peso coco. 3
circumlineatus......152, 71, 72, 74
“Ed eta 1) (5 Ena ea a 135, 2
TL EEDUTS LIE Sg Iie 135, 2
Urls: 11 eee 152, 72, 74
meridaensIB............00 152, 72, 74
EQUI [IV | ee aes een oe
oie 152, 71, 72, 73, 74, 111
POTCATIMACUS niece cseessseensees 145, 1
POTEAQENSIS 2... eecceeceeeneee 145, 1, 2
SEU) ee 135, 2
TOV ALONISIS 2 ection tensclcee 145, 1, 2
ST] (EL (ge eg eh ee 145, 3
U0) = ee 152, 72
SUEIPCE CCE Ln eee eee 135, 2
WETMIATIGT osecicossssssssessee 152, 72, 74
VL IGLCNASY ren b sete sien 135, 2
Pleurodema brachyop........... 152, 107
Pineria bonairensig............... 152, 95
Pleurodonte ineerta.................152, 107
BApOTClay se ee 152, 108
Lebire) | a Se eee lees, See ae 152, 107
Poecilichthys coeruleua............. 138, 2
WON eee ce et 138, 2
Polylepiscus sp. 133, 2, 47
Potamopyrgus
parvulus..............
(PODS Meee eae eee 137, 28
COMES Ae ee ee ee 137, 30
corpulenta 137, 28
dunkeri 137, 39, 40, 45
CardOZI.........------ 137, 40, 43, 44
Qumnkeri es raccans 137, 39, 40
DOReZt en ccee 137, 39, 40
POpaAyvanas ese 137, 45
LY SOUR EPO coed a eS 137, 33
gigantea... 137, 40, 42, 45
fischeri............. 137, 40, 45
STAUCOSEOMNA ns cececsscersnesoen 137, 36
AViatic 137, 36, 37, 38
glaucostoma ce 137, 38
granadensis rugata........137, 36
TCA eens 137, 40, 41, 46
j Aeterna 137, 39
popayana nn... 137, 45, 46
CU RG Oa eed aes 137, 40
POPAYV AMA... eeeeeennnn 137, 40, 46
QUILENSIS See 137, 40, 45
AMET qe ee ete 137, 35
straminea.....137, 33, 35, 36, 38
translucida........... 137, 31, 35, 41
bejamensis |...
ees 137, 31, 33, 34, 35
major... 137, 32, 33, 35
SANTAQUITENSIS neem
pce tates a 137, 32, 33, 35
translucida.........137, 31, 34, 35
EY INILGUAIN eiceec 137, 31
Proserpina swifti ...............137, 23
Prostemmiulus heterops...133, 3, 15
Pupa: tabeer 222 152, 75
longvorigs. sae 152, 74, 116
D1 fo isn he St 152, 98
10 University of Michigan
Pupisoma dioscoricola insigne......
BA Fra ee Pa Ee eee 135, 3
PUPOIdes. careers: 152, 74, 116
marginatus nitidulug...............
Aero Us 137, 5; 152, 117
IMOGUCTINY roe eats eee 137, 5
simoni.......137, 5; 152, 75, 117
SDl ee es 152 fo, lily
Pycnotropis colombiensis-...............
beet Pete 133, 2, 42, 44
cylindroides ............ 133, 2, 43
R
Radelitiella tence ncncteees: 144, 1, 2
dE efeitae |, coeeae repent a orate rete etree 151, 11
WOU EICS oes iecerttstepconssete es 129, 10
Rhacoma crossopetalum............ 152, 10
Rhinocricus amblus........... ale eet!)
ATDONCUS ne ae, 133, 3, 36
BEEVIPES, 5.52252. 133, 2, 36
hylophilus? 2s 133, 2, 36
monilicornis ........... 133, 3, 36, 42
DY. CNUS ies ere ec nec 133, 2, 38
Toby PHODCSINTS - 2. wisconsin 133, 45
amphelictus «0... 133, 3, 44
Riccia wiOItAnS nese ene 138, 3
Bomex brittamiea jesse. 138, 2
S)
Salasiella DrOWMi un... 135, 7
guatemalensis .............. 135, 7, 8
DINKIGV Ny aor nee eee 135, 7
JOAQUINSS eee amare nual ane 135, 7
MNAT GL ATIGACER, oaciectcesn en 135, 6
Dulehella. eae ence 135, 7
Salvelinus fontimalis................... 138, 3
SED US Ltt ae eh 130, 4
Scutellaria lateriflora................ 138, 2
Semotilus atromaculatug........... 138, 2
Siphonophora corynetes......133, 3, 8
BPACINCEDB oy ecsimtnn: 133, 2, 5
QTACIICOTNAS ........ccccceen So, Oy
PLE 1 133, 3, 7, 9
DEATSEL ce sitbiissscidices 150; 2), Os 7
COMGtA: sii ennaaa 133, 3, 8
Siphonotus parvus ©... 133, 3, 9
PULPUTCUS nce nee 133, 9
OLAS coe taseeanioe, cose eer 148, 1, 7
pilineata: 2 ae 148, 7, 8
DIMMNEAGIS | a racnseev eee 148, 8
NOVINAC | pcttoeiek anor eee 148, 8
WATICSALA leenansemeeee 148, 8
Nomatochlora eee 130, 2
Sparcaninm: (228 eee 138, 2
Sphaerodactylus cinereus...
Sah eee 182, 2, 30a
ClESANS eee teces 132, 2, 3, 8, 9
IMtermedius .......-..... 132, 2, 3, 9
MOtAtUS | oie acon 132, 9
Sputator 222i 132, 2
Spiraxia. irrigwa; cee 135, 5
shuttleworthi tc... 135, 5
Spirostreptus atOPOrus cece
sc erie on otter 133, 2, 21, 28
Stemmatoiulus majov.............. 133, 10
Stemmiulus craurus .......... 133, 2, 10
drymophilus ...........-. 133, 3, 13
labbanus ee 133, 3, 14
TNA OL crete cree 133, 2, 10
TUTHVENL 2.onsanccske 133; 2, a8
BY) sf caciccsana aceon torminee 133, 2, 15
Stenogyra octonoides.......... 152, 108
SHEEKIA + AKOL be reagn eee 135, 3
Stoastoma............-. 152, 34, 35, 111
GOMINGENSIS) ssc 137, 22
StOAStOMOPS sec iecccednc eee
152, 35, 109, 111, 112, 114
WOUKGTL Gonscansictnscteeee 152, 33
Streptostyla cingulata.............. 135, 5
Cylindraced si cchsnncees 135, 6
CU WATOSIAN) ceeren ee 135, 5
ATTIC UG) jot ote 135, 5, 6
CQ WATASTATIA -essssersssserren 135, 5
AUT OWA a ee 135, 5, 6
shuttleworthi 0.0.0... 135, 5
BUTTS Perneserares 1355-4), 0; .6s00
VONUGIICOSA) Gites aurea 135, 5
ERG VIB sce ccccerssecccie eee 7
lattrei 6
quirozi 6
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology ib
Salle sacngsS.casesmes een 135, 5
shuttleworthi .................. 135, 5, 6
VGNLEICOSA aac iee 135, 5
SUNT GS hea catinanenete nares 135, 5
StreptOsty la rascces-cececcae: 135, 6
Slcgined, bTeviswessccin arenes 135, 4
PUACCMALCTSIS, ccrrrecsssneces 135, 3
gyrata.........152, 18,°75, 110, 115
MUUCTOS UNA recenrsrsnscesrineceee 135, 4
DUC DICTISIS ie rrtesccnsncsiesatnnves 135, 4
SUT LEN Alpe acces cerevecsaseccsesscatacsstec 135, 3, 4
HAUT CT OSU Abe easerectacorttnnsosoqre 135, 4
MOUS DLO SIS isc seccecssseecersseesce 135, 4
T
Theodoxus meleagris .............. 152, 32
Thecadactylus rapicaudus .....143, 3
Thysanophora ............... dogs 1 dts
Camas) et creqamacticec 152, 79
CONSPUTCACEL A eececeeeenesene 152, 79
(Oh ialaaii 2 Ys Reaareercie pe eter 152, 109, 111
hiahel| oye ale tay eee Oe en
nae 152, 77, 78, 79, 106, 114
CLIC eeeeseenenereenee 152, 78, 79
TETUNS(CTE I aeetearetee eee reece 152, 79
oO) SPAN eect i se Sa 135, 1
Sth) 135, 1
PROPRUNIN Eo ecstestiseeccetslteeerace 152, 79
‘Sf oF UU ey, reece ere 152, 80
Nyeatlcltiticldee ese one 152, 79, 114
Tillandsia utriculata ................ 152, 21
Trachelodesmus ..133, 53, 56, 59, 60
ancylophor ..133, 2, 49, 59, 60
AN GULACUS @ecesecceoeee ee 133, 2, 47
constrictus ............ 133, 49, 50, 51
LU DSTTE EY, ES eae eee ae eae 130, 2
Tretioscincus bifasciatus ....143, 9
UG Ge): a 152, 78
VENEZUCIONSIS eeceeeeeseeeesee 152, 78
Trichodiscina crinita ............. 152, 78
Trichomorpha angulella ...............
i Set A ses iy RE 133, 2, 66
CUSeImMae ee 133, 2, 65
NWI A at cette 133, 2, 64
paurothrix —.._...._.. 133, 2, 66
rugosella ............... 133, 2, 61, 63
SCLOSION) asco case. 133, 2, 63
tuberculosa ........ 133, 2, 60, 63
rion 22.3.0 eet 133, 40, 42
lumbricinus ............ 133, 3, 36, 42
Propidodsetyiis 22 sla, al PAS) if
Tropidonotus obliquus .............. 140, 1
sipedon fasciatus .............. 140, 2
iroschelivantd exqeesese cena 152, 111
Truncatella bilabiata. .......... 152, 106
Pudoracs ce 152, 16, 35, 41, 42,
109, 113, 115, 116
ATIPCNSIS 3e ee 137, 27
UG ay ee 152, 49, 50, 51,
56, 63, 111, 114
aurantia. ......... 152, 45, 47, 48
WasSSallenSiS: cee
sha bea eet et 152, 47, 48, 61
costata ..137, 3; 152, 45, 51, 53
fossor .....152, 69, 110, 114, 115
arubanay co eee
eae 152, 67, 68, 70, 115
Canashittensis) ..-----—--
ae 152, 26, 36, 67, 68, 69
Gyerimensistess =
. 152, 18, 54, 60, 65, 67, 68
fOSSORE= 152, 36, 63, 65,
66, 67, 68, 69, 70
WEStPUNTENSIS eccrine
152, 20, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70
maculata, ...152, 36, 39, 42, 116
megacheilos ............ 137, 2, 3, 27;
152, 52, 57, 60, 62, 63, 64,
65, 114, 115
Kabrietensis: =...
rts? 152, 14, 58, 59, 61
TCO ACHOM OS sete tet tsa:
oe 152, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61
rondeklipensis ecco
carne 152, 58, 59, 60, 61
SPOR GS) NES OLY Lol Ses ao ieee
12 University of Michigan
MOBO ee 152, 45, 46, 50,
53, 54, 111, 114, 115
bullenensis ..152, 18, 47, 54
grandiensis
152, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55
MUSKUSI =e 152, 47, 51
Pulsbryigence 152, 59, 62, 64,
65, 113, 114, 115
plicatala 4.22). 137, 23, 24,
25, 26, 27; 152, 45, 46, 111
Tupis ...152, 46, 52, 53, 111, 115
MEWDPOItENSIS =...
pe Ae eR 152, 47, 50, 113
rupis.........152, 47, 49, 50, 113
BUTEUILSS eee ee eco Nhe 152, 55
WEPACGOT oe 152, 45
williamsoni: —._--_..
Levee 137, 24, 26, 27; 152, 42
Secand 137, 25, 27
Turbo aurantius................... 152, 45, 46
lab a) Se. eee 152, 42
{U0 (2 eee reee eer ee eee 152, 98
Typhlomanoleme ~ccrcccccccne-e 133, 19
adapts <-e 133, 3, 19
U
Umbra lm 138, 2, 3, 4
Uncancylus) sp. ie 135, 3
Unio plicatulus.......__ 135, 1
V
Vaginula moreletie...... cece 135, 16
x
XONEn GUM ee tae 148, 1, 2
calienten = ae 148, 1, 3, 4
KANSCONG. a eee 148, 2
CL PHOCSECUS) ec 120 7
Z
Zigwadesmus brunneus......133, 73, 74
guiananusg............... 133, 3, 73, 74
TNOGESTtUS ----svseseeccvseeeeeeeonees 133, 3, 74
Zoogoneticus robustus......... 148, 4
mares vy res ‘,
Z
»
ai
iy Maye .
th Wa ihe at ily eee tad
» |
\ Py tLe AX
cul 7 vf raw)? :
heay
ik
iba
Oy Ae,
ah +4
PAID. Seely ark
CVn ed
i aii
noyN
Hee TOAD
Wiriec’ Van fa
uae alr mM
Live Music
Archive
Librivox
Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland
Museum of Art
Internet
Arcade
Console Living Room
Open Library
American
Libraries
TV News
Understanding
9/11